UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States, owamiselwa ngowe-1787, waseka isiseko sobume borhulumente worhulumente waseMerika. Kodwa, abaqulunqi baqonda ukuba uxwebhu olulungiselelwe ukulawula uhlanga kwiinkulungwane ezininzi alunakuhlala luhleli. Ukufakwa kwenkqubo yokulungisa kwiGatya-mthetho V kwakungubuchule obuphambili, ukulungiselela indlela esemthethweni yoMgaqo-siseko ukuba itshintshele ecaleni kwesizwe. Ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko akuyonkcazelo yembali nje yezo nkcazelo yezomgaqo-mva wembali; zizixhobo ezinamandla eziye zakhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zichaza kwakhona okusesikweni, kwaye zandisa isithembiso senkululeko kubantu abazizigidi ngexesha elizayo. Ukuqonda oku kumiswa kwazo, indlela abamiswa ngayo, kunye nempembelelo yazo enzulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla yomfundi ngamnye nembali yaseMelika. Zimela ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kohlanga olukhoyo, ukuqinisekisa ukusekwa kwemithetho-mthetho-ntle yebutho labantu.

Isiseko somsebenzi: Indlela uMgaqo-siseko Owenziwe Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko kunzima ngabom, umbindi wenkangeleko olungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na utshintsho lubanzi kwaye lunenkxaso eqinileyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Le ndlela ingqongqo ithintela oorhulumente abadlulayo ekulungiseni umgaqo-siseko osisiseko wesizwe. Ukuqonda inkqubo esesikweni kungundoqo wokuqonda ubunzima kunye nentsingiselo yezilungiso ezingama-7 esinazo namhlanje.

Indlela Eqinileyo yenqaku V

Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko lichaza amacandelo amabini ahlukileyo okulungisa: isindululo nolwahlulo. Zombini ezi zigaba zifuna inkxaso ephezulu, engundoqo wokuzinza kwenkqubo.

  • Iprojekthi: Indlela yokulungisa ingacetyiswa ngenye yendlela ezimbini. Eyokuqala, nendlela esetyenziswayo kuzo zonke iindidi ezikhoyo, yivoti yesithathu esikhulu esiphezulu kwindlu yabameli nendlu yeBhunga. Indlela yesibini, engazange isetyenziswe ngempumelelo, yeyesibini-isithathu sezindlu zowiso sizwe ukubiza indibano yesizwe ngenjongo yokukhupha i-andonding.
  • Ukwahlulwa: xa kucetyiwe, ulungiso alubi ngumthetho de luvunywe zii-3-sine zamazwe (ngoku 38 ukusuka ku 50). Ingqungquthela imisela ukuba olu nyuselo lumele lwenziwe ngabalawuli bendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ziindibano zikarhulumente ezinyuliweyo ngokukhethekileyo.

Kutheni Le nkqubo Ifunwa Kangaka?

Imiqobo ephakamileyo yesicelo kunye nokudityaniswa kuboniswa ngqo komnqweno wabaxhasi bozinzo kunye nokuvumelana. Babefuna umGaqo-siseko ube ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, uxhathise iimvakalelo zenkanuko ethandwayo okanye ezokwexeshana zezobupolitika. Oku kwakhiwe nge-interia kuthetha ukuba ukutshintsha kudla ngokumela uvumelwano lwesizwe lokwenene kunokuba uloyiso lwesizwe. Inyanzelela utshintsho lolwakhiwo olubanzi kunqumla umhlaba kunye nokwahlulwa ngokwezobupolitika, kukhokelela ekuzinzeni nasekuhlaleni okuzinzileyo nokuhlala kwiziphumo ezisemthethweni. Ukukhangela nzulu kulwimi lweSixhobo V, ungahlola intembe esemthethweni kunye nezibonelelo ezixhaswayo ezinikezelwe ziZibonelelo zesizwe.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Isiseko Senkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zagunyaziswa ngo-1791. Zaye zadalelwa kakhulu ukuthetha ngoloyiko lwamaAnti-Federalist, awayexhalabele ukuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha wanika urhulumente osembindini amandla amakhulu kakhulu kumazwe nabantu. Ezi ziphelo ziyila isiseko senkululeko yasekuhlaleni yaseMelika, zibeka imida engqalileyo nenamandla kwigunya likarhulumente.

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Intsika Entlanu Yoluntu Olukhululekileyo

ISichithi sokuQhubela iSinento soMphetho - siseko sinendawo ebalulekileyo kwimithetho yetyala yaseMerika. Sikhusela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu efunekayo kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo: inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yamaphephandaba, inkululeko yonqulo (kuquka ukumiselwa kobuPromethiso no-Free Execle Claus), ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente ukubuyisana izikhalazo. Ezi mpawu zivumela abemi belizwe ukuba bagxeke urhulumente wabo, basebenzise ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisana, kunye nommeli wenguqulelo yezentlalo-ntle ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawawawakhusela la malungelo kwiimeko eziphawulekayo, nangona imilinganiselo echanileyo yezi nkululeko ingumbandela wezo zikhalazo zentetho kunye nezoshishino zemali ihleli kwimimandla engokoburhulumente.

IsiHlomelo Sesibini: Ingxoxo Yesizwe Eqhubekayo

UHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela "ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo" kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, ukutolikwa kwayo kwakuphantsi kwengxoxo ebalulekileyo. Kumatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo iHeller [2008] [ii-[FLT]] ne-McD2]. iChicago[ [2010], iNkutsho kwathi iNkundla yesibini ikhusela ilungelo lomntu lokwanelisa iMvukelo lwemipu ngokwesithethe, ingakumbi i-efektha ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Inkundla yayalela ukuba oku kusebenza kurhulumente kummandla kunye norhulumente okhoyo phakathi koMgaqo-o-mendo-siseko. Lo mthetho uninzi lwemithetho yemithetho yezobugqeba ihlala ikho, kwaye ikhuphisana ngokubonakalisa iinjongo zobundlongo ezinzulu kumaxesha aphakathi komgalelo oluphakathi.

Ukukhusela Isityholo: IsiHlomelo Sesine, Sesihlanu, Sesithandathu Nesesibhozo

Ezi ziphendu zine zibangela "imfuno yamalungelo" kubantu abasebenzisana nenkqubo yobulungisa. IsiHlaliso se-Fourth sinogada ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, sifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okusekelwe kwisiqinisekiso esinokwenzeka sokuba kufumaneke umntu okanye impahla yakhe. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Isinyusi [[FLT:]] ukhuseleko lwemfuno-mfaneleko yejaji enkulu kumatyala, ukhusela abantu ekuzibekeni kwingozi ephindwe kabini kunye nokuzihambelana, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba akukho mntu uya kuhluthwa "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla" ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho. [[FLT] [FF] [5] Ukulungisa] ukuqinisekisa ukugwetywa kwetyala elinguwongahle, ukugwetywa kwasekunene, nokugwetywa okunga, nokungalungiswayo, ukugwetywa komthetho okungaselelweyo komthetho okunga.[FFokst, uGoll, uG.[F],

IziHlanziso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Angenaziphene Namandla Agciniweyo

ISichithi soHlaziyo seSinethi neseSihlaziyo seshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe sibalulekile kwiSigqeba saMalungelo. IsiHlamlisi seNinth sichaza ukuba ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuzukuthathwa njengokukhanyelwa okanye ukwahlulwa amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba nje ngenxa yokuba ilungelo lingadweliswanga ngokuthe ngqo, akuthethi ukuba alikho. UMthetho weSihlaziyo weshumi uqinisa umgaqo wolawulo ngokuthi amandla angagunyaziswanga eUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelelana, okanye kubantu.

IsiHlanziso Sokwakha: Ukwakha Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, eli lizwe langena kwixesha lenguqulelo enzulu neguqulayo yomgaqo-siseko. IziHlaliso ze-13, ze-14, neze-15, zonke ezaziwa ngokuba ziZiko loBuyiselo-Mpanzi, zenzelwe ukuphelisa ubukhoboka nokumisela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokulingana kweentlanga.

IsiHlanzi Seshumi Elinamathathu: Ukuphela Kobukhoboka Bentengiso

Icandelo lesibini linika iNkqutyana yokunyanzelisa eli nqaku ngamandla afanelekileyo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kupheliswe ubukhoboka obuseUnited States.

UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwemijukujelwa Weshumi Elinane: INkqubo Efanelekileyo, Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo, Nomahluko

IsiHlaliso se-14 seSinyuso, esagunyaziswa ngo1868, sesinye sezona zigqibo ezibalulekileyo nezithe rhoqo kuMgaqo-siseko wonke. Sanika ubumi "bonke abantu abazelweyo okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States," ukubhukuqa i [ DDred Scott isigqibo. Amalungu ayo anamandla kakhulu yi- i-Calmee [[FLT]] i-Classistem Claus kunye [[FLT]] ne-ELT] Equality Claus . Ukhuselo olupheleleyo luthiye luthiye ekukhanyeni nakukhusela umntu olinganayo imithetho, eyayiyisiseko sesasasasasa kulawulo [FFOLT] [5]] [5]

Mhlawumbi eyona njongo yayo ifikelele kude kakhulu kukusungula okusemthethweni yiMfundiso yeNkqutyana. Ngokusebenzisa i-Acts Procession Claus of the 14th Amendment, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukhuseleko lweBhili yamaLungelo kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Oku kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente kufuneka bawuhlonele uMphengululo wokuqala, uMphengululo wesibini, namalungelo abamangalelwayo. Ngaphandle koMphengululo we-14, iBhili yamaLungelo ibiya kusebenza kuphela kurhulumente worhulumente olawulayo.

UMthetho We - 15 Wenziweyo: Ilungelo Lokwenza Imisebenzi

Iqiniswe ngowe-1870, iSichibiyelo se-15 saba linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqhubela phambili kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ithi ilungelo labemi lokuvota aliyi kukhatywa okanye livalelwe ngenxa yobuhlanga, imibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka. Ngoxa idinga laso lathintelwa ngokulungeleleneyo yimithetho, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, kunye nerhafu yerhafu phantse ivelise isiseko somGaqo-siseko soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 yaye lihlala lisisixhobo esinenkcaciso ekulweni okulingana nokufikelela kwibhokisi yokuvota.

Ukwandisa Ulawulo - melo: IXesha Eliqhubekayo NeziHlayiso Zenkulungwane Yama - 20

Ngenkulungwane yama-20 kwabakho iinguqu ezijolise ekunyuseni idemokhrasi, ekuguquleni isakhiwo sikarhulumente, nasekunyuseni ulawulo lwempumlo. Ezi nguqu zabonisa ukukhula kokukholelwa kumandla abantu abaqhelekileyo okubumba inkqubo yabo yezobupolitika ngokuthe ngqo nokugcina iinkokeli zabo zinokuphendula.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesixhenxe: Unyulo Oluthe ngqo Lwabaququzeleli

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1913, abaququzeleli be-U.S. banyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. UHlaziyo lwe-17 lwayitshintsha ngokusisiseko le nto ngokumisela unyulo olungqalileyo lwabachongi bephondo ngalinye. Olu tshintsho lwaba loloyiso olukhulu kwinkqubela phambili, eyayilungiselelwe ukunciphisa ukonakala, ukususa impembelelo yezilangazelelo ezinamandla kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, kwaye yenza iBhunga libandakanyeke ngokungqalileyo kubantu.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa

Ngo-1920 emva kokulwa iminyaka engamashumi amashumi emva komzabalazo owenziwa ngumzabalazo wamabhinqa, uMphengululo we-19 ekugqibeleni waqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvota amabhinqa. Imela incopho enkulu kulwando lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye ilungisa utshintsho olunzulu phakathi kweenjongo ezisunguliweyo zohlanga kunye neenyaniso zalo ezingokwasemthethweni. Umzekelo onamandla wendlela iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko ezinokuqhutywa ngayo ngemibutho eqhubekayo yentlalo.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko

Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, isikhalo sentlanganiso esithi "sikhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba silwe, sikhule ngokwaneleyo ukuvota" sakhokelela ekunyusweni ngokukhawuleza koMphetho-mda wama-26 ngo-1971, owehlisa ixesha lokuvota ukuya kwi-18 kwilizwe lonke. Ibamba ingxelo njengesivumelwano esiye sagunyaziswa ngokukhawuleza kwimbali, ibonakalisa ukuvumelana okunamandla kwezobupolitika ukuba abo balawulwa yidrafti kunye noxanduva olupheleleyo lobumi kufuneka babe nelizwi kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Iingxubusho zomGaqo-siseko wanamhlanje nemibuzo engagqitywanga

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko utshintshiwe izihlandlo ezingama-77, incoko yesizwe ngoko umele ukukuqinisekisa iyaqhubeka. Iingxoxo eziliqela zale mihla zibalaselisa ubugosa obunamandla benkcubeko yethu kunye nokubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli kwinkqubo yokulungisa.

ISindululo Samalungelo Alinganayo (ERA)

I-ERA, eyathi ngokucacileyo iqinisekise ukuba amalungelo alinganayo asemthethweni kubo bonke abemi baseMerika kungakhathaliseki ukuba banesini esinjani, yadluliselwa yiKhonklane ngo1972 kodwa yasilela kumaphondo angama-38 okudityaniswa ngexesha layo langaphambili. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo amaninzi awongezelelekileyo aye agunyazisa ngokufuziselayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo ezintsha ezingomthetho nakwezopolitiko malunga nokuba lo mqathango unakho ukuvuselelwa okanye upheliswe. Le ngxoxo ibonisa ingxubusho eqhubekayo yesizwe ngomlinganiselo wobufana phantsi komthetho.

Imali Yekampulo Nohlaziyo Lokuqala

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi iSibeko samaZwe amaManyene. FEBEC (2010) ihlala iphikisana kakhulu kwaye ingumxholo ongundoqo kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko. Kulo mba, iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba inkxaso yenkampani yemiba yezopolitiko ezimeleyo yezopolitiko ayinakuthintelwa phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa lo mthetho uvumela impembelelo engafanelekanga yemali kwezobupolitika, ngoxa abaxhasi bewubeka njengokhuseleko olufunekayo lwentetho yezobupolitika. Lo ngxaki phakathi kolu hlobo lwenkululeko nengqibelelo ecacileyo iyaqhubeka ifuna ukuba kuqululwe umGaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqele.

Imida Yemithetho Yongquzulwano

Izindululo zokumisela inani lamabinzana umntu anokusebenza kwiBhunga ebengumxholo oziphindaphindayo kwezobupolitika zaseMerika. Ngeli xesha uHlaziyo lwama-22 lumisela uMongameli kwimiqathango emibini, akukho mqathango unjalo kumalungu eNdlu okanye eNdlu yeNdlu. Abaxhasi baphikisa imida yegama ingathintela ukukhuselwa kodidi lwezopolitiko kwaye bazise iimbono ezintsha eWashington, ngoxa abachasi bemi ngelithi unyulo ngokwabo lunikela inkqubo efanelekileyo yokususa iinkonzo zecalulo kunye nemiqathango yegama iya kunciphisa ulwazi kunye namava equluni.

Ukufundisa IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko: Ukuxhobisa Isizukulwana Esilandelayo

Kubafundisi - ntsapho, ukwenza umGaqo-siseko ube yinto ephilayo kubafundi yimbopheleleko ebalulekileyo nethuba elibalulekileyo. Ukucamngca ngentloko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqonda okunyanisekileyo nokuthembisana ngemibutho yoluntu kubalulekile kwimpilo yeriphabliki.

  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa uphawu lwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo: Intsingiselo yokwenyaniso yokulungisa isoloko ityhilwa kwinkqubo yayo yokwenene yehlabathi. Ufundisiso lwemeko ezifana . [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [uhlolo lwetyala], [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [4] Gideon v. [[FLT] [incopho:5] [ilungile] kwigqhinga], okanye [[FLT:]] Marmand.[FLT] [12FLT:7]] [ekunene] ukuhlala ngokuthuleyo) inika abafundi imodelibo yokubona indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
  • Ingxoxo eHlaziyiweyo: Ukwahlula-hlula abafundi ngamaqela ukuphikisa iimfanelo zolungiso olucetyiswayo okanye umbuzo wezi mizi, njengemida yegama, iERA, okanye ukusetyenziswa koMgqibo wesine woLawulo lwezobugcisa. Oku kwakha ukucingela, ukuthetha esidlangalaleni, kunye nobuchule bophando lokwenza uphando ngoxa kusenza siqonde ngakumbi imilinganiselo ephikisanayo yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Iquka IziHlaliso zembali kwiZihlo zaNgoku: Izilungiso zembali ezidityanisiweyo kwimixholo yesihloko yabafundi bale mihla zibonwa yonke imihla. IsiHlamiso sesibini sisebenza njani kwiingxoxo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke? Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luka Claus lusebenza njani kwimiba yocalulo? Ukwenza olu nxibelelwano lubonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awuyo into yembali eshicilelweyo kodwa uxwebhu oluphilayo olunomsebenzi okhawulezileyo.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Eliphilayo LomGaqo-siseko

Iinguqu ezingama-77 zomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States azingobugcisa nje bembali; ziphila ngamalungu asebenzayo enkqubo yolawulo. Zimela amaxesha angundoqo xa uhlanga ludibene ukuze lwandise inkululeko, lulungise okungekho sikweni okunzulu, kwaye luqinise isiseko sedemokhrasi. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwiSigqibo soLawulo loMgaqo-siseko wenkqubo yeKhompyutha eKhompyutha nolwandiswano kamva, ukurhoxiswa komthetho ohlala uhleli, ukurhoxisana ngalunye lusebenza njengekhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nomfanekiso wohambo oluqhubekayo lwaseMelika lokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo. Ukuqonda asiyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo kodwa inxalenye esisiseko yokuba ngumbutho nolwazi, ubuchule bokwazisa imigaqo ehlala ihleli kunye nolulo lwendalo yomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-Melika.