Ugcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo nolufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo loluntu lusisiseko solawulo olunempumelelo lwentlekele. Ukusukela kumanqanaba okuqala ohlolo lwengozi kumsebenzi ode wokwakhiwa kwakhona kwabantu, ugcino-lwazi olunika isiseko sokuba oorhulumente, abaphathi bongxamiseko kunye neentlangano zobuntu zifuna ukusindisa ubomi, ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka, kunye nobuncwane obubonelwa kakuhle. Ngaphandle kokuqonda kakuhle ukuba ngubani ohlala phi, yintoni abayidingayo, nendlela abantu abatshintsha ngayo ngexesha lengxaki, kwaneenzame zokusabela okungcono okuphambili. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlola indima ekhoyo yokubala abantu kwii-atmostionssssss, ukulungisa, ukuchachanabeka, ukuchatshaza, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokuzinziswa komsebenzi wayo.

Indima yogcino-lwazi lokunika inani kwiNdlela yoLungiso

Ukulungelelanisa kuqala ngokuzinza kwengingqi. Ubalo lwenkcazelo yeenkcukacha zeempawu zabemi bommandla, kuquka ukusasazwa kobudala, ukwenziwa kwemivuzo, imigangatho yengeniso yendlu, ubuchule bolwimi, ubume bengxaki, kunye nentlobo zezindlu. Le nkcazelo ivumela abacebi bongxamiseko ukuba baqonde ukuba ngawaphi amaqela anokufuna uncedo oluza kuncedwa xa kufikelelwa intlekele. Umzekelo, abamelwane abahlala abantu abadala abakhulileyo basenokufuna isithuthi okanye inkxaso ekhethekileyo yezonyango, ngoxa iindawo ezinezithethi ezininzi ezingayiyo zesiNgesi zifuna izilumkiso ezisuka kwiilwimi.

Abemi Abaneenkcubeko

Ukungabi nakukwazi ukufikelela kwimo-bume ebanzi. Abantu abaneziphene, iimeko zempilo ezinganyangekiyo, ukuhamba-hamba okanye ubume obusezantsi bentlalo bujongene nomngcipheko ongathethekiyo ngexesha leentlekele. Ugcino-lwazi lobalo lunceda ukudibanisa izalathiso zokuchanabeka kwamanani abantu nemeko-yomhlaba ukuqaqamba kwemimandla ephezulu. I-U.S. i-Censurence Bureagement’s American Community Survey (ACS), umzekelo, inika uqikelelo olunika iminyaka emihlanu ebangela ukuba amacebo akwazi ukuzoba amaphuthe amanani obuhlwe, ukufikelela kwezithuthi, kunye neemeko zezindlu kumgangatho wobalo. Ezi maphu zichaza izigqibo malunga nendawo yokufumana izinto, indawo yokuzimela iingozi, kunye nehambo phambi kwengozi.

Izakhelo eziphucukileyo nezibonelelo

Ngaphandle kweempawu zabemi, ugcino-lwazi lusoloko ludibana neengxelo zezibonelelo. Ukwazi inani lezindlu, iintlobo zezakhiwo (amakhaya entsapho enye kunye namagumbi ahlala kuwo ahlukahlukeneyo), kunye nobukho bamakhaya eselula kunceda kuvavanya ukuchana kwesakhiwo. Abaphathi bemeko yexesha lengozi bangafaka izithintelo zokubala abantu ngeemaphu ezithe kratya, iindawo eziyingozi kumlilo omlilo, okanye iindawo eziyingozi zokuhlasela ukuqikelela umonakalo kunye namanyathelo okuzinzisa. Oku kuxhasa ukuveliswa kwemali ekufuneka kufakelwe kwimpahla elungileyo, ucwangciso lomhlaba, kunye nemisebenzi yemfundo yoluntu enciphisa ubungozi.

Ukwenziwa kweemodeli zovavanyo lomngcipheko

Ukufuzisela i-micro ye-arhente echanekileyo. Ubalo lwezigqibo lunika i-creates($(5) abantu abaninzi, izakhiwo, kunye nempahla eyingozi. Iintlangano ezifana ne-FEMA zisebenzisa imveliso ye-Cubareal Bureaunt kwi-HAZUS-MH yazo ezinokungalinganisi iziphumo zenyikima, iinkanyamba, kunye nezikhukula. Ezi zimodeli zinika izigqibo malunga nexabiso le-inshorensi, ikhowudi yokwakha, kunye nezibhengezo zentlekele. Ngaphandle kokuba amanani amanani abantu anokusetyenziswa, imizekelo e-patroli okanye i-astyheed, zingayithatha lula iziphumo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthatheni iziphumo zemali.

Iinkqubo zexesha lokwenene ngexesha lentlekele

Xa intlekele ikufuphi okanye ihamba ngendlela, isantya kunye nokulunga kubalulekileyo. Ubalo logcino-lwazi, ingakumbi xa ludityaniswe nezixhobo zolwazi zexesha lokwenene, lunceda abaphendulayo ukuba benze ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo. Isitshixo kukuba nogcino-lwazi olusemgceni olukwisiseko esinokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza lungathelekiswa nolwazi lwasemva kobunikazi ukuqonda oko kutshintshile.

Ukubekwa kukavimba kunye nobuchule

Amaziko eenkqubo zobalo-mali asebenzisa amanani athelekelelwayo amanani amanani akhoyo okulinganisela umlinganiselo wemfuno. Umzekelo, ukwazi inani labantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu kummandla ofudukayo kunceda kubone ubuninzi bemixube yosana, amatenazi, kunye namayeza abantwana afunekayo kwindawo zokufihla intloko. Ngokufanayo, ugcino-lwazi kwinani leentsapho ezingenamoto yobuqu . .Njengoko ukuguquguquka okukhoyo ukusuka kwi-ACS / owers. Abacebisi ukucwangcisa iibhasi ezongezelelekileyo ukwenzela ukufuduswa kwabantu. Ngexesha le-20202020 yeKhalifoni, uCFire wasebenzisa ubalo lwemiboniso lwemiboniso-miboniso yabantu abakwimimandla ekwizikhuthulelo lokufudula kunye nezixhobo.

Ucwangciso lokuphuma nokuhamba

Iindlela zokukhupha kunye neendawo zokufihla ibhotile azikhethwanga ngokuzenzekela. Ziye zamiselwa ngokufanelekileyo zisebenzisa imodeli eziquka ubalo lwenkcazelo yobalo-manani, ulwabelo lobudala, kunye nemilinganiselo yendlela yokuhamba. Abemi abakhulileyo kunye nabantu abaneziphene bangafuna amaxesha amade okukhokela okanye ezothutho ezikhethekileyo. Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene lwezithuthi ludityaniswe nolwamanani amanani amanani amanani alinganayo anceda uninzi lwabemi abasengozini. Ngaphezu koko, ubalo lwendlela zobalo lolwimi olusetyenziswa ekhaya (umz. umz., iSpeyin, i-Vietnam, isi-Arabhum) luvumela abasemagunyeni ukulungisa izilumkiso kunye nokutyikitya kolulwimi oluchaphaze kwimimandla echaphaza.

Isalathisi sonxibelelwano

Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo ngexesha lentlekele alukho nje ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo uqondwa kwaye uyasetyenziswa. Ubalo logcino-lwazi olukwimigangatho yemfundo, unikezelo lwe-Internet, kunye noshicilelo lwendlu lungakhokela ukukhetha iziqhagamshelanisi zonxibelelwano. Umzekelo, abantu abafumana amajelo aphantsi angokwamkelwa ngenqanawa angangeni kakuhle basenokufuna unomathotholo, umabonwakude, okanye ukwazisa ngeminyango endaweni yezilumkiso ezisekelwe kwi-app. Ukuthemba abathunywa (ezinje ngabaphathi bonqulo okanye abasebenzi bezempilo basekuhlaleni) ukubonwa ngokusebenzisa ubalo lonqulo nolwandiso lobuhlanga ukuze bandise umyalezo.

Ugcino-lwazi lobalo lokuchacha kwasemva

Emva kokudlula kwengozi, ukujolisa kujoliswe ekuhloleni umonakalo, unikezelo, kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona. Ugcino-lwazi lokulinganisela lunika isiseko somgca apho uphazamiseko lulinganiswa khona kwaye inkqubela-phambili yokuchacha ifunyaniswe.

Uvavanyo lomonakalo kunye nohlalutyo olufunekayo

Ngokuthelekisa iimpawu zobalo lwangaphambi kwesalathisi kunye nohlolo lwasemva konyaka, amaqela ophando lomonakalo angaqikelela ukuba zingaphi iintsapho ezishiyekileyo, zingaphi imisebenzi elahlekileyo, kwaye zeziphi izakhiwo eziceliweyo (iimingxube, izikolo, izikolo zomlilo) ezinganyanzelekanga. Le ndlela yokufikelela kwisantya sokukhupha iziganeko zentlekele yorhulumente kunye nokuvula inkxaso kwiinkqubo ezifana ne-FEMA’s Icessional Implication kunye no-Precurecurence. Umzekelo, emva kweSiphekelele se-Harvey ngo-201717, ukuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kwe-Cunication Community Resilience Conficieting sixhobo sanceda imimandla ecacileyo kunye noxinzelo oluphezulu lweminyelelwano oluchaphayo oluchaphayo oluninzi lwabemi abachaphakeleyo.

Ukusasazwa koncedo okulinganayo

Ulwabeko loncedo emva kwentlekele lusoloko lusilela kwiziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa. Ubalo-lwazi lungabhenca umahluko kubafumana uncedo. Uphando lubonise ukuba imimandla efumana imali ephantsi kunye noluntu olunombala isoloko iphantsi kwimigudu yokufumana uvuselelo. Ngokusebenzisa ukonakalisa okunenkcukacha zokongamela, imibutho yoncedo iyakwazi ukunikezela ngobuchule obuthe ngqo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuboleka imali ebolekisiweyo, uncedo lokutya, kunye nezindlu zokwexeshana zifikelela kubantu abafuna uncedo oluphezulu. Imigaqo yentlalo-ntle yokuphucula intlekele ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kobalo lwezentelekelelo-mali oluneyo lwezentengiselwano lwemali efuna ukuxhotyiswa “kuhla nengeniso ephakathi".

Ukuhlomela kokubuyiselwa komgangatho omde

Ukuchacha akusosiganeko esinye kodwa yinkqubo enokuthatha iminyaka. Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluqhubekayo, kuquka uhlolisiso oluhlaziyiweyo lobalo-manani, kuvumela abantu ukuba baqwalasele inkqubela yabo yokuzinzisa. Izalathiso ezifana nokubuya kwabemi, amanani okwakhiwa kwakhona kwezindlu, amanani engqesho, kunye neziphumo zempilo yengqondo zinokufunyanwa ngexesha elithile. Olu ngqikelelo lobude bude lunceda ukuphawula izithuba ezihlala zikho kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo. I-Censuentubes’s Bernable Expending Survery, esungulwe ngexesha lobhubhisi lwe-CHOD, ngumzekelo oyintloko wokusebenzisa ulungiso oluphezulu lolwando-lwanolwazi lwenani lokufumana ulwazi ukukhokela ukuphucula kufutshane.

Uxanduva lobalo-mali olufumaneka ngexesha lobunzima

Nangona ixabisekile, ubalo-lwazi lwenkcazelo lunemiqathango. Ingakumbi xa kukho amanqam. Iintlekele ziphazamisa zona izibonelelo ezifunekayo ukuze kuqokelelwe kwaye kuhlaziywe ulwazi lwamanani, nto leyo ebangela ukungaqondani apho imfuneko yogcino-lwazi inkulu khona xa ubunjani balo busemngciphekweni.

Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha kunye nokuchana

Ubalo lwenkcazelo, ingakumbi olusuka kubalo lwabemi, lungaphelelwa lixesha ngokukhawuleza. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu basekuhlaleni baye batshintsha kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka yokubala abantu ngenxa yokufuduka kwezoqoqosho, ukuphucuka kwedolophu, okanye utshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka. Kwimimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza, iminyaka emihlanu ye-ACS isenokungathathi ukungena kwabantu abakhoyo. Ngexesha lentlekele, ezi zinto zingakhokelela ekucingisiseni ngokuphosakeleyo malunga nenani labantu abafuna ukuhlangulwa okanye ukukhuselwa. Imigudu efana ne-Census Bureauaues “Ku-The Map” isixhobo kunye noqikelelo oluqhubekayo lwabemi lungakufumani ukufikelela kule ngxaki, kodwa ishiyekile.

Imicimbi Yasese Nenkxalabo Engokobukho

Ugcino-lwazi olunenkcukacha zabemi, ingakumbi xa ludityaniswe kwiindawo ezithe ngqo, lunyusa amaxhala obuqu. Kwintlekele, ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi olululo malunga nabemi abangachananga , njengabemi abanokubhalwa phantsi okanye abantu abakhubazekileyo.

Ukushenxiswa Kwendawo Nabantu Abaninzi

Iintlekele zibangela inkqubela-phambili, ngokufuthi iziphithiphithi. Abantu bayabaleka kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, bafuna indawo yokufihla izalamane, okanye bafuduke okwexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina. Ugcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo lokubala abantu luthatha indawo apho abantu badla ngokuhlala khona, hayi apho bahlala ngexesha lengxaki. Oku kungabangela ukuba abantu bangabajongeli phantsi kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo okanye iimeko ezigqithisiweyo kwiindawo ezifudusiweyo. I-data yendawo yefowuni, umfanekiso wesatellite, kunye nokuthengwa kwamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala zinika ezinye iimpawu ngezantsi kodwa ukudibanisa ezi nenkqubo yobalo oluqhelekileyo kufuna ubuchule obunenkqeqele kunye nokusebenzisana kwemiba.

Iziphakamiso zobugcisa namathuba aqukumbelayo

Inkqubela kwinzululwazi yogcino-lwazi nezibonelelo zamanani iyanda oko kunokwenzeka ngogcino-lwazi ngokubalwa kwabantu ngokwemeko yentlekele. Ezi zinto zintsha zithembisa ukwenza ulwazi lwamanani afikeleleka ngakumbi, lungaguquguquki, kwaye lukwazi ukusebenza.

Ingqokelela yogcino-lwazi oluhambayo ne-GIS

Izixhobo zophando oluhambayo kunye neenkqubo zolwazi lwendawo (GIS) zivumela ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olukhawulezileyo kumasimi emva kwentlekele. Abaququzeli bangasebenzisa amacwecwe ukuhlaziya imilinganiselo yezindlu, baqwalasele umonakalo, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe neentsapho ezishiyekileyo ngexesha lokwenene. I-American Red Cross’s “RS2” (Inkqubo kunye neZigqibo) idityanisela iqonga elihambayo idata kunye nemaleko wendlela ehambayo yokwenza iimaphu ezinomonakalo. Ngokufanayo, iBhanki yehlabathi “Geo-Eennative Incodo yoMoniting kunye neSupervity wiew". (GEMS) isebenzisa i-data ehambayo ukuphucula indlela kwipost-disster izicwangciso zamazwe asakhulayo.

Ukwanda Nokufunda Umatshini

Imithetho-manani yokufunda umatshini ingaxela kwangaphambili apho abantu baya kufuduka khona, apho abamelwane basengozini enkulu khona, nendlela iimpawu zamanani ezinxulumene neziphumo zentlekele. Le mizekelo iba ichane ngakumbi xa iqeqeshelwe ugcino-lwazi olungokwembali kunye nexesha lokwenene lokuzondliwa koonontlalo-ntle, iingcinga zemozulu, kunye neekhamera zeenqwelo-moya. Umzekelo, abaphengululi baseYunivesithi yaseTexas baye bavelisa imizekelo esebenzisa ubalo lwamanani kunye nomsebenzi wokuxela ukuba ukufuduka kokuziphatha ngexesha leenkanyamba. Noko ke, kufuneka kuthathwe uphando ukuze kuphetshwe iingcinga zezo ezikhoyo ezinokukhuthaza ukungalingani okukhoyo.

Uthungelwano logcino-lwazi olululo kuluntu

Ukufumana ugcino-lwazi olulungileyo kwintlekele kudla ngokufuna ukulungelelana koorhulumente, iinkampani zangabodwa, kunye neengeniso ezingadibaniyo. Ugcino-lwazi lukawonke-wonke olwabelana ngezivumelwano lungavula ulwazi olubalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, i-Censussion Bureaurages enxulumene neGoogle kunye ne-Facebook ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluthe chu ukulandelela ukuthobela koluntu. Ezi nkcukacha ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokulawula ugcino-lwazi, ukuvumelana, nokubonakala, kodwa xa zilawulwa ngenkathalo, zinokunyusa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqonda okuzinzileyo okusekelwe ekuboneleni inani labantu.

Imigaqo-nkqubo nezenzo ezizizo

Ukunyusa ixabiso lenkcazelo yokubalwa kwabantu ngokuphendula nokuhlaziywa kwentlekele, abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo noogqirha bafanele basebenzise iindlela eziqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo ichanekile, iyafumaneka kwaye isetyenziswa ngokwemigaqo.

Ifaka isakhelo sogcino-lwazi se-sed

Iindidi zogcino-lwazi olukwimo esezantsi . ezifana nenani lenani loluntu lobunani be-Census Bureau (amanyathelo, iziqobo) kunye nenkcazelo eguquguqukayo . "imvume yokudibana okungenamthungo kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo. Izakhiwo zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana ne-“Codeficioty for Disaster Information" kufuneka zamkele ugcino-lwazi lwamanani njengomaleko ongundoqo. Imigangatho yedata engaguqukiyo yenza ukuba ulungelelwaniso olukhawulezileyo lwemida, ingakumbi kwiintlekele ezinkulu ezichaphazela imimandla okanye amazwe amaninzi.

Ubandakanyeko Nokholo Lwaseluntwini

Ukuthemba ubalo lwabantu kuqala ngokuthemba inkqubo yokubalwa kwabantu. Ingingqi ezibalwayo ngokwembali zibala amakhaya, amaqela abomthonyama, kunye nabaphambukeli .

Inkcitho yemali yogcino-lwazi

Ugcino nolungiso lwezibonelelo zobalo lwezibonelelo oluqhubekayo lufuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo. Oorhulumente kufuneka baxhase uhlaziyo rhoqo ukuze baqhubeke nohlolo lokubala abantu, bafake imali yokugcina ugcino-lwazi olukhuselekileyo, baze baxhase uphando kwiindlela ezintsha zokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi. Umzekelo, i-Censurence Bureaunity ye-U.S. “20 Creates Develoption Data Imveliso ze-2020” kunye nenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yenkqubo yokwenziwa kwabantu yale mihla kufuneka ifumane ulwamvo olwaneleyo ukuze kuhlale kuyimfuneko kwintlekele. Abanikela ngezizwe, njengeBhanki, bayakwazi ukuqokelela iinkqubo zokwakha ukwandisa ubuchule ezinceda amazwe angaphantsi asebenzisa ubalo ukuze ahlise ingozi.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005)

Inkanyamba uKatrina yabhenca iziphumo zokuthembela kugcino-lwazi lobalo lwabantu oluphelelwe lixesha. Uninzi lwenkcazelo yabemi eyasetyenziswa ekuphenduleni yayikukukuhlaziywa kwabangama- 2000, okungazange kufumane ukutshintshana kwabemi eNew Orleans phambi kwesichotho. Oku kwakhokelela ekungacingeni inani labantu abahlala kwizithuthi ezilinganiselweyo . Abaninzi babo babexinezelekile ngexesha lokufuduswa kwabantu. Le ntlekele yabangela utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela i-FEMA kunye namaqumrhu amaziko karhulumente adibanisa ngayo ulwazi lwabemi abakhoyo lwe-ACS kwaye kwavelisa nemizekelo esebenzayo yabemi.

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2021)

Le ngxaki ibonise imfuneko ephambili yobuninzi bamanani. IBofisi ye-Censureasure yase-U.S. yasungula uHlomelo lweGeneral Riemong ukuze iqokelele ugcino-lwazi ngeveki ngenani lokugoma, ukutyeba, impilo yengqondo, kunye neempembelelo zezoqoqosho, eziphunyulwe luhlanga, ubudala, kunye neendawo zokuma komhlaba. Le nkcazelo yanceda amasebe empilo ajongene nokujoliswe ekufumaneni ukuchana kwemiqathango ekhuselekileyo kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lokuqesha i-Grapy Survey iye yakhokelela ekufuneni “impendulo ekhawulezileyo” yovavanyo olukhoyo kwi-Cunication Bureaunication.

EKhalifoniya kutshiswe umlilo (208-2024)

Amaxesha omlilo aphindiweyo eKhalifoniya aye akhuthaza abaphathi bongxamiseko ukuba bafake ulwazi olunenkcazelo yobalo-manani kunye nomlilo wexesha elinamacala angamashumi amane anesixhenxe. Ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwe-ACS ngeminyaka, ukukhubazeka, kunye nohlobo lwezindlu, iCalFire kunye nohlobo lweendawo zokuhlala, amasebe eCalFire avelise iimaphu “zoncedo lokushiya amakhaya” apho abemi basenokufuna uncedo olongezelelekileyo. Le ndlela inconyelwe ngokusindisa ubomi ngexesha le-2018181818 kampu Fire, eyatshabalalisa iParadisi, California. Imizamo yokuzinzisa i-ovula izithuba zobalo i-otranstates zoluntu ezikhuselekileyo kwakhona i-oxinzekile.

Isiphelo

I-data yobalo asiyonto nje esetyenziswayo ukubeka ubalo; sisixhobo esisindisa ubomi esixhasa isigaba ngasinye solawulo lwentlekele. Ukusukela ekusebenziseni kweziphumo zobuchule bokusebenza ngaphambi kwexesha lokuzalwa ukuya kukwabiwa kwemali yexesha le-"% kunye nokuhlola ixesha elide, ubuchule bokuzihlaziya ngokuchanileyo bokufumana ubuninzi boluntu, ukwenza iziphumo ezithe ngqo, ukuhambelana kwexesha, ukuzimela, kunye nokudibanisa ulwazi nokutshintsha kolwazi okuqhubekayo, inkqubela-phambili kunye nenkqubo yezobugcisa ibangela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba sinolwazi olupheleleyo. Njengoko ubuninzi nobukhulu bentlekele bukhula, ukunyuka, ukudityatyatyatya, ukuququluleka, kunye neenkqubo zogcino-data ezilungele ukuhlazinziswa akuyo, akucetyiswanga ngokusemthethweni. Iimeko, inkqubo zezokhuseleko, inkqubo yokhuseleko, inkqubo yezobugcisa, kunye noluntu kufuneka zisebenze kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba sisebenze ngogcino-data, kwaye sisebenza kwimeko zexesha elizayo.