Unyulo lweMidters luphawu oluchazayo lwenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika, olusebenza njengendawo ephambili yokuhlola phakathi kokhuphiswano lomongameli. Olu nyulo lunika abavoti indlela engqalileyo yokuhlola ukusebenza kolawulo oluhleliweyo nokuhlaziya umlinganiselo wamandla eKhomishini. Ngoxa lungafumani ngqalelo lukhulu kukhetho loburhulumente, phakathi kwemiba ineziphumo ezinkulu zenkqubo, ulawulo, kunye nolwalathiso lohlanga. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwabo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda amandla olawulo lwe-Drejiste kunye nomanyano loluntu.

Ukuqonda Unyulo Oluphakathi Kwexesha

Unyulo lwe-midtert luthatha indawo phakathi kwexesha lomongameli leminyaka emine. Ngale mihla yonyulo, abavoti bakhetha onke amalungu angama-435 eNdlu yabameli kwaye malunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo ze-100 zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amaninzi aba nonyulo lwe-gubernarcator, imiba yemithetho-mthetho, kunye nomququzeleli wee-metafile zobulali kunye nokhuphiswano lukamasipala. Ngenxa yokuba yonke iNdlulo inyuswa nyaka emibini yonke, phakathi kwezihlalo zinika isalathisi esibanzi kwiqela elisesandle semikhosi yamandla.

Igama elithi "midterm" ngokwalo ligxininisa indawo yexesha elisisigxina nomjikelo womongameli. Eli xesha lidla ngokukhokelela kumvoti ophantsi xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka yobumongameli, kodwa likwayila imekobume yezobupolitika engaqhelekanga apho imicimbi yengingqi kunye neyorhulumente inokuthi iphumeze ubunzima. Iziphumo zonyulo oluphakathi kwexesha zingaxhasa ucwangciso lomongameli okanye zivelise imiqobo ebalulekileyo, zizenze zibe yindawo yesiseko sephondo, iinjinganiso, amaqela ephambili, kunye namaqela enzala.

Imbali Yokhetho Lwexesha Eliphakathi

Ukususela kwiriphabliki yokuqala, unyulo lwaphakathi, luye lwasebenza njengesixhobo sokuva iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke malunga nomongameli ohleliyo. Umzekelo ozingisileyo wembali ngulo umongameli weqela elidla ngokuphulukana nezihlalo kwiKhonklethi ngexesha lamanqanam. Le nto idla ngokubangelwa yi-"isohlwayo sexesha eliphakathi," ibonakalisa umnqweno wabavoti wokukhangela amandla olawulo lweziko lolawulo nokugcina ulawulo lunetyala ngenxa yomsebenzi walo. Iimeko ezifana neemeko zezoqoqosho, iingxaki zenkqubo yamanye amazwe, kunye nezihlazo zamakhaya zinokunyusa okanye ziphelise lo tyekelo.

Ilahleko enkulu eyenzeka phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 iquka ukulahlekelwa kwedemocratic yonyaka ka1940 ngexesha likaFranklin D. Roosevelt, ilahleko yonyaka ka-1940 emva kwehlazo leWatergate, kunye no-1994 "INguquko yeRepublican". Ngonyaka ka1994, abavoti babonisa ukudinwa yinkundla yenkundla ye-FDR-packing kunye norhoxiso lwamashishini; ngo19794, ukurhoxiswa kwenqanawa eLatergate neNixon kwanika uninzi lwabaseMkhosi weNtlanga. Ngonyaka we-1999, amaRiphabliki afumana izihlalo zendlu eziyi 54 kunye nezihlalo ezisibhozo, ethatha omabini amagumbi eentloko eentloko eenqanawa lokuqala kwiminyaka engama-40 phantsi kolawulo luka-Newtrich.

Kutshanje kuqhubekeka lo mgaqo. Ngowama-2006 ukunganeliseki yimfazwe yase-Iraq kunye noMongameli uGeorge W. Ukuphatha kukaBush kaKatrina kwanika ulawulo lweNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu. Ngo-2018, ukunyuka kombutho weSithili seTea, okubangelwa kukuchaswa kwemithetho yeNkxalabo ePhakathi, kunye nenkxalabo yezoqoqosho, kwanika amaRiphabliki ama-636 okufumana inzuzo embali kwiNdlu. Amaxa e-2018186 aphakathi abona i-"amazandlo" njengoko uDemocrates waphinda wazisa iNdlukwano phakathi kwemithetho esemva kuMongameli uDonald Trump, ngoxa iRiphabliki yayiphethe iCandelo. Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela eziphakathi ezisebenza ngayo njengokuhlolwa kwamandla okulawula nokulungisa ulawulo lwezwe elingumongameli.

Unyulo Oluphakathi Oluphawulekayo Neziphumo Zalo

  • 1999: INguquko yeRepublic" ekhokelwa nguNewt Gingrich yaphumela ekutshintsheni okubalulekileyo ekulawuleni ulawulo lwendlu okokuqala kumashumi amane eminyaka. Oku kwakhokelela kutshintsho lwentlalo-ntle, amadabi oqingqo-mali, kunye noMongameli Clinton's kwiClinton kwicala leCentrisism.
  • Amagosa aphinda afumana ulawulo lweBhunga phakathi kokunganeliseki yimfazwe ye-Iraq kunye nezenzo zobuqhetseba zorhwaphilizo. Oku kwakhokelela ekujongeni ulawulo oluphezulu lobuTsha, ukurhoxa kwemikhosi eIraq, kunye nokudlula kweLilly Led Bealivered Fair Pay Act kamva.
  • 2010: Umbutho weThanga leTea uqhubela amaRiphabliki kwinzuzo embali kwiNdlu. IGOP esandul' ukugunyaziswa yaqalisa uphando kulawulo lwe-Obama, ityhalelwe ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye ngempumelelo yavala uninzi lweziqendu zexesha lesibini lomongameli.
  • 2018: Iliza labathathi-nxaxheba eliphumelele kwimimandla yedemokhrasi, ukuphosa iNdlu. Oku kwakhokelela ekumangaleleni kweziphumo ngokuchasene noMongameli Trump, uphando oluphinda-phindiweyo, kunye nokujolise ingqalelo kwizinto zokukhusela impilo.
  • [[FLT: 0]2022: Ngaphandle kolindelo lwe "liza elibomvu," amaDemocrates abamba iNdlu yeNdlu yeMalanga aphulukana kuphela noninzi olunciphileyo kwiNdlu. Olu nyulo lwabalaselisa ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuqhomfa njengempikiswano yokuzilungiselela emva kwesigqibo se-Dobbs, kwaye lwaphumela ekuqhubekeni kwe-propati ye-drock.

Impembelelo Yonyulo Oluphakathi Kwexesha

Iziphumo eziphakathi zityhutyha lonke isebe likarhulumente kwaye zichaphazele inkqubo kumgangatho worhulumente, wesizwe, kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Kumgangatho worhulumente, ukutshintshwa kokulawula igumbi ngalinye kungamisa ucwangciso lwemithetho, unyanzelo, okanye kukhokelele ekuphengululeni nasekuchongeni nasekubeni baphathi. Xa iqela lenkcaso liphumelela kumagumbi omabini, oomongameli basoloko bephethukela kwimiyalelo yolawulo kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo, kodwa bajongene neengxaki zokuxhasa imali kunye nokungahlawulwa.

Ngaphandle komthetho, amatheko asembindini aphembelela ukuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi besizwe, kuquka amajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Indlu yeNtlanganiso eMongameli ingakhawuleza ijonge isigwebo somthetho, ngeli xesha iNdlu yeNkulumbuso enobutshaba ingaba yiyo yonke into. Umzekelo, ngo-2016, iNdlu yeeRiphabliki ezilawulayo ayivumanga ukuvalwa kwetyala likaMerrick Garland, uMongameli weNkundla ePhakamileyo noNoma, isigqibo esineziphumo ezihlala zihleli zihleli kumlinganiselo weNkundla. Ngokufanayo, i-201818718% yanika uDemocrats uninzi lweNdlukwano, ebavumela ukuba bathintele izicwangciso ezibheke phambili zenkundla yezomthetho zeTrump endaweni yokuvelela.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, amacandelo aphakathi amisela iinqanawa neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ezilawula ukuhlahlela, imithetho yokuvota, inkxaso-mali, kunye nolwandiso lwezempilo. Ngo-2010, iiRiphabliki zafumana ulawulo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zephondo zaze zasebenzisa elo gunya ukutsala kwakhona iingingqi zombutho emva kobalo lonyaka ka-2010.

Igalelo

Unyulo lweVoter lusuka phakathi kwixesha lonyulo olungokwembali emva konyulo lomongameli. Ngowe- 1978, ukujika kwakusezantsi njengama-37% abavoti abafanelekileyo. Noko ke, intsingiselo yakutshanje ibonisa ukuganana okukhulayo. Unyaka ka-2018 phakathi kwemini yabona 50.3%, unyuko oluphezulu, phakathi kwinkulungwane, luqhutywa kukuhla kwemimandla ephakamileyo, imibutho yoluntu, kwaye ifumana i-opadter. I-20222-centter yaqhubeka nalo tyekelo malunga no- 46%, ukujika, okusanyuswa yimilinganiselo yembali.

Oothunywa abaninzi abafak' isandla koku kunyuka. abavoti abatsha (abantwana abali-18-29) baye baba ngabemi abaxhotyisiweyo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, amatyala omfundi, namalungelo okuqhomfa. Amaqonga e-media media kunye nocwangciso lwemivote-manani anciphisa ixabiso lokudibana kwezobupolitika, avumela amaqela afana noMatshi ngenxa yeminye iMihla, iSunrise Movement, kunye nePlannediactives ukuba anike ivoti yokuqala ivoti yokuqala. Ngaphezu koko, uthelela ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa kwangosuku olunye, kunye nonyuswa kokuvota i-posi kwabona amaqondo aphezulu. Ngokuphikisanayo, amajelo amaqela asezantsi eencwadi evoti yovota kunye nootayile enziwe asezantsi, i-ontatho yangaphambili, i-otafile.

Uluntu olucelwe umda, kuquka iBlack, Latino, kunye nabavoti base-Asia, lubonise ukujika okuphakathi kwexeshana okunyusiweyo kwimijikelo yakutshanje. I-2018terters yabona ukwanda komvoti omnyama eGeorgia, eqhutywa liphulo likaStacey Abrams lobugratorial kunye nentlangano yakhe iFair. Ngo-2022, i-Latinovota e-Arizona ne Nevada zazinoxanduva kwi-democratic Campray. Oku kukhula kwe-dictums kubonakalisa ukuba ii-centum azisasebenzi nje malunga nomdala, abamhlophe abavotiweyo; babonakalisa i-fak-fal-evation;

Iingxaki Ezingundoqo Kukhetho Oluphakathi Kwexesha

Unyulo lwaphakathi ludla ngokubhekiselela kwimiba echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babavoti. Ngeli xesha imiba ethile iguquguquka nemeko yezobupolitika, imixholo emininzi esoloko imile ngokweziphumo eziziziphumo eziziziphumo ezizintsonkothileyo:

  • I-Health Care: Umthetho weNtolongo eNgahlulekiyo (ACA) uhlala ungumba wokwahlukana. Ngo-2018, amaDemocrates aphumelele ekukhuseleni iimeko ezikhoyo kunye nokwandisa iMedicaid. Ngo-2022, amalungelo okuqhomfa aba yimbambano ephambili emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Amen isigqibo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Economy: Ukukhutshwa, ukukhula komsebenzi, kunye nempembelelo yerhafu yovoti. Ngo-2010, ukungaqeshwa nokuchacha okuphezulu kwabangela umsindo we-Tea Party. Ngo-2022, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kunye namaxabiso egesi kwazinceda iiRiphabliki, kodwa iiDemocrat zijolise ekukhuleni komsebenzi kunye notyalo lwezibonelelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukususelwa: ukhuseleko lomda kunye nohlaziyo lokufuduka ziyingxaki ye-cve engapheliyo. Ngonyaka ka-2006, uhlaziyo olubanzi lunciphile; ngo-2018, ulwahlulo lwentsapho kwinkcaso yedemokhrasi. Ngo-2022, ukunqumla imida okwandayo kwaba yindawo ekhuselekileyo kulawulo lweBiden.
  • Utshintsho olumanyeneyo: inkqubo yokusingqongileyo iye yaba ngumba olungiselela abavoti abaselula. Ithuba lonyaka ka-2018 labavunyiweyo abafana no-Aleksandriya Ocasio-Cortez baphakamisa iGreen New Devial. I 2022-phakathi ivumele iiDemocrates ukuqwalasela ucwangciso lwemocratic Reduction Act.
  • Unikezelo kunye nokuvota amalungelo: iingxabangxwaba ngokugxeka ingcamango yohlanga, inkxaso-mali yesikolo, kunye nokungena kovoti kuye kwaba ziindawo ezithe ngqo. Ngo-2021-20222, ugqatso lwe-gubernator lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu yimiba yemfundo, lo gama amazwe amaninzi edlulisele imithetho evaliweyo engqongqo emva kowama-2020.

Ubuchule Bokuyila

Amaphulo aphakathi kwezi mini aquka:

  • Ucwangciso lwezingcambu: lusebenzisa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngokufaka ucango, ukubophelela iibhanki zemfonomfono, kunye neziganeko eziselumelwaneni. Amaqela anjengeKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic yoluvo lwe-"Organing Corps" kunye neKomiti yesiZwe yeRepublican "Indawo Yokhuseleko" iinkqubo zifaka imali eninzi kwimisebenzi yasendle.
  • Iphulo lobuhlanga: amaqonga e-media, izibhengezo zoncopho, kunye norhwebo lwe-imeyili zivumela amaphulo okufumana abavoti ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Izixhobo ze Micronetic ezisekelwe kugcino-lwazi lwabathengi nakwindlela yokuvota edlulileyo ingumgangatho. Iplatforms njenge Facebook ne Tik Tok zisetyenziswa ukubandakanya abatsha abavoti, ngexesha amaqela omyalezo nezicelo ezifana nokufikelela nokwandisa ivote.
  • I-ISlave-resi esekelwe kwi- igxininisa kwinkxalabo ecacileyo evakalayo kwintlawulo yabo. Umzekelo, ngowama-2022, abajolise ekukhutshweni kwedemokhrasi bagxininisa amalungelo okuqhomfa kunye nokhuseleko lolawulo-melo, ngoxa ama-Riphabliki aye ajolise ingqalelo ekuncipheni kwemali, ulwaphulo-mthetho, namalungelo abazali kwimfundo.
  • Imedia kunye nengxoxo: Iingxoxo ezinyuswe nge Television zihlala zibalulekile, kodwa iindaba zentsontelo yentsimbi, iipodcasts, kunye nemijelo yeWeTube ngoku iqhekeza abaphulaphuli. Izixhobo zokusebenzisa ijelo leendaba elisebenzayo (inkcazelo entsha) kunye nesixhobo sokubala esihlawulwayo. Izibhengezo ezingalunganga ziqhelekile, kodwa izibhengezo zembali zendalo ezikhuthazayo zingenza uthemba.
  • Imigudu ye-GOV: Ukuphuma kwivoti kubaluleke kakhulu kumaxesha aphantsi okujika. Inkamkelo zijolise ekuvoteni kwasekuqaleni, kwi-posi-ngaphakathi, kunye nokuvota okungekhoyo. Ngo-2020-2022, amazwe amaninzi anwebe iposi yokuvota ngokusisigxina, etshintsha amandla oSuku lokhetho.

Indima Yemali Nemithombo Yezinto Ezithandwayo

Unyulo lwemipu luphenjelelwa kakhulu yimali yezempempe. Ityala Eliphezulu liyiNkundla eliManyeneyo liyiSigqibo sokwenza isigqibo (2010) sivumele inkcitho ezizimeleyo ezingapheliswanga zinkampani, amaqumrhu, nee-PUS. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela angaphandle achitha amawaka ezigidi kwimijaho yexeshana. Ngo-20222, inkcitho epheleleyo ifikelele phantse kwizigidi ezingamawaka asibhozo zeerandidi ezilishumi elinesixhenxe (R1207 ° ). Amaqela amaqela amnyama awazincamathi yemali angakhuphi nanga zikhutshwanga.

Usasazo lwamajelo eendaba lulungisa iimbono zabavoti. Iindlela zomphambili ezifana ne-CNN, i-Fox News, ne-MSNBC zichaza i-RGUT, ngeli lixa amaphephandaba asekuhlaleni egquma iingxoxo zomvotelwa nohlazo. Ii-algorithm zoluntu zolwandiso lwezikhuthazo, kwaye ii-algorithri zezentlalo zihlala zilucelomngeni. Ngo-201822, amaqonga afana noFacebook kunye no-Twitter azama ukulwa neenkqubo zobuxoki zokuvota, kodwa akhutshwa ngengqibelelo yonyulo lwaqhubeka, ingakumbi kwiingquthelane.

Amaxa angoku: 2018 no-2022 kugxilo

Isiqingatha sonyaka wama-2018 yaba lixesha elichithiweyo: Abathathi-nxaxheba beDamocratic House bahlahlela izihlalo ezingama-40, bephumelela ekulawuleni igumbi ngenzuzo yomnatha ka-41, oku kwaba yeyona nzuzo iphambili phakathi kwexesha elisukela kwitheko leWatergate. Oothunywa abaphambili babequka ihlombe elingazange libonwe nanini nanini na phakathi kwamabhinqa nabantu abaselula, ababeqhutywa kukuchaswa nguMongameli Trump. Olu nyulo lwabona inani elibhaliweyo lamabhinqa nabathathi bemibala abanyulelwa kwiBhunganiso.

Ama-2022 exeshana eliphakathi kwembali echasiweyo. Phezu kwazo nje iireyithi ezisezantsi zoMongameli Biden zovumo oluphantsi kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso, amaDemocrates abamba iNdlu yeNdlu yeManyeneyo aphulukana kuphela neNdlu encinane. Abagqabazi bathi oku kubangelwa sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yokuqhomfa, esanika amandla okuvota kwedemokhrasi, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba eRiphabliki ababebonwa njengabagqithisileyo okanye ababuthathaka. Iziphumo zonyaka wama-20222 zibonisa ukuba amaphakathi awasasebenzi azenzekelayo ngokuchasene neqela lomongameli; umbanonoxa womgangatho omkhulu.

Ukubaluleka Kwamaxesha Aphakathi Emfundo Yesityalo

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha, lunika igumbi lokuhlola izinto eziphilayo nokuzilungisa, ulawulo, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha kovoti. Zibonisa indlela iimbambano zasekuhlaleni nezesizwe ezidibana ngayo, nendlela abemi abaqhelekileyo abanokuyibumba ngayo inkqubo. Ukufundisisa phakathi kwemiqathango kukwabalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuthenjiswa kwebutho labantu ngaphaya kweminyaka yobumongameli. Ngokuhlalutya iindlela zokubhadula, ubuchule bephulo, kunye neziphumo zenkqubo, abafundi bazuza uxabiso elinzulu ngeenguqu-ntlobo-ntlobo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Njengokuba i-United States isiya isuka isiba mhlophe, amaphakathi ayakuhlala ekwimincili ephezulu. Ukuqonda iziphumo zolwakhiwo lwawo neziphumo zibalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ukuba ungumfundi, umfundisi- ntsapho, okanye umvoti obotshelelweyo, uqonda ukubaluleka konyulo phakathi ngexesha lomhla wokukhetha kuyakunceda ukuba uhambele phambili kwimimandla yezobupolitika kwaye ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.