Luluphi Ukhetho Oluphambili?

Unyulo lokuqala lungumjikelo wokuqala wokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika apho amaqela ezobupolitika kunye nabavoti bawo bakhetha umgcini-gumbi osezantsi kunyulo jikelele. Kunokuba ibe sisiganeko esinye sohlanga, inkqubo esisiseko ngumsebenzi odityanisiweyo wecangci lonyulo nocoucs, nganye ilawulwa yimithetho yayo ekhethekileyo, iimini, kunye nenkqubo. Inkqubo yale mihla ephambili ithathela indawo imodeli endala "yegumbi elizalisiweyo" yeqela elikhetha ii-comneicess ezisemva kweengcango ezivaliweyo. Utshintsho oluqhubekayo lwe Era oluhamba phambili lwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, lulandelwa lutshintsho lweMc.Gover-Fraser Commentations kwiBreants 1970s, ishelwe kumaqela amaqela oonobumba-onke, yenza indlela yokukhetha okulawula eUnited States namhlanje.

Ngoxa amaziko aphambili esoloko enxulunyaniswa nonyulo lomongameli, abaluleke ngokufanayo kwii-ofisi zikarhulumente kunye nezoluntu, kuquka i-gubernonarian, i-countarian, kunye nentlalo yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Kuwo nawaphi na umjikelo wonyulo, amakhulu eemfazwe eziphambili agqiba ukuba ngowuphi umqala oza kujamelana nomhla ngenyanga kaNovemba. Izibonda ziphezulu: kuba isithili ezininzi zikhuselekile kwiDemocratic okanye iRiphabliki, unyulo oluphambili ludla ngokuba lukhuphi na olunokhuphiswano olugqibelelekileyo. Ukuqonda iindiso lwezincomo eziphambili ``kuquka abavoti banokuvota, indlela abathunywa abaza, nendlela abanikwa ngayo amaphulo abaluleke ngayo, nendlela afuneka ngayo nabani na ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo yezopolitiki.

Iindidi Ezahlukileyo Zokhetho Oluphambili

Vula Iindawo

Kwinkqubo evulekileyo, abavoti abafuni kubhaliswa ngeqela elithile lezobupolitika ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Endaweni yoko, ngosuku lonyulo, umvoti angakhetha ukuba yeyiphi ibhola ephambili yeqela anokuyifaka. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukwandisa inxaxheba yomvoti kwaye ivumele ukuba ivotelwe ngenkululeko okanye ngaphandle kwe-octal lilizwi kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Amazwe asebenzisa iiprojekthi ezivulekileyo aquka i-Alabama, iMichigan, ne-Texas. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ii-Prix ezivulayo zivumela "uvotation," apho amalungu eqela eliphikisayo anokuvota ngabomkeli ababuthathaka, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba oku kunqabileyo ukwenza oku. Abaxhasi bachasa okokubavula abaqhubi abatshani abalungele ukuzoba, ngokuzobanziswa, okungaguquguqukiyo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

I-Democrates kuphela enokuthi ivote kwiDemocratic commist. Le nkqubo ikhona kumazwe anjenge New York, Florida, ne Nevada. Iqilo licacile: umtyunjwa kufuneka akhethwe ngabo bazinikele kwiqela nakumgangatho walo ophambili, hayi ngabantu bangaphandle abanokungena umthi wexesha elide kwimpumelelo yeqela. Abagxeki, noko ke, phawula ukuba ama-Pritaints azivalayo alibale inani elikhulayo labavoti abazimeleyo (okanye ngoku benza isithathu sabavoti abaphezulu kwamanye amazwe) kwaye abanokutyhala benjenjalo kwinkundla engoontamo-kakhulu.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Kule nkqubo, amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo angavota kuphela kwisiseko seqela lawo, kodwa abangenamkhethe ozimeleyo bayavunyelwa ukukhetha ukuba liliphi iqela eliphambili abafuna ukulidibanisa. Le nkqubo ijolise ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yeqela ngexa isavumela amalizwi azimeleyo ukuba athathe inxaxheba. Amazwe afana noMntla Carolina, Massachusetts, kunye ne Utah asebenzisa i-Primerimeries ezivaliweyo. Indlela ekhuthaza abaququzeleyo ukuba bakhe imiqoba ebanzi ekuqaleni kwephulo, enomtsalayo kubo bonke amaqela abanyanisekileyo nabavoti abazimeleyo abasoloko begqiba unyulo ngokubanzi.

Ezinye Iindidi

Ngapha koko kuvulelekileyo, kukho iifomati ezongezelelekileyo ezinokuphawulwa. Phezulu-iiyunithi ezimbini , ezisetyenziswa eCalifornia naseWashington, ezibeka bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kuzo zonke iqela kwibhola enye. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana amavoti amaninzi ```_angenawo umbutho'''.'' Isixokelelwano silungiselelwe ukunciphisa igridrock kwaye sivelise abaphumelele ngokufanelekileyo. i-index'indawo ejikelezayo , njengabo basetyenziswa eAlaska naseMaine, bavumela abathathi be-ccotars abambalwa, abafumana abafumana abafumana ivoti-ethe-ethe-ethe-ethe - kurhorhorho, bafumana enye kwezingama-50% ze-ekhiyo.

Ubuchule Bokhetho Oluphambili

Ukufumaneka kokudada nokungqubana

Inkqubo yokuqala iqala phambi kokuba nayiphina ivoti iphoswe. Abavoti kufuneka bafake isibhengezo sobunyani, bahlawule umrhumo wefashoni, kwaye baqokelele inani elifunekayo lotyikityo olusuka kubavoti ababhalisiweyo ukuze bafumane indawo kwisixhobo sokuqala somxhasi. Iimfuno zotyikityo zahluka kakhulu: umvoteli kwindlu ekhuphisanayo ifuna utyikityo olungamawaka aliqela, ngexa umdlali webhodi yesikolo wasekuhlaleni efuna kuphela inani elimbalwa. Injongo kukubonakalisa umgangatho osisiseko wenkxaso yoluntu nokudima amatyala angekho mthethweni.

Ukubhikica Nokuphikisana

Amaphulo aphambili ahlukile kumaphulo onyulo jikelele ngendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukhetho luncinane, luneembono eziphezulu, kwaye lusoloko lunikela ingqalelo ngakumbi kwinkcazelo ecocekileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bachitha ixesha elininzi bethetha namalungu aphambili eqela, besiza kwiziganeko ezintle, bethabatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo ziikomiti zeqela lasekuhlaleni. Kwiminyaka yobumongameli, ixesha lokuqala lingugqatso lokhuphiswano lwesizwe, ngalinye linezinto zalo ze-mediasmetics kunye nomvoti. Ingxoxo ephambili kwimibandela ephambili efana nemigaqo yerhafuthelo, ukungenelwa kwezonyango, okanye ukungenelela koomatilo-bhrather kunabantu bangaphandle ababonwa kukhetho oluqhelekileyo.

Ukhuthuzo neCaucuses

Amagumbi aphezulu amaninzi enziwa ngokuvota ngokufihlakeleyo, kunye nabavoti bevota ezindaweni zokuvota okanye ngeposi. Noko ke, amanye amazwe asasebenzisa i-caucuuses, ingakumbi kwinkqubo yokuqala yomongameli yokufaka umxholo. IiCaucuuses ziintlanganiso zomgangatho okufuphi apho abavoti bahlanganisa khona, baxubushe abatshati, kwaye bafake ivoti kawonke-wonke-wonke . Ngokufuthi ngokuma kwikona emiselweyo yegumbi. Ngelixesha elininzi, bakhuthaza ingxubusho eqinileyo kunye nengca, kwakhona bafuna ixesha elibalulekileyo lokuziiinkonzo (omaxesha amaninzi iiyure ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu) kwaye banokuphumela ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwemigangatho esezantsi xa kuthelekiswa nee-prish. Iowa ne-Nevada yimizekelo ephawulekayo yolawulo oluye lwasetyenziswayo, nangona amazwe amaninzi aye afuduseluselusa kwiimeko zobume zakutshanje.

Thumela Okukhethileyo

Kukhuphiswano oluphambili, ivoti aziguqulelwanga ngqo kulwahlulo. Endaweni yoko, amavoti agqiba indlela abathunywa ababelwa ngayo. Kwiqela leDemocratic, abameli banikwa intlawulo elungeleleneyo: umvotelwayo ophumelele ama-40 ekhulwini evoti wamkela malunga nama-40 ekhulwini abathunywa belizwe. Le nkqubo yeRepublican Partic Party ivumela amajelo ukuba akhethe phakathi kolwahlulo lolwano nolwahlulo-lonke. Kwimpembelelo yokufumana i-ekhosi sitshana, umvoti omkhulu (nakuba ungaphantsi kwenkomntlu) wamkela bonke abathunywa belizwe. Le nkqubo ikhawuleza ikhupha unyuso oluquluko-otamrhutho lwesibini. Ukuqonda ithetha ngokugxeka iziphumo eziphambili kunye nokungacotisekeli kwiqela lamaqela.

Isizathu Sokuba Unyulo Lubaluleke Ngokuyintloko

Unyulo lokuqala lwenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi ngaphandle kokukhetha nje kuphela abatshayeli. Lusebenza njengesixhobo esingundoqo sokuphendula . Ngenxa yokuba abavoti abaphambili batyekele ekubopheni phambili nasekulwazini ngcono ngemibandela yezobupolitika, bangaqeqesha abanyuki abaphambuke kakhulu kwimigaqo engundoqo yeqela. Abaninzi abaziwayo balahlekelwe zihlalo zabo kunyulo oluphambili, kuquka nowangaphambili wase . Inkokeli yendlu ka-Eric Cantor ngo-2014. Esi sisongelo socelomngeni oluphambili sikhuthaza abaphathi abanyuliweyo ukuba baqhubeke besamkela isiseko sabo.

Izaphuli-mthetho zikwasebenza njengesiseko sokuvavanya iingcamango ezintsha. Abenzi abaqhuba kakuhle kwiprimes badla ngokuzisa izicelo zenkqubo ezithi kamva zingene kwizikhulu. Umzekelo, igalelo elinjenge Medicare ka-Onke, i-Green New Deal, kunye nengeniso yendalo esisiseko efunyenwe kuqala ngexesha lengxoxo yokuqala phambi kokuba yinxalenye yencoko yohlanga olubanzi. Ngale ndlela, unyulo oluphambili lusebenza njengeekhombathisi zomchazi wenkqubo phakathi kwamaqela.

Ngokubhekele phaya, amapringi andisa ukudityaniswa kwemali kunye nemfundo yezobupolitika. Ngenxa yokuba ukhuphiswano oluphambili lusoloko lujoliswe kwimbambano eninzi kwaye lungalawulwa kakhulu lunyuswe lukhetho oluqhelekileyo, abavoti bayakhuthazwa ukuba bafunde ngezikhundla ezithile, iingxelo zabo zokuvota, kunye nendlela zabo zobunkokeli. Oku kungakhokelela kwizinto zokukhetha ezithe kratya jikelele. Kwabaninzi abaselula nabekuqala abavotisi, ixesha lokuqala liyixesha lokuqala lokungena kwiphulo lezobupolitika, imikhwa yokwakha isombululo ehlala ixesha elide.

Indlela Okuyingqalelo Ngayo Ukhetho Oluqhelekileyo

Imonteum kunye nokugqunywa kwezixhobo eendaba

Umboniso onamandla kunyulo oluphambili, ingakumbi kumaphondo angaphambili njenge-Iowa kunye ne-New Hampshire, ivelisa ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo ye-media kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika. Ingcamango ye "ummentum" zombini zokwenene kunye nokuzifaka kwiziphumo ezingcono: iziphumo ezilindelekileyo zikhokelela kwintelekelelo ekhululekileyo yonyuselo-ndaba, ethi ngokulandelayo iqhubele phambili amanani onyuselo kunye nokubhatala okunamandla. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuboniswa kwamahlwempu kungaphazamisa iphulo, kukhokelela ekunikezeleni nasekundulukeni kwabaphathi. Le mandla anamandla ngokukodwa kumboniso owezo ze-presidenti, apho umhlaba oxinzekileyo ukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza ngeziphumo zasekuqaleni.

Ukubonelela ngemali kunye nokuhlala kwezibonelelo

Unyulo lokuqala lukwaphembelela ukuqokelelwa kwemibutho yonyulo jikelele. Abanikazi basoloko bephaphamela ukuxhasa abaququzeli abaphambili de babonise ubuchule kukhuphiswano lokuqala. Umvuzo owoyisekayo kwimiqondiso engundoqo kubanikezeli abakhulu neekomiti zezenzo zobupolitika ukuba umvotelwa umendo wokuphumelela kunyulo jikelele. Oku kungena kovimba kungenza isigqibo kwiphulo lonyulo jikelele. Ngaphezu koko, abazamkeli abajongene noyena mntu uphambili uphambili uvela njengoyena batshatiso unamandla kubanyuli jikelele ngenxa yokuba sele bevavanyiwe ngemozulu, bavavanyaza isigidi sabo ngokuchasene nohlaselo, bazakha umbutho osemhlabeni oqinileyo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Nokulondoloza Imali

Iiplatfomu ezithi abatshayeli bamkele ngexesha lonyulo zisoloko zikho kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, nangona zisenokunyanzeleka ukuba zibhenele kubaphulaphuli abangakumbi. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokuqala i-GOP nonomee izakunyanzeleka ukuba ithethe ngempikiswano kwi-ovel-operal [, nokuba ibingeyonto yokuqala ephambili yesizwe. Unyulo lukwanceda abatshati ukuba bakhe imibutho ephambili ngemibutho efuna izilangazelelo zemali, imibutho ekhoyo yemeko-ongine, okanye amalungelo eemeko-ongini.

Incopho yojikelezo

Unyulo oluphambili lungasebenza njenge bellwether yonyulo jikelele. Isiqalo esinemiba ephezulu yomvoti imiqondiso enika umdla onamandla nomandla kawonke-wonke, esoloko ithwala ukuya kuNovemba. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukujika okusezantsi kungabonisa ukungakhathaleli kovoti okanye ukunganeliseki, okungacinezela amanani onyulo jikelele. Amaqela ezobupolitika kunye namaziko anikela ingqalelo ekunyulweni ukucombulula ulwazi lwawo oluphambili ukucombulula icebo lokuvota nokuqonda ukuba ngawaphi amanani afuna ukuhlanganiswa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi phambi konyulo jikelele.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nokhetho Oluphambili

Ujikelezo olusezantsi nolungangqinelanga

Mhlawumbi okuninzi okuzingisileyo kugxeko lonyulo lokuqala lusezantsi kuvoti. Kumazwe amaninzi, ngaphantsi kwama-20 ekhulwini abavoti ababhalisiweyo abathatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano oluphambili kwiiofisi ezingezo ze-presitorial. Oku kujika okusezantsi kuthetha ukuba abachongi abaphambili bangabaninzi abanyukiswe kudala, abamhlophe, abanobutyebi, abaninzi, nabaninzi kakhulu ngokwengqiqo abavoti abaphezulu [[FLT: 1] kunomvoti jikelele. Ngokwesiphumo, abaphumelele kakhulu badla ngokuba baninzi kunevoti ye-ontacer ephakathi kwimo yabo, enokuba negalelo ekuhlazisweni kwencam ne-gridioti kurhulumente. Imigudu yokwandisa ukuvota okuqhelekileyo, njengobhalisa okufana nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo nobhanyaziso oluqhelekileyo, luye lwadityaniswa.

Ukucaciswa nokubhaliswa kwemali

Unyulo lokuqala lungabhenela ekunyulweni kwezobupolitika kuba abatshayeli kufuneka babhenele kwivoti eninzi ebonwliweyo yeqela. Aba bavoti basoloko beqinile ngokweengcamango kune-orentie. Oku kubangela ukuba kukhuthazwe abavumi ukuba bathathe izithuba eziqinileyo ezinokususa unyulo oluphakathi. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba "luqinisekiso"."[1] Ingcamango yokuba abaphumeleleyo kwi-primerimrives babotshelelwe kweyona nxalenye yeqela labo egqithisileyo. Ngoxa obunye ubungqina buxhasa le mbono, olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba abavoti-voti abaphambili abanokungagqithiselileyo kunokhetho jikelele kunye nezinye izinto, njengephulo-mali kunye ne-germering, ziingcuphe zabaqhubi abaqhubi be-polantina.

Imithetho Entsonkothileyo Netshintsha-tshintshayo

Ukwenziwa okulungelelanisiweyo kwendlela engundoqo yeU.S. kudala udideko kubavoti. Oku kubhalisa ixesha elipheleleyo, imihla yokuqala, iimfuno ze-ID, kunye nemithetho yokufumana ibhola yolwamkelo iyahluka ngokwemeko kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngeqela kwingingqi enye. Umvoti osuka eTexas ukuya eNew York angafumana ukuba imithetho yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwisiqalo itshintshwa ngokupheleleyo. Le nguqulelo ingajika uxinzelelo [[FLT:] phakathi kwabemi abangephindiweyo ngokwezobupolitika kwaye ngokungalindelekanga ichaphazela abancinane abavotiweyo nabavoti-mibala, abanokuba banokuphinda bahambe behambe behamba-hamba kwaye baqhelene nokhetho oluncinane nokhetho lokhetho lokhetho.

Imali Nempembelelo

Unyulo lokuqala, ngokukodwa kwi-ofisi zikarhulumente, luye lwabiza kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuchithwa yi-PACs enkulu namanye amaqela enkcitho ezizimeleyo aye akhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2010 iSitizens United v. Le mvukelo wemali ingazigqwetha iziphumo eziphambili ngokukhupha iziphumo eziphambili zabanikeli abazizityebi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kwiindleko zovota abaqhelekileyo. Abangadibaniselwanga kakuhle kwinkokeli enkulu basoloko bezama ukuhlawula isibhengezo sikamabonwakude kunye nokujolisa iposi efunekayo ukukhuphisana kwizindlu eziphithiweyo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo enokuba ngaba nyani idemo-demokhrasi.

Indima Yemithombo Yezosasazo Nezentlalo

Unyuselo lwamajelo eendaba lusoloko lujolisa "kugqatso lwamahashe" `oyena ukhokelayo kunyuso, onyuse eyona mali ininzi, kwaye ngowuphi umncono omangalisayo okanye odanisayo. Oku kugqumanisa kungabumba iimbono zabavoti phambi kokuba babe nethuba lokuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kwimiba. Amaqonga e-media entlalo yoluntu afake umlinganiselo omtsha, avumela abatshayeli ukuba banxibelelane ngqo nabavoti kodwa basasaze iinkcazelo ezigqwethekileyo. Umsebenzi wokugcina amasango eedipoyithi uyancipha, okunokuthi wobabini kunike imirhumo yengca nokwenza amagumbi esandi agqwetha umhlaba wezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lokuqala lusisiseko, kodwa ludla ngokuqondwa kakubi, ilungu lenkqubo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Bagqiba ukuba ngowuphi umncono oza kukhuphisana kunyulo jikelele, ukuyila ingxoxo yenkqubo, kwaye banikezele inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina amaqela ezobupolitika ephendula kumalungu abo. Umahluko weenkqubo ezingundoqo (ovula, ovaliweyo, ovaliweyo kancinane, ophezulu-bini, ophezulu, ocetyiweyo", ubala ukuntsonkotha kweriphabliki yezwe apho amazwe agcina ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zawo zonyulo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda ubuchule bokulungisa kunye neziphumo zonyulo oluphambili kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni ukuchanabeka okuntsonkothileyo kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Imingeni ejongene nonyulo oluphezulu, ukurhoxa, imithetho entsonkothileyo, imali kwezobupolitika, kunye nempembelelo yamajelo eendaba, kodwa kufuneka ukuba babe nobumi obusebenzayo kwaye babe nenxaxheba kulwazi. Ngokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokuqala, abavoti banganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abaza kuba ngabameli bokwenene bemi babo, hayi nje kuphela kwelona qela likhulu lelizwi okanye elinobugxwayiba. Ngalenenolwazi oluyintloko, abangobodwa nje abamele bathathe inyathelo nje lokwenza inxaxheba; mhlawumbi basebenzise ithuba lokuqala nawona awona awona awona maninzi abemi banokuva amazwi abo xa bevile inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwiinkqubo zonyulo notshintsho, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo ezivela kwiKhomishini yoNqulo kwiKomishini yezemali yezeli, kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures yeentlobo ezingundoqo zesizwe, kunye ne-Balpedia yemali yezemali yezenkxaso-mali yezemali, yemiboniso yembali kunye nemizekelo engundoqo yokhuphiswano ngaphaya kwelizwe.