ILondon, esinye sezona zixeko zikhulu nezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini, kudala zixakene nempilo nemiphumo yemekobume yomgangatho ophantsi womoya. Kwimbali, ukuxinana kwezithuthi zesixeko, ilifa lemizi - mveliso, kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo kuye kwabamba ungcoliso, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiqondo le-nitrogen diokside (NO2) kunye nento edizayo eninzi (PM) esoloko idlula imigaqo yeWorld Health Organization (W) yeSebe). Ukususela ekudalweni kwe-London Amandla aphezulu eNtshona Koloni ngo 2000, umlawuli onyuliweyo ngqo wesixeko uye wagcina amandla abalulekileyo kwizithuthi, ukucwangcisa, kunye nenkqubo yendalo. Eli tyala lihlola ukuphumelela komphathi wedolophu (Phnq64,16) kunye noMphathiswa wakhe uBor Johnson (2006) kunye nooksindondondondo olawula iziphumo eziphambili, iziphumo eziphambili, kunye nezingamele ukuba ndiqhubekelayo, iziphumo eziphambili, kunye neziqhubo eziphambili.

Amandla Neembopheleleko Zematshone

Usodolophu waseLondon unomthwalo wokuvelisa nokusebenzisa iCebon Environment Stratery, emisela amaxhoba asisibophelelo sokucutha ukhupho kunye noxinaniso oluvotayo. Oku kuquka ukulawula uthungelwano lwezithuthi lwesixeko ngezaThutho zeLondon (TFL), ukulungiselela iimvume ezichaphazela umkhuseli, kunye nokusebenza kunye neziqithi-mahla 32 zomsinga kunye neziXhosa zaseLondon Corporation. Crucily, umeyarey unegunya lokuzisa udweliso oluhambayo noluhamba phantsi kwemida yezothutho, amandla awayesetyenziswa ukwenza ummandla we-Congecombustion Loast procester ngo 2003 kwaye kamva anwebeleze kwiUlt Oucractum (UL.) ngo-201919.

Ngoxa usodolophu engakwazi ukulawula ngqo yonke imithombo yongcoliso − efana nomphunga osuka kwiHeathrower Airport (osebenza ngegunya elahlukileyo) okanye kwigridi yamandla yesizwe `inokuphembelela ukuhamba kwezithuthi, utyalo-mali lwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, izibonelelo zebhayisekile, kunye nokudalwa kwesithuba esiluhlaza. Ukusebenza kwesenzo somphathi-dolophu kudityaniswe kuzo zombini imigaqo ethatyathiweyo kunye neqondo lentsebenziswano norhulumente wesizwe kunye namabhunga asekuhlaleni.

Imeko Engokwembali: Ukusuka Kwityala Eliya Kuphela Kuya Kutsho KwiULEZ

Ulawulo lwangoku lomgangatho womoya wase-London lwaqala phantsi koMay Livingstone (2000-2008), owasungula iNjongo yeNkqutyana yemoto ngo 2003. Nangona yayijolise ekunciphiseni umthamo wezithuthi, yazisa inkqubela encinane kumgangatho we-NO2 ne-PM. Noko ke, phakathi konyaka wama-182010, kwacaca ukuba ukuxinana kwemali kwakwa komlinganiselo wobuninzi bezithuthi ezikhutshwayo, nto leyo ngokungaziyo eyakhuthazwa yimithetho yangaphambili yaseYurophu ukukhuthaza idizili ukwenzela imveliso esezantsi ye-CO2.

Phantsi kweMayor Boris Johnson (2008-2016), Low Eugserve Zone [LZ] yaziswa ngo 2008, ijolise iimpahla ezinkulu ezinkulu neebhasi. Kodwa iLEZ yayingenamandla ngokwaneleyo ukunikezela iLondon kwimida esemthethweni. UMbhoxo uJohnson wajongisa ngentshayezo yokuqala * Ultra Low Eugra Location Mocation* ingqiqo, kodwa yayilixhoba lakhe, uSadiq Khan, owathatha isigqibo sokusebenzisa kwaza kwandisa ngokugqibeleleyo udweliso.

Oyena Mdlalo Uphambili Phantsi Komngxuma Wangoku

IUltra Esezantsi Esothutho (ULEZ)

Iqaliswe ngoAprili 2019, iULEZ okokuqala yagquma indawo enye neCongession Counsion Counter kumbindi weLondon. IVhicles ayidibananga neEuro 4 (petrol) okanye iEuro 6 (adisel) imigangatho kufuneka ihlawule irhafu yemihla ngemihla ye-$12.50 (yaleemoto, ii-rans, nezithuthuthu) kunye ne-$100 zezithuthi ezinzima. Ityala lisebenza 24/7, 365 iintsuku ngonyaka. Isiphumo esikhawulezileyo saba kukuncitshiswa kwenani lezithuthi ezingeyo ezingena kwingingqi. Ngo-Oktobha 2021, i-ULEZ yanwenwela kummandla ophakathi kwemntla nomzantsi wemida yendlela. Oku kwazimntluntlu thuba elimalunga nesibhozo kunyaka kuneziqingangezigidi ezi-3.

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiTfL lubonisa ukuba kunyaka wokuqala we-ULEZ eyandisiweyo, umlinganiselo wezithuthi ezidibana nemigangatho wanyuka ukusuka kuma-85% ukuya kuma-95%. Kumbindi we-London, u-NO2 uhla ngoqikelelo oluqikelelwayo olungama-26% phakathi ko-2019 no-20222, xa kuthelekiswa nemeko ethelekelelwayo ngaphandle kwe-ULEZ. Isicwangciso siye saxhaswa ziingcali zempilo, kodwa siye sabangela inkcaso ephawulekayo evela kwabanye abemi, amashishini amancinane, kunye namaqela aqhubayo aphikisayo ukuba iindleko ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zihambele ngaphandle kwe-London.

Ingeniso kwizithuthi zoLucoco

Usodolophu uzimisele ukwenza umkhosi woduladula waseLondon uhambe ngo-2034 (okanye ngaphambilana). Ngonyaka wama-2024, ngaphezu kwewaka elinamashumi amabini anesithandathu ooduladula (okanye i-hydrogen) bayasebenza, bamela malunga nama-20% eenqanawa. I-TfL ifake imali yokubuyisela iibhasi ezindala nge-injini ezicocekileyo kunye nokufaka izibonelelo kwindawo egcina iibhasi. I-London Phantsi komhlaba inikwe amandla anokubuyiselwa, kwaye umeya-dolophu ujonge ukusungulwa kwe-Elizabeth Line, nto leyo enika umsebenzi onyukayo wombane owenziwe ngobuninzi obungaphaya komzikomkhulu, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka koomatilo-matshi.

Ezi zityalo-mali ziye zanceda ekunciphiseni iPMS kwicandelo lezithuthi, nangona ingeyiyo imatshini ehambayo enjengezixhobo zokwakha, ihlala incinci kodwa isengumthombo obalulekileyo.

Ukwandisa Ibhayisekile Nokuhamba Ngemibutho

I- yesona sixhobo somjikelo sithatha imigangatho engaphezulu kwe 300 ubude obupheleleyo, kwaye ibhayisekile kumbindi weLondon iphinde yaphinda-phindeka kabini ukusuka ngo-2016. Ngexesha lesifo sesifo se-“Strettspace yeLondon” inkqubo inikezelwe ngokukhawuleza isantya esingaphezu kwe 100 yemitha okanye isakhiwo esitsha sendlela yomjikelezo, unyuso ongundoqo. Uthetho lwezomjikelezo ngoku lungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-300 ubude obupheleleyo, kwaye ibhayisekile kumgangatho ophakathi we-London iphindeke kabini ngaphezu konyaka ka-2016. Umeya uvule umjikelo wemijikelo (uMasilders) kwaye ufaka inkqubela ekupaka ibhayisekileni kwebhayisekile ekhuselekileyo. Unyuso lwemibhobhobho ehambayo ehambayo, ukwandisa imithunzi kunye nokuhamba emoyeni.

Ukuhlaziya IsiXeko Nokuhlengahlengisa Ulwakhiwo

Izithuba eziluhlaza zisebenza njengezisiki zendalo. Usodolophu utyale imithi engaphezu kwama-500 000 ukususela ngo-2016, ejoliswe kwisigidi esinye ngo-2030. Imithi kunye neepaseji eziluhlaza ziyandiswa, kwaye kufuneka inkqubela-phambili entsha ukufikelela kwimigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womoya ophezulu. Isicwangciso seLidon igunyazisa i-Air Seaty Neutral ne-Air Seaderty Charalmarks ukwenzela izakhiwo ezintsha, kwaye iindawo zokwakha kufuneka zilandele iKhodi yeMcimbiso yokunciphisa uthuli nokhupho lwediso.

Ukuvavanya ubuchule: Ugcino-lwazi nobungqina

Uphando oluninzi oluzimeleyo kunye nezikhululo zokuhlola zikarhulumente zibonisa ukuba ubunjani bomoya eLondon buphucuke ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo. Ngokutsho Ingxelo yonyaka yoMkhosi womoya yaseLondon , umlinganiselo wonyaka uthetha u-NO2 kwindawo zokugada ezisecaleni eLondon embindini we-1998 g/m3 ngo-2016 ukuya ku-444 g/m3 ku-2023. Kulo lonke isixeko, inani lokuhlola lingaphezulu kakhulu komlinganiselo osemthethweni wama-40,g/3 ehla ukusuka kuma-90% e-1993 2016 ukuya ku-30% ngonyaka wama-2023.

PMS2.5 amanqanaba akwanciphile, nangona ethe tye kakhulu: ukusuka kwi 16 31:/m3 umlinganiselo (206 umlinganiselo) ukuya kwi 12 qhag/m3 ngo 2023. Oku kuhlala ngaphezulu kweNkxaso yeWHO ye 5 qhag/m3, ebonisa ukuba umsebenzi obalulekileyo ushiyekile. Okunene, unciphiso alukhange lube lufana: ngaphakathi London ibone uphuculo olukhulu, ngelixa ezinye ipetrops ngaphandle kweLondon, ingakumbi kufutshane neendlela ezinkulu kunye neenqwelo-moya, zihlala zikho iingxaki.

Impembelelo Yempilo Kawonke - wonke

Iingenelo zempilo zenkqubo yomphathi-mikhosi zibonakala ngokuya zibonakala. uhlolo luthelekelelwa yi-Imperial College London luqikelelo lokuba i-ULLEZ kuphela inciphisa uxinezeleko lwe-NO2 ngonyaka wayo wokuqala, ithintela amatyala aqikelelwa kumakhulu alithoba anamakhulu alithoba anamashumi alithoba anamashumi alithoba anethoba kubantwana. Olunye uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba ulwandiso lwe-ULZ lungaphumela kwiziphumo ezincinane ze-asimass kubantwana kwishumi leminyaka elizayo. Kodwa, abagxeki babonisa ukuba inzuzo yempilo idla ngokutyeleleka ngakumbi, ebekwe phakathi, ngoxa iphakathi, nangona iphakathi ingena kwindawo esezantsi ijongene ne-omatili ephezulu kwaye ivezwe ngokwemali yezithuthi.

Ukugxekwa Kwezoqoqosho Nentlalo

Okuninzi okuqhubekayo kokugxekwa komgangatho womoya womphathi-mikhosi kukubuya umva kwawo. Ukunikwa intlawulo yemihla ngemihla ye-$12.50 yezithuthi ezingezozizo ezidibanisiyo kuwela ngokugqithisileyo kumashishini amancinane axhomekeke kwiinqwelo-mafutha ezincinci, nakumqhubi abangenamali ephantsi abangakwaziyo ukutshintsha iinqwelo-mafutha ezindala. Ngo-2023, uMqulu we-ULY uvelise udweliso lwezicwangciso [[FL:] lodweliso lomthetho [[[[FLL:]] oluxhobisa i-crappage] [[[[FLT]]] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinjini e-irante [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-irante [Rhonjisi]] [iiiiiiiibhini ezilinganayo exhomekeke kwi-ir-Rhonji ye-Uni e-Ubri, kodwa abaninzi abangakwaziyo, kodwa abangakwaziyokuhn, kodwa abakwaziyokuhlwi

Enye into egxekwayo kukuba ukujolisa kosodolophu kwizithuthi kukutyeshela ezinye izinto ezingundoqo zongcoliso, ezinjengokutshiswa kweenkuni (umsebenzi obalulekileyo obangela iPN.5) kunye nokwakhiwa. Ngoxa usodolophu eye wathabatha amanyathelo okulawula izitofu zeenkuni kunye nokhokelo olungcono, ukunyanzelisa kuhlala kubuthathaka. Ngaphezu koko, usodolophu akakwazi ukulawula iHeathrow Airport, umthombo omkhulu weNQuetho nePMS, ingakumbi kubantu abahlala phantsi kwendlela zokubhabha.

Ukuthelekisa Ezinye Izixeko Zehlabathi

Indlela yeLondon isoloko ithelekiswa neyolunye ulawulo. [[FLT:] iParis iphumele inkqubo yokuncamathela kweCrit'ir kunye neendawo ezisezantsi zokungenisa, kodwa ukunyanzelisa akuguquguquki. [[FLT:] BEING[[FLT]][FLT] [iii-iiiinjiko] ifumene ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo kwi-PMFPNCP kuving kunye novikelo lwamalahleko, kodwa ngexabiso eliphezulu lezoqoqosho. BERT][FLT] [iFLT] kunye [FLT:]] u-fulm[FLT:] u-fut] umbalm [[FLD7] unezityholo olufanayo lwe-London, nangona i-ULTY ininzi lweminkwindla yemali.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Into Esamele Yenziwe

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela engenakuthelekiswa nanto, usodolophu waseLondon uza kujamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi kwiminyaka ezayo:

  • [[NTL:0] ngokudityanisiweyo kwemigangatho ye-ULZ: Okwangoku, imigangatho ye-ULEZ ihambelana neEuro 4/Euro 6. Njengokuba iinqanawa zenqwelo zisenza isantya esiqhubekayo, usodolophu kungafuneka aqwalasele indawo ze-nerogic zeendawo zesixeko ngo-2030.
  • Idilesi engeyiyo imithombo yetransport: PM2.2 kumlilo weenkuni, ukwakha, kunye nemithombo yoshishino ifuna ulawulo olunamandla kakhulu kunye namaphulo okuqonda uwonke-wonke.
  • Ukunciphisa ukungalingani komoya: i-Pricies kufuneka yenziwe ukwenzela ukuba uluntu olufumana imali ephantsi lungathwaliswa umthwalo ongenakulinganiswa. Oku kunokuquka ucwangciso olwandisiweyo lwephepha elilahlwayo, uthutho lukawonke-wonke oluncinane, kunye notyalo-mali kwisiseko esiluhlaza kwiindawo ezisweleyo.
  • Ukunyuswa kweenjongo zemozulu: umgangatho womoya kunye nonciphiso lwekharbon kuyadityaniswa. Isicwangciso somphathi-dolophu sokwenza umnatha weLondon ube nguze ngo-2030 sizakufuna unciphiso olukhulu kusetyenziso lwe-athom yepetroli, oluza kuphucula nomgangatho womoya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuhlola nokubona ngaphaya: Ngelixesha i-nethwekhi yokuhlola yangoku ilungile, iziva-mvo zexesha lokwenene kwizikolo, kwizibhedlele, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zinika uluntu amandla kwaye zazisa umsebenzi wonikezelo.

I-ofisi yosodolophu ngoku iphuhlisa ulungiso olulandelayo lwendlela yokusingqongileyo , elindelekileyo ngo-2025, eza kubeka amaxhoba amatsha ka-NO2 kunye ne PMS2 edityaniswe nomthetho we-2030 weWHO. Ukufikelela ezi njongo akuzukufuna ukhokelo lomlawuli kuphela kodwa kuya kuxhasa norhulumente wesizwe, oye wangqubana nemigaqo yayo yemekobume.

Isiphelo

Usibonda weLondon uye wasusa ngokuzimelayo inaliti yongcoliso lomoya ngokudityaniswa kweendlela ezinamandla zokulawula, utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwizithuthi zoluntu kunye nohambo olusebenzayo, kunye nombono wexesha elide. Unyuso kumgangatho we-NO2 ne-P, logama ungalingani, luyinyaniso kwaye luye lwaqinisekiswa ngophando oluzimeleyo. I-ULEZ, ingakumbi, ingqiniwe ukuba yenye yezona zinto zisebenzayo kwimiqathango yomgangatho womoya wasedolobhaka-dolophu, ukungenelela kwezothutho lwezithuthi nokuhamba-moya ehlabathini, ukukhuthaza ezinye izixeko ukuba zamkele iindlela ezifanayo. Kodwa iindleko zalemiqathango zale mithetho, ingakumbi inginyana yabemi abangaphandle kunye namashishini amancinane, ijongeneemfuno ezinkulu ekuphuculweni komhlaba. Usodolophu asinakucombulula ingxaki sodwa; isithuthiso senqwelo moya, inqwelo moya, inqwelo moya, inqwelo moya, inqwelo moya, kunye namandla ahlaziyeka kamandla afunekayo, kanti, xa kuboniswa ngumqondiso wezo ezopolitiko, xa kuvela kusenziwa

Njengoko abemi baseLondon besanda kwaye bechaphazeleka ngenxa yobunzulu bemozulu, ibinzana elilandelayo lomphathi-dolophu liza kubaluleka ekuboneni ukuba isixeko singahlangabezana na nomgangatho waso womoya ophezulu. Izifundo ezifundwe apha, ukubaluleka kogcino-lwazi olubanzi, uzalisekiso oluneenkqubo, ucwangciso oluqinileyo lokulahla imozulu, kunye nokunqamleza imvume-kayo, kwaye izakhelo zemephu eziluncedo zesixeko ezizimiseleyo ukucoca umoya waso.