Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, `legislative, iqumrhu eliphetheyo, kunye nezomthetho-mthetho.'enye i-framers zazisazi ukuba ukwahlula kuphela amandla kwakunganele. Bakha inkqubo ye kunye nolungelelwaniso [ oluvumela isebe ngalinye ukuba limisele amagunya abanye. Le ndlela ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekulawuleni nasekukhuseleni inkululeko yommi ngamnye. Njengommi, ukuqonda indlela ezi zingqiniphi na ezi zinto ezisebenza ngayo ekunikeni amandla okugcina urhulumente wakho ephendula kwaye iqonda xa inkqubo isebenza xa isebenza.

Lo khokelo uhamba phakathi kwamagunya angundoqo esebe ngalinye kwaye ujongo olukhethekileyo oluphethe amanye, luphelele ngemizekelo yokwenene kunye neembekiselo zemeko yale mihla yezobupolitika. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nolwazi olusebenzayo ngenye yezona migaqo zomgaqo-siseko zibalulekileyo ezakhe zaveliswa.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ingqungquthela Yenza Imithetho

Inqaku I loMgaqo-siseko lifaka onke amandla owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga laseUnited States, eliquka iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. Umsebenzi ongundoqo weNgqungquthela ngumthetho owenziwe : ukuqulunqa, ukuphikisana, kunye nokudlulisa amatyala alawula yonke into ukusuka kumalungelo erhafu ukuya kumalungelo abantu ukuya kukhuseleko lohlanga. Kodwa uhlolo lwawo kwamanye amasebe lubaluleke ngokufanayo.

Iingqwalasela zoMthetho kwisebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

IBhunga linezixhobo eziliqela ezinamandla zokuvelela nokunyanzela uMongameli namasebe aphetheyo.

Veto Engasinanziyo

UMongameli angakhupha isibeko esidluliswa yiKhomishini, asithumele emva ngokuphikisa. Kodwa iKhomishini ingawukhupha loo myalelo ngemivoti emibini-mithathu yoninzi kumagumbi omabini. Oku kuvavanya ngqo amandla olawulo. Umzekelo, ngo-2020 Congress wovote ukukhupha uMongameli Trump's iveto yeNational Defense Leact Act. 293 comforence defase ukudeka okufunekayo kwiNdlu.

Icebiso Nemvume yamadinga

UMongameli uthatha amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, abameli, namanye amagosa amaninzi aphezulu abeka izikhundla. Kodwa ezo nkcukacha zifuna ukuqinisekiswa yivoti enkulu kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimikazi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akazaliswanga nganto. Le nkqubo isoloko ithanda ukuba nengxabano, njengoko ibonwa ngexesha lokuqinisekisa amadabi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengoBrett Kavanaugh okanye uKetan Brown Jackson.

Ukwenziwa kweNgxelo yoMthendeleko

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezixoxwe nguMongameli zinokuba negalelo kuphela ukuba ii-3 ezimbini zeBhunga leNdlu yeMimandla zivunywa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzinikela okungundoqo kolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle kubonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Umzekelo, ukwala kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuxhasa iTreaty of Versailles emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwakungumzekelo obalaseleyo wokuhlola amabhongo enkqele angaphandle enkqubo yomphathi.

Amandla Okufikelela

Indlu yabameli inamandla okuququzelela uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente ngenxa “yokuqiqa, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki." Indlu yeNdlu yamatyala ngoko ithatha ityala ukugqiba ukuba ingalisusa na igosa eliseofisini. Eli cebo lisetyenziswe kuphela nxamnye noomongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump kabini, kwaye akukho mongameli wakha wasuswa emva kwetyala leNqilathiso. Kodwa isisongelo nje sokungagunyazi somthetho sisebenza njenge-chezumbululo olunamandla kwimpatho.

Amandla Okuthenga

Yonke imali kufuneka ivele kwiNdlu yabameli. Ingqungquthela ilawula uqingqo-mali lwamaqumrhu, kwaye inokungavumi ukuxhasa amanyathelo esebe eliphetheyo eliwachasayo. Olu hlolo lwaluboniswa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokuvalwa kolawulo lukarhulumente ka-2013, xa iNdlu yala ukugqithisa uqingqo-mali oluquka ukuxhasa i-Affordcable Care Act. UMongameli akanalo igunya elisemthethweni lokusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kombutho-ngquthela.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Iikomiti zeKhomishoni ziyakwazi ukubiza iintloko zesebe eliphetheyo, amagosa afuna ukungqinela, afake amaxwebhu, abhence imigaqo engafanelekanga. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uye wakhokelela ekufunyanisweni kwamahlazo afana neWatergate neIran rema Contate, kwaye usaqhubeka nokuyila iingxoxo zenkqubo namhlanje.

Ukujongwa koMthetho kwisebe lezeejaji

IKhomishini ihlola neenkundla ngeendlela eziliqela ezibalulekileyo.

  • Ukubeka inani lamatyala: Congress zingabutshintsha ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Nangona inani libekwe kwisithoba ukususela ngo1869, umthetho olula ungayitshintsha, unokuba maxa wambi kuthethwa ngawo “ngokupakishwa kwenkundla”
  • imisela iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo: imisela imo negunya lazo zonke iinkundla zephondo ezingaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kuquka iinkundla zesithili kunye neenkundla zesiphaluka zesibheno.
  • Ukuguqula umGaqo-siseko: Ukuba iBhunga alivumelani nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingacebisa ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko ukuze kutshintshwe isigqibo. Izigungqi ngoko kufuneka zivunywe ngamatyala amathathu anesine eenkcubeko qhazo ezinzima ngabom.
  • Abagwebi abaququzelelayo: abagwebi boMasipala bakhonza ubomi bonke, kodwa banganyanzelwa baze basuswe yiKhomishini ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Indlu yagatywayo kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu isuse uMgwebi weSithili G. Thomas Portquets Jr. ngo-2010, ukususwa kokugqibela.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngomthetho wangoku kunye nenkqubo yekomiti, tyelela inxuwa elisemthethweni [[FT:0].gov

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: UMongameli Unyanzela Imithetho

IGatya II lezakhono eziphezulu kuMongameli waseUnited States. Umsebenzi oyintloko woMongameli ‘ kukunyamekela ukuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka.” Kodwa isebe eliphetheyo likwaneengqwalasela kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezomthetho.

Isebe elilawulayo lihlola isebe elinomthetho

Amandla Eveto

UMongameli angalandula naliphi na ityala elidluliswa yiKhomfama, alithumele ngomyalezo weveto. Ngoxa iKhomfantu inokuthi ilawule iveto, efuna isibini sesithathu sama-majority/a ephezulu. Iveto yeyona mali iphambili yomphathi wemithetho. Ngonyaka wama-2025, oomongameli baye bakhupha i-vetoes eqhelekile, kwaye malunga ne-110% yaba yi-Slatio. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFrancment D. Rooselt toted 635 ityala lika-635, kunye neemali ezingaphezulu kuphela. Umongameli uTrump wasebenzisa i-to 10 amaxesha ngexesha elinye lakhe, kwaye akukho nanye ye-vetoes ebengu-Oncouls.

Imeko yeManyano ne-Agenda yoMgaqo-siseko

UMongameli angamisela umthetho aze asebenzise iqonga elingunochuku ukunyanzela iNkqutyana ukuba yenze okuthile. Nangona ingeyondlela eqhelekileyo yokulawula, ukukwazi ukuguqula uluvo lukawonke wonke nokumisela ucwangciso lwesizwe kukuvavanywa kwezobupolitika.

Isebe Elilawulayo Lijonge Isebe Lejaji

Idinga laBagwebi bamaFederal

UMongameli umisa bonke abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuquka nabagwebi abangoyena mntu ubalulekileyo, umongameli unokubumba indlela yezaphula-mthetho yemiqathango yezizukulwana. Ngokomzekelo, ulawulo lweTrump lumisele amajaji amathathu eNkundla Ephakamileyo, lutshintshela ulungelelwano lweNkundla elungeleleneyo ngasekunene.

Iinkokeli Nengcungela

UMongameli angaxolela, afake amatyala, kunye nokukhupha isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, ngaphandle kwezi meko zokungaceli. Oku kuhlola kungaziphelisa izigqibo zesebe lejaji. UMongameli Gerald Ford uxolele uRichard Nixon noMongameli Barack Obama isalack yesigwebo sikaChelsea Manning yimizekelo ephawulekayo. Uxolelwano luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwaye alukho phantsi kwengxubeko okanye uphengululo lwetyala.

Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olugunyazisiweyo lokwakhiwa kwangoku kwesebe eliphetheyo, bona igosa lendlu yeWhite House “Malunga” iphepha.

Isebe Lejaji: IiNkundla Zitolika Imithetho

Inqaku le-II elimisela iNkundla ePhakamileyo linika iNkundla ePhakamileyo amandla okudala iinkundla ezisezantsi. Umsebenzi ophambili wejaji ngukutolika imithetho nomGaqo-siseko. Kodwa iinkundla zikwanendima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni amanye amasebe amabini.

Ukuhlolisisa Isebe Elisemthethweni

Impinda yezeejaji

Ngohlolo lwezomthetho, iinkundla zingavakalisa izenzo zeKhompathimente ezingekho mgaqweni. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala lephawu Marbury v. Madison [1803] kwaye iye yasetyenziswa kangangamakhulu ezihlandlo ukusuka. Umzekelo, United States v. Lopez[FLT] [195] [195], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha umthetho owenzelwe ukuvala imipu kufutshane nezikolo, ilawula ukuba iBhunga loMkhosi lorhwebo loMbandezo lidlule igunya lalo lobuClaksiocle. Ngokukhawuleza, [[FLT] umanyano lwe-Intelligastion v v. Sebellius [FLT.FFF]] [95], (2020) iN.

Ukutolika Imithetho

Iinkundla zikwachaza intsingiselo yemithetho karhulumente. Ukuba iNgqungquthela ibhala umthetho ongacaci kakuhle, abagwebi bagqiba ukuba uthetha ukuthini. Ukuba iNkqutyana ayikuthandi ukucaciswa kwenkundla, isenokuwuguqula lo mthetho.

Ukuhlolisisa Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu

Imisebenzi yegunya

Iinkundla zomanyano zingahlola imiyalelo yegunya, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavisisana nomthetho womGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho worhulumente. Umzekelo, ulutsha oluselula Phelele & Tube. ISawyer (1952), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba umyalelo wesigqeba solawulo somphathi uTruman obamba izinyithi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea ungabikho ngokwesicazulu. Kutshanje, iinkundla ziye zavala okanye zaxhasa imiba yezenzo zesikhululo kwimibutho yabafuduki, kummiselo womhlaba, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Okusesikweni Kwabezaphuli - mthetho Nabasebenzi Bezolo

ISihlaziyo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphanda nokuxhuzula kuxhaswe ngokunokwenzeka, ngemvume ekhutshwa yijaji. Oku kuhlola imiqathango yamandla okugcinwa komthetho kwisebe eliphetheyo. Iinkundla zikwajonge ihambo yokumangalelwa kwabezolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukutshona okunzulu kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nempembelelo yayo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, tyelela iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Udityaniso lwee Khangela: Imizekelo emithathu yehlabathi lokwenene

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqondwa kakuhle kwiziphumo zekonkile ezibandakanya onke amasebe amathathu. Nantsi imizekelo emithathu yakutshanje.

Umzekelo 1: Ukuthintelwa kohambo (2017-2018)

UMongameli Trump WaseSikhundleni esityikitywe uLungelelwano olunoLawulo oluPhezulu 13769, lumisela uhambo olusuka kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi. Iinkundla zoMasipala zakhawuleza zawuthintela umyalelo, zicaphula umgaqo-siseko kunye nemicimbi yezomthetho. Urhulumente wabhenela, kwaye eli tyala lafikelela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. [[FLT.:0] Trump v. Hawaii [2017] [2017], iNkunye iNkumbuso yaxhasa inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yolungiso, ukulawula umongameli wayenegunya elibanzi phantsi komthetho wokufuduka. Oku kubonisa ukuba isebe liphumele umthetho, kwaye umphathi wesebe lokuhlola ityala ekugqibeleni okhoyo emva kokuvavanywa okusemthethweni, nangona amanye amalungu esasaze iindlelulwe kumda.

Umzekelo 2: UMthetho weNtolongo oBalulekileyo kunye noMntu ngamnye (0-2012)

IKhomishini yadlulisa i-ACA ngo-2010, kuquka nemfuneko yokuba abantu babe ne-inshorensi yempilo. Isebe eliphetheyo laqalisa ukuzalisekisa umthetho. Amaphondo amaninzi namalungu azimeleyo avavanya ubugqeba bawo. INkundla Ephakamileyo, NFIB v. Sebelius, waxhasa umyalelo womntu ngamnye njengomrhumo werhafu kodwa waphelisa ulwandiso oluyimfuneko lweMedicaid. Kamva iBhunga lalungisa iinxalenye zomthetho ekuphenduleni eso sigqibo. Aphakath'a onke amasebe akhutshwa ngokukhutheleyo: Congress Misss Mis, Preesticed, uMongamelierian, kunye neNkurtmenterreary waphinda-oth, waphinda-katyalwa ngokomthetho womthetho.

Umzekelo wesi-3: Uphando lukaMongameli uDonald Trump (209-2020)

Indlu yabameli abamangalelwa nguMongameli uTrump ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga. IBhunga leNtlanganiso, emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, alimkhululanga. Isebe lezomthetho langabandakanyekanga ngqo ekungakhuthazini ngokwalo, kodwa iinkundla zephondo zalawula kwiimbambano ezinxulumene namangqina aphetheyo, njengalo achaseneyo nowangaphambili noWhite House Courty Court Don McGahn. Le ngxoxo ibonisa indlela isebe lemithetho elawulayo elinokuhlala ngayo liba nentloko-ntloko ngetyala, ngesebe lejaji elithetha ngeempikiswano ezingomthetho.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Umbandela Wokucombulula Ubomi Bebemi

Le nkqubo ayiyomfundiso nje engekho mgaqweni; ichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Xa iNkqutyana ingavumi ukuqokelela isiseko somongameli, okanye xa inkundla iwisa umthetho ongekho mgaqweni, amalungelo akho kunye nemida yegunya likarhulumente ichazwa. Njengommi, unokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Unyulo lonyulo ngalunye: Ukhetha amalungu eBhunga kunye noMongameli. Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi isebe elilawula oko kukunceda uphose ivoti efundileyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Bhala okanye ubize abameli bakho: Abameli baphulaphula iinkalo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi ebandakanya ulawulo, ukubekwa, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali.
  • Ilandela izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo: izigwebo eziManinzi zichaphazela inkululeko yabemi, unyango, imekobume, nezinye ezininzi.
  • Ukuyekelela ekuvukeleni ngoxolo okanye ekuvuseni ityala:[[[FLT:] [FLT]] Ulungiso Lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo lakho lokucela urhulumente ukubuyisela izikhalazo.

Kumntu ohlaziyayo oqulethe imixholo edityanisiweyo, khangela phandle USA.gov's “Iingqikelelo zikaRhulumente” iphepha[[FLT: 1].

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Ephilayo

Ii-checks nolungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu azimi ndawonye. Ziguquka ngemizekelo, uqheliselo, kunye nongquzulwano lwezopolitiko. Zintsha izithintelo ezingezolawulo ukuya kwiwiso-mthetho ukuya kwigophe lemithetho. Ngokuqhubekayo zama imida yegunya ngalinye lesebe. Kodwa umgaqo osisiseko okhoyo ushiyekile: amandla kufuneka asabiwe kwaye alinganiselwe ukukhusela inkululeko. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo, awubi ngumgcini nje kodwa uba nenxaxheba kwenye yeemvavanyo zembali eziphumelela kakhulu kwi-24governance.

Njengokuba abasebenzi befreyim befuna, umninimzi onolwazi ujongile urhulumente. Hlala ufunda, uhleli uthembisene, uze uwagcine onke amasebe amathathu ephendula, ngokuqala ngohambo lwakho olulandelayo ukuya kwibhokisi yebhola.