Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelana umi njengenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela nakweyiphi na idemokhrasi. Asiyonkqubo nje engokwesithethe kodwa yimfuneko elungiselelwe ukukhusela ukuxilonga kwamandla nakwesiphi na isiko. Ngokwahlula-hlula igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo nangokunika indlela yokunqanda amanye, le nkqubo ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokusebenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Kubemi, ukuqonda indlela ukuhlolwa nokulungelelaniso okuyimfuneko ngayo ukuqaphela indlela amalungelo abo akhuselwa ngayo nendlela abanokudibana ngayo norhulumente wabo ngokunentsingiselo.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela urhulumente wamagunya ahlukeneyo, wabela amasebe amathathu alinganayo: iGaqo-siseko, iGunya eliphetheyo, kunye neJaji. Isebe ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezahlukileyo, linengqwalasela, ukukwazi ukumisela amagunya amanye. Oku kwahluka akuyiyo ngengozi; kubonisa ukukrokrela okunzulu kwabaseki begunya eliphakeleyo kunye nenkolelo yabo yokuba amabhongo kufuneka enziwe ukulwa nephulo. UMgaqo-siseko ukuphepha ngabomsholo ukunika naliphi na isebe elinye elipheleleyo ukulawula nawuphi na umsebenzi karhulumente, endaweni yoko kudala amagunya athelelweyo afuna intsebenziswano nemvume.

Ukuqonda iingqikelelo nolungelelwano, umntu kufuneka kuqala aqonde umsebenzi ongundoqo wesebe ngalinye. Isebe Elilawulayo liyila umthetho, iSebe elilawulayo linyanzelisa umthetho, kunye neSebe lezeeJaji lichaza umthetho. Ngoxa eli candelo libonakala lichanile, igcisa lenkqubo lixhomekeke kwindlela isebe ngalinye elithabatha inxaxheba ngayo kumsebenzi wamanye kwaye linokuphinde liziphindezela ekuqhankqalazeni amaqhinga.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

ISebe loMgaqo-siseko, elimiselwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, liyiKhonkqele, isiko le-badaral elahlulwe njengeNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Ingqungquthela inegunya lokwenza imithetho, irhafu ye-levy, igunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ukulawula urhwebo, nokubhengeza imfazwe. La magunya makhulu, kodwa angenamiqatha. Abalawuli benza iBhunga ngabomkhethelo benza isebe lokuqala lesebe, bedwelisa amagunya abo boMgaqo-siseko okanye bakwi-Judia, bebonakalisa inkolelo yokuba i-mthetho ulawulo lufanele lube lelona linamandla kakhulu kurhulumente weRhulumente. Kodwa akwathiwa afake ingxube ngaphakathi kwi-angcelo: iNdrence kunye neCarenceldenti kufuneka zivumelane phambi kokuba lithunyelwe kumongameli.

Indlu yabameli, kunye namalungu ayo anyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini ukusuka kwisithili esabiwe ngabantu, yayiyilelwe ukuba iphendule ngqo ebantwini. IBhunga ngalinye, elinombuso, elimelwa ngokulinganayo ngabaququzeleli asebenza amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, lalinenjongo yokunikezela ngozinzo nokumela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Esi sakhiwo se-biobaral ngokwaso siyisimo sovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano, sifuna ukwenziwa komdaba okubanzi ngaphaya komelo oluqhelekileyo nolusekelwe kurhulumente. Akukho mthetho onokudlula ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwawo omabini amagumbi, la mandla alala phantsi naxande.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iBhunga linamagunya abalulekileyo okulawula amasebe aphezulu. Lingaphanda izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, amaxwebhu namaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi, lize linyanzelise ubungqina. Indlu yeNdlu yamatyala inegunya lokuqinisekisa okanye lokuchasa ukumiswa komongameli, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bephondo, nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kwakhona iNdlu yeNtlanga kufuneka ivume izivumelwano ngekota ezimbini-isithathu sovoti, inika uhlolo lwemithetho kwimicimbi yolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu. Indlu iphethe igunya lokuqalisa ukungaqululeki, ngelixa kweNdlukwano yeBhunga.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, elimiselwe kwiGatya II loMgaqo-siseko, likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente. Umsebenzi oyintloko kaMongameli kukuqhuba imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga ngokuthembeka. Oku kuquka ukunyanzela imimiselo karhulumente, ukumisela amaqumrhu, ukukhupha imithetho yezolawulo oluphezulu, nokulawula inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle. UMongameli ukwasebenza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, indima enika imbopheleleko ebalulekileyo kodwa kwakhona emema uphando olunzulu kwiBhunga.

Uvavanyo olunamandla loMongameli kwiSebe loMgaqo-siseko yi-veto. Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina kumthetho okanye awubuyisele kwiKhomishini ngokuphikisa. I-veto ingangatshiswa kuphela ngabaninzi abazii-3 ezintathu kwindlu kunye neBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu, iba liba eliphezulu elenza kube nzima ukubuyisela umva. Le mikhosi yamandla iBhunga ukuba ixoxhulumane noMongameli kunye nomthetho wezandla onokuthi ukhusele intsebenziswano lwamanye amasebe.

ISebe eliLawulayo likwahlola iJadia ngokusebenzisa igunya lokumisela. UMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kunika iSebe eliphetheyo ilizwi ekuxobiseni ijaji kamashumi eminyaka. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli unamandla okuxolela nokubuyisela iimpazamo zorhulumente, ukuvavanya inkqubo yezomthetho enokuthi ilungise ukuphunyukiswa kwemithetho-mthetho okanye ibonise inceba. Isebe eliphetheyo ngokwalo livavanywa ngamandla eBhunga ukuba lingaquququzeli, lisuse uMongameli, ngendima yeNdlundlu ekuqinisekiseni abaqulunqinisi, kunye negunya lenkundla lokuwisa imiqathango yezo engaphaya kwemidalo okanye kwemidabi.

Isebe Eligwebayo

ISebe lezeeJaji, elimiselwe kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, likhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye liquka iinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente ezenziwe yiKhonkxa. Indima ephambili yejaji kukuchaza umthetho nokugqiba enoba imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ziyavumelana na nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya, elibizwa ngokuba linqaku lomthetho, laqinisekiswa kwityala eliphawulayo [Marbury v. Madison [1803])] kwaye liye laba ngomnye wezona ngqikelelo zinamandla kwinkqubo yezo zomGaqo-siseko waseMerika. Xa inkundla ibetha umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu njengongawuthobekiyo njengomthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho, lungagunyazigqeqeqele.

ISebe lezeejaji alithathi nyathelo ngokwalo; ligqiba amatyala kunye neempikiswano eziziswa phambi kwalo. Le ndima ithetha ukuba ijaji ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo. UMongameli kunye namasebe aphetheyo kufuneka azalisekise izindululo zenkundla, kwaye iBhunga kufuneka liququze iinkundla lize linikezele umsebenzi wazo. Ikomiti yejaji ijongwe kwakhona yinkqubo yokumiswa: abagwebi besizwe abanagunya nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlukwano yeBhunga, ithetha ukuba amasebe ezobupolitika anendima engqalileyo ekulungiseni ibhedri. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lomGaqo-siseko linokucebisa ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko ukuze libhukuqe ukubhukuqa umgaqo, kwaye lingarhoxiswa kwaye lisuse abagwebi besizwe ngezenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Amandla okuhlola amasebe enkundla anika igunya elikhulu lokuhlola amasebe omthetho kunye noLawulo oluPhezulu. Ngokuvakalisa umthetho ongekho mthethweni okanye ongekho mthethweni, ijaji isenokuwuphelisa umsebenzi wamanye amasebe. Noko ke, iinkundla zisebenzisa eli gunya ngobulumko, zikhokelwa yimigaqo yokulawula nokuthobela amasebe anyuliweyo xa kunokwenzeka. Ukudlala phakathi kwamandla okugweba nemida ebekwe kuwo ngamanye amasebe kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokulawula umthetho.

Indlela Ozilungisa Ngayo Izinto Nokulungelelana Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi nkqubo kunceda abemi babone ukuba isebenza njani yaye bayayiqonda indlela ebaluleke ngayo.

Iingqikelelo ezigunyazisiweyo kuLawulo oluPhezulu. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha umongameli kunye neevoti ezimbini ezikwiziqendu zombini. Indlu yeNdlu iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokuququlunqwa kwezivumelwano. IBhunga liyakwazi ukubeka iliso kuMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali lwemali yemali karhulumente kwaye lingasebenzisa amandla emali ukuqokelela okanye ukusungula inyathelo lokulawula. Ikomiti yeBhunga loMbutho liqhuba ukuva nokuphengulula iimfashoni kwizenzo zesebe eliphetheyo.

Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kuMthetho. UMongameli angawakhupha amatyala adluliselwe yiBhunga. UMongameli angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso eyodwa. UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo engqalileyo kumaqumrhu alawulayo ekunyanzeleni imithetho. UMongameli usebenza njengoMongameli weCante yeCante kwaye ufaka iivoti ezichaphazelekayo. UMongameli angacebisa umthetho aze aphembelele ummiselo wemithetho yomthetho ngentetho yeSizwe kunye nezinye izinxibelelano.

Ukuvavanya okuqulethwe yi-judicial kwiMithetho kunye noLawulo oluPhezulu. Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo ngohlolo lwezomthetho. Iinkundla zingabetha izenzo zegunya eliphetheyo ezigqitha kwigunya elisesikweni okanye elingumGaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bamaQumrhu bahlola imimiselo yombutho yokuthobela imimiselo ebangela ukufezekisa imimiselo. Inkundla ePhakathi isebenza njengomqulu-siseko wokugqibela, ukucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamasebe norhulumente noorhulumente.

Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kwiJadiary. uMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo, ebumba isalathisi setyala ngokwezizukulwana. UMongameli, ngeSebe leMithetho, uphikisa ukuma kukarhulumente kwiimeko zenkundla. UMongameli angaxolela kunye nemithetho echaphazelekayo, enokuthi ngoku ngokuphumelelayo awise izigwebo zomthetho. UMongameli angangavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho ethile yenkundla, nangona oku kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ingxaki yesombululo somgaqo-siseko.

Ukuvavanywa komthetho olawulayo kwi Jadi. Indlu yeNtsimbi iyaqinisekisa okanye iyala amatyala. IBhunga liyakwazi ukurhoxa kwaye lisuse abagwebi besizwe. IBhunga linokutshintsha igunya lenkundla yesizwe, kuquka ukumisela ulawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo. IBhunga lingacebisa ukupheliswa kwemigaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa iinkcazelo zomthetho. Ingqungquthela ingalitshintsha inani labagwebi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangona eli gunya lingasetyenziswanga ukususela ngowe-1869.

Ezi nkqubo zibangela indlela esebenzayo yokuzibamba. Akukho sebe linokwenza izinto ngaphandle kokuqwalasela indlela ezinye ezinokusabela ngayo.

Imvelaphi yeeNkqutyana Nokulungelelana Kwiingcinga ZomGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayizange ivele kubaseki baseMerika, kodwa bayicombulula baza bayimisela ngeendlela eziye zaphembelela ulawulo-moya ehlabathini lonke. Iingcambu zenkqubo zinokufunyanwa kwingcamango yamandulo yezopolitiko yesiGrike neRoma, apho urhulumente oxubeneyo wayejongwa njengekhusi kwingcinezelo. IRiphabliki yeRoma, kunye neCamplate yayo, ii-compuls, kunye neendibano ezidumileyo, zalungiselela umzekelo wamandla ahlukeneyo.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu wachaza ingcamango yokwahlukana kwamandla emsebenzini wakhe Umoya woMthetho (1748]). Waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna ukuba uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye namagunya obulungisa abanjwe ngabantu abahlukeneyo okanye iziqu zamaqela. Iingcamango zokwahlukana kwamagunya. Iingcamango zaseMelika, ezamcaphula rhoqo ngexesha leMgaqo-siseko kunye nakuMbutho wamaPhelathiso. UJames Madison, ngokukhethekile, wabhala malunga nemfuneko yokufumana iziphumo kunye nezingalo [FLD:] kunye nentellity, kunye nentelelo yezandla zegunya elifanayo.[5]

Madison wachaza ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuphela akwanele; isebe ngalinye kufuneka linikwe iindlela zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. . Kumgangatho ophezulu weFederalist No. 51, wabhala ngodumo: "Isikhundla kufuneka silwelwe. Inzala yomntu mayidibane namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wendawo. Oku kuqhubela phambili inkqubo yonke yeendlela neengqikelelo: ngokunika isebe ngalinye umthi ekukhuseleni amandla alo, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe liza kulinikezela lula igunya lalo kwenye.

Abaseki basebenzisa amava abo kwinkqubo yamaBritane, apho isiBhulu, iPalamente, kunye neenkundla zazivelise amagunya alinganayo kwiinkulungwane. Bayigatya ingcamango yomlawuli omnye endaweni yoko badala urhulumente onamagunya alinganiselweyo, adwelisweyo. Isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko sibonisa ukungathembani okunzulu kwendalo yomntu kunye nokuzinikela ekukhuseleni igunya elisekwe kwiqumrhu. Esi siseko sentandabulumko sisasebenza namhlanje, njengoko abemi kufuneka bahlale bephaphile ekukhuseleni umgaqo-siseko.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Nendima Yommi

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano aziyonkqubo nje esetyenziswa ngamagosa karhulumente; zikwanika abemi amandla okugcina urhulumente wabo etyala. Abahlali abanolwazi banokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo igunya likarhulumente. Abanyuli bamalungu eBhunga rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kunye noMongameli rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine. Ngebhokisi yebhola yokubhala, abemi bangawasusa amagosa athoba igunya lawo okanye asilele ukuxhasa imisebenzi yawo engokomGaqo-siseko. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke, luchazwa ngamajelo eendaba, amaqela ee-advocacy, kunye nomnqophiso woluntu, lungaphembelela onke amasebe amathathu.

Abahlali bangaba nenxaxheba ngqo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuzibandakanya neenkundla. Abantu, amashishini nemibutho banokuyicel ’ umngeni imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo abacinga ukuba zichasene nemithetho. Imithetho yezomthetho ingumgaqo-nkqubo osisiseko lowo umgwebi asebenzisa ngawo amandla akhe okuhlola isigwebo. Xa abemi bezisa amatyala avavanya imida yegunya likarhulumente, banceda ukuchaza imida yamandla omgaqo-siseko.

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bongeza olunye ulwaleko lokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Amagunya okuLawula iSihlalo seTenth awawaphathiswanga urhulumente karhulumente karhulumente kumaphondo okanye kubantu. I-Federalisme ngokwayo luhlobo lokuhlola igunya elisembindini, ivumela amazwe ukuba azame imigaqo eyahlukeneyo nokuziphindezela ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Izakhamuzi zingabandakanyeka kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente, zibangele uthungelwano olunzulu lokuphendula.

Ukuqonda ii-checks nokulungelelana kunceda abemi balapho bavavanye iingxoxo zobupolitika. Xa bexubusha ngezenzo zomongameli, umthetho wequmrhu, okanye izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, abemi bangahlola enoba amasebe afanelekileyo asebenzisa iindima zawo ezifanelekileyo nokuba ngaba na amasebe ayaphulwa. Oku kufundiswa komGaqo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwemigaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Nezinguquko Zexesha Lanamhlanje

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwixesha langoku. Ukwanda korhulumente wolawulo, ukwanda kwamandla olawulo, ukunyuka kokuthatyathwa-jinga kwemimandla, nokukhula kokuntsonkotha kolawulo konke kuvavanye ukuyila komGaqo-siseko wantla. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunceda abemi bahlole ukuba inkqubo iyasebenza kusini na okanye kufuneka utshintsho.

Isebe eliLawulayo liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo kumlinganiselo kunye namandla ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Ngoku isebe lorhulumente lisebenzisa izigidi zabantu kwaye lisebenzisa igunya elingulawulo oluqinileyo. Imiyalelo elawulayo, imemoryranda, kunye nezibhengezo ziye zaxhathisa kakhulu kwaye zafikelela kude. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi olu lwando luye lwalujikelezela ulungelelwano lwamandla kuMphathi-mikhosi, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ukuba iBhunga liye lanika amaqumrhu igunya kwiindlela ezenza buthathaka indima yalo yokuphatha. Iinkundla ziye ngamanye amaxesha zawabuyisela emva kolawulo oluphezulu, njengoko kubonwe ukuba ulawulo lwezikongamela okanye imimiselo yesebe elilawulayo ibekwe phantsi.

Ukwenziwa kwethafa lenqanawa kukwabangela ukuba kusebenze nzima ukukhangela kunye nolungelelwaniso. Xa elinye iqela lilawula zombini iNdlu emhlophe kunye neNgqungquthela, uvavanyo lobuntlola kumandla olawulo lungadamba. Ngokuphikisanayo, xa ulawulo lwahluliwe, iqhina lentambo linokuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi nabamiselwe ngokulawulayo iye yaqalisa ukuphikisana, ngokuthabatha ixesha elide kunye nokuvota okude. Abalawuli balindele ukungqubana komphetho kwaye bayila inkqubo yokusebenza phantsi kweemeko zokungavumelani, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwemimandla yanamhlanje iye yavavanya ezi ndlela ezintsha.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingqineke iqinile. INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka ihlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo. IKhomishini iyaqhubeka iqhuba uphando, iqhuba iintlanganiso, ibamba amatyala. I-veto ephethe umongameli ihlala iyisixhobo esinamandla, kwaye iBhunga liye laqokelela amavoti ukuphelisa ii-vetes. oorhulumente neenkundla zikarhulumente ziye zazichasa izikhundla nxamnye negoso-rhulumente. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka isenza utshintsho, nokuba ayifezekanga, ukutshintsha iimeko.

Isiphelo

Izixhobo kunye nolwahlulo luyisiseko somGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ngokwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo nokunika ngamnye iindlela zokunqanda amanye, inkqubo ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ithintela ubuzwilakhe, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente sibonakalisa ulwamkelo olubanzi. Abami abaqonda indlela umsebenzi owenziweyo nolungelelwano olunokuyijonga ngcono ngayo iziganeko zezobupolitika, bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinoxanduva, kwaye bakhusele umyalelo wesiseko. Le nkqubo ayifuni ukuzibulala ngokwayo; ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba, ukulumka kwezequmrhu, kunye nokuzibophelela kumthetho. Bonke abami banokusebenza ngendima engcono ekulondolozeni olu khuselo lubalulekileyo lwedemo-demo-demo-yo.