Ukwazisa: Ingxaki Yolwazi Kulawulo - melo Lwamanani

Kulo mjikelo weendaba othe gqolo ungapheliyo namhlanje. Ukusuka kwixesha esivula ifowuni ukuya kumqulu wokugqibela ngaphambi komandlalo, sizele zizihloko zezihloko, izilumkiso, kunye neentsebenziswano. Ngoxa le nkcazelo ingapheliyo inika amandla, ikwalucelomngeni olunzulu: siluhlula njani uqikelelo oluthembekileyo kwinkohliso yamabhongo, i-slationism, okanye impazamo engagqibekanga? Ubuchule bokuqwalasela imithombo yendaba ngokunzima ayisekho ngaphaya kobuchule bokufumana ulwazi olungundoqo. Ngaphandle kwayo, abemi bayakwazi ukubeka iliso kwizinto ezingahlaliyo, ukubeka iliso kwimi yasekuhlaleni, ukutshintsha imicimbi yemibango, ukuphembelela imicimbi yezosasazo zelizwe, ukuhlola ujongo olukhoyo nokulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yokuzichaza.

Ukuqonda Iingcinga Ezirhabaxa

Enyanzelweni yayo, iingcinga ezigxekayo yinkqubo eqeqeshelweyo yokuhlolisisa, ukudibanisa, nokuhlolisisa inkcazelo ukuze kwenziwe isigqibo. Isuka kukwamkelwa ngokulula ulwazi ukuya kuvavanywa ngobuchule bobungqina, intelekelelo, kunye nokuqiqa.

Iingcinga Ezimaxongo

Ukucinga ngendlela erhabaxa akusosenzo sinye kodwa bubuchule obudityanisiweyo. Ilungu ngalinye liqinisa ezinye, libangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe kakuhle iindaba.

Uhlalutyo: Ukwahlula Isigidimi

Uhlalutyo lubandakanya ukuqhekeza ibali leendaba kwinxenye zayo: intengiso ekwenziwayo, ubungqina obunikiweyo, imithombo ecatshulweyo, kunye nolwimi olusetyenziswayo. Umzekelo, xa ufunda isihloko esikhulu esibhengeza "Iqondo leSingqingo kwingingqi yedowntown," umqwalaseli ogxekayo ubuza ngoko nangoko: Yintoni kanye ethethwa yi "skyrottet"? Xa kuthelekiswa naliphi ixesha? Ziziphi izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqukiweyo? Ngubani oqokelele ugcino-data? Ngokubhiyo umyalezo, umfundi utyhila oko kuthethwayo ngenene, kwaye yintoni eshiyweyo.

Uvavanyo: Ukuvavanya ukubonakala nokunyuswa

Uvavanyo lungamanqanaba omgwebo, apho umfundi egqiba ukuba umthombo uthembekile na nokuba oko kuqulethweyo kuyafaneleka kwimiba ekuwo. Oku kufuna ukhangelo lwerekhodi yempapasho, ubuchule bombhali, kunye nokuthembeka kobungqina obucatshuliweyo. Inqaku elicaphula imithombo engaziwayo engenamaxwebhu axhasayo kufuneka anyuse iiflegi ezibomvu ezikhawulezileyo. Umthetho olungileyo wobhontsi luvavanyo lwe- CRAP[: I-Ravian, Relevance, Authorance, Accomplity, kunye nenjongo.

Umahluko: Ukuzoba isiphumo

Umahluko yisenzo sokuqiqa ukusuka kubungqina ukuya kwiziphelo. Ngokugabadeleyo, isiphelo kufuneka silandelwe kubungqina, hayi kwintelekelelo enqwenelekayo okanye kwikhethe elikhoyo langaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe. Ukuba umthombo weendaba uthi inkqubo entsha ebangela ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, umfundi kufuneka ahlolisise ukuba ugcino-lwazi luxhasa ngokwenene uqhagamshelwano olusemngciphekweni okanye nje i-coration. Inkcazo ezinamandla zixhaswa ziingongoma ezininzi ezizimeleyo kunye neengxoxo eziqiqayo.

Ingcaciso: Ingcinga Entle

Ukuba uyakwazi ukuchaza [[FLT: 0] kutheni uthemba okanye ungathembi ibali leendaba uluphawu lokucingela. Kunyanzela umcimbi ukuba alungelelanise iingcamango zabo kwaye athethelele ugwebo lwabo. Xa exubusha nabanye iindaba, echaza indlela ocinga ngayo ```'''''' le ngxelo ikhankanya imithombo engundoqo yogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente, kwaye umbhali unezi mvelaphi kwizoqoqosho""", ikhuthaza abanye ukuba bafumane uphando olufanayo.

Umzekelo: Ukuhlola Iimfundiso Nezicebisi

Uqwalaselo lulungu lokuqinisekisa iinkolelo zethu ezikhoyo (ukuqinisekisa) linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo lokuhlola uqikelelo oluphambili. Ukuqwalasela kubandakanya ukuqwalasela okubanzi kwebali. Ziziphi iinzuzo ezinokufumaneka kule ngxelo?

Indima Engenakuthintelwa Yeendaba Kwinkqubo Zedemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi esebenza ixhomekeke kunyulo lokhetho olunolwazi. Abami kufuneka baqonde imbambano, abaza kubhaptizwa, kunye nemiphumo yezigqibo zomgaqo-siseko. Amajelo eendaba, ngendlela yawo efanelekileyo, asebenza njengenja egadayo, umlamli wengxoxo kawonke-wonke, nomjelo wokugcina amandla ephendula. Imfuno yalo msebenzi iqatshelwe ukususela ekusungulweni kolawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla.

Umsebenzi wogada: Ukubamba amandla ukuphendula

Ubujoni obuphandayo bubhenca ukuqhatha, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nokungekho sikweni kwenkqubo. Ukusuka kwiWatergate ukuya kwingxelo yakutshanje ebhekisa kukhangelo lukarhulumente nakwimeko engalunganga yenkampani, intatheli ziye zanika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo lokuba iinkqubo zokukhetha zingenasiqinisekiso. Ukuze le nja egadileyo ilunywe, nokokuba, uluntu kufuneka lukwazi ukwahlula uphando olunzulu lokuxela kwintlaselo yamakhareji. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokucinga obuchuliweyo, abemi banokungakuchasa ukubhela okunyanisekileyo njenge "indaba yokukhama" okanye ukubhenela izityholo ezibhetyenziswe njengenyaniso.

Ukuzimisela kukawonke-wonke

Ulawulo-demokhrasi asiyonkqubo yovota kuphela; yincoko eqhubekayo phakathi kwabemi. Iindaba zinika isizathu esiqhelekileyo sezibakala ezinokuthi zenzeke. Xa uluntu lunolwabelana ngomgca osisiseko wenkcazelo eqinisekisiweyo, ukungavumelani kusenokujolisa kumaxabiso nezinto eziza kuqala kunokuba kuzenzeke ngokwenene. Kodwa xa iimpazamo zingcolisa umhlaba oqhelekileyo `amaqela awahlukeneyo akholelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba iinkqubo ze "amatyala"" //ukudibeli ziyaqhekeka, kwaye ibutho labantu lichachachacha kwimintsane lolwazi oluneyo.

Ubungqina boMsebenzi

Iindaba zikwakhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwezentlalo, izigqibo zebhodi yezikolo, imithetho yokuthatyathwa kwelizwe, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni ludla ngokuba nempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kuneentloko-ndaba zelizwe. Ukujongwa kakubi kweendaba zasekuhlaleni kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuveza imimandla yabo kwiiholo zedolophu, ukuvota ngobuchule kwimibango, kunye nokuxhasa iinguqulelo. Ummi omkela okanye angazifuni zonke iindaba zasekuhlaleni ngokufihlakeleyo akunakwenzeka ukuba angenelele ngokunempumelelo kumacandelo abumbane nemeko yabo.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Lokwazi Okuphosakeleyo

Imeko-bume yezobugcisa itshintshe indlela eveliswa ngayo, esasaziweyo nesetyenziswa ngayo. Iindawo zonxibelelwano, ii-enjini zokuphendla kunye nee-apps zokuthumela imiyalezo zinceda ulwazi ukuba lwandiswe ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili (kodwa lukwanika ifuthe elichukumisleyo, elichuku. Le ndawo ichume kakhulu ukuze iqhubeke.

Iintlobo Zokuphazamiseka Kolwazi

Uphando kubaphengululi kunye nemibutho efana ne Firest News ulwahlulo phakathi kweendidi ezintathu:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Misformation: ulwazi lobuxoki olwabelwe ngaphandle kwenjongo yokwenza okubi. Omnye umntu angaphinda afake isikhohlisi kuba bakholelwa ukuba yinyaniso.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Diffiformation: ulwazi lobuxoki oludalwe ngesiquphe luze lwasasazeke ukukhohlisa okanye ukwenza umonakalo. Oku kuquka amanqaku eendaba oyiliweyo, ii-efakes, kunye namaphulo alungelelanisiweyo empembelelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ``IMalformation'' ulwazi lokwenyani lwabelana ngenjongo yokwenza okubi, njengamaxwebhu ayimfihlo avulwe ngaphandle komongo okanye ahlelwa ukulahlekisa.

Ubuchule Bobuxoki Obunezifo

Ubusela bokusasazeka ngenxa yomibini yoyilo lwengqondo kunye noyilo lweqonga lomntu. Umatshini wokucofa imixholo ephambili yeqosha ubangela izithuba zemfuno-mfuno yofunxo yesigqibo. iPropagandada[ isoloko isebenzisa izahlulo ezikhoyo zoluntu ukukhuthaza inkxaso. Ukukhokela izibalo [[FLT]] inokuthi ilandelwe okanye ibonwe kakubi i-'ekhodie ukuxhasa ingxelo yobuxoki. Inkcatshulo-' `ingxelo yezobupolitika] apho ukhuthulo lwentsingiselo elindelekileyo.

Kwanaxa ibali lobuxoki lilungiswa kamva, ulungiso ludla ngokunwenwa kancinci kunobuxoki bokuqala. Lento, eyaziwa njenge "eqhubekekayo impembelelo," ithetha ukuba imbono yokuqala ephosakeleyo isoloko iqhubeka nasemva kokukhutshwa ngokucacileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ingcinga enzima kufuneka yenzeke phambi [[FLT:] phambi ukwabelana, hayi nje emva koko.

Name

Inkqubela yakutshanje yobuchule bokuyila imfuno yemfuza ikwenze kwanokwenzeka ukwenza ukwenziwa kobunyani obupheleleyo kodwa obuyiliweyo ngokupheleleyo, ividiyo, kunye nemifanekiso. Ubunzulu bungabonisa usomashishini othetha into abangazange bayithethe, okanye isiganeko esiyilwe esingakhange senzeke. Njengoko ubugcisa bokufumanisa buphucula, ngokufanayo nobuncutshe bobugocigoci. Ukucinga okuntsonko kumele kuquka ukuthandabuza okusemgangathweni okuthe kwanelisekileyo okubonakala kufanelekile okanye kubangelwa yimvakalelo, ingakumbi xa kuhambisana nembono ekhoyo ngaphambili.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokukhupha Iindaba

Ukuhlakulela imikhwa egxekayo yeyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokuzikhusela kwinkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Iindaba ezilungileyo zithetha ukuba obu buchule bungafundwa buze busetyenziswe ngumntu wonke. Ngeli ngezantsi zizinto ezisekelwe kubungqina ezinconyelwa ngabasebenzi bethala leencwadi, iintatheli, kunye neengcali zolwazi lokufunda.

Sebenzisa indlela ye-SIFT (Intshukumo Yesandi)

UMike Caulfield, umphengululi wezokufunda nokufunda ngemichiza, wafunda indlela elula kodwa eluncedo yokufumanisa ukuba inkcazelo ethile ayiqhelekanga.

  • [[UMTL:0] Yima: Phambi kokwabelana okanye ukwenza into, nqumama. Zibuze: Ndiyazi lo mthombo? Ingaba lonto ingaqhelekanga? Ukuba kunjalo, yiqinisekise kuqala.
  • ` Hlanganisa imvelaphi: Ngubani umbhali okanye umbutho osemva kwesi sixhobo? Bubuphi ubuchule babo? Luluphi udumo lwabo? Sebenzisa i Wikipedia okanye ezinye iincwadi zokubhekisa kwi cwecwe elikhawulezayo.
  • Fumana intlawulo engcono: Endaweni yokuvavanya iceba elinye lolwahlulo, khangela enye ingxelo ethembekileyo kulo mxholo mnye. Ingaba iprojekthi yendaba ethembekileyo (njenge Associated Press, Reuters, okanye BBC) inikela ingxelo efanayo?
  • izibhengezo, iingcaphulo, kunye ne media kwimo yokuqala: Jonga imvelaphi yokuqala yezibalo okanye ucaphulo. Ngokufuthi, ngaphandle kwemihlathi ebhaliweyo ejikeleza ejijijela injongo yokuqala. Uphengululo olukhawulezileyo lwezivakalisi zezitshixo lungatyhila uxwebhu lokuqala okanye udliwano-ndlebe.

Sebenzisa Ukufunda Kwasemva

Abakhangeli-lwazi benyaniso abasoloko bechitha ixesha beqwalasela i-website enye okanye inqaku ngobunzulu. Endaweni yoko, bavula ama-tab amatsha baze bakhangele oko kuthethwa zezinye imithombo ngenxuwa okanye isaziso. Olu buchule, lwaziwa njenge ngokufunda iposi , lusebenza kakhulu kufundo oluthe nkqo (ukuhlala kwelinye iphepha). Ukuba udibana nebali leendaba elisuka kwindawo ongakhange uve ngayo, vula ifestile entsha uze ukhangele elo candelo kunye negama elifana "crible,""as," okanye "incoverver"."

Khangela ummandla kunye noyilo lwephepha

Amanye amanxuwa angenalwazi afana nokubonakala kweendawo ezifanelekileyo zokukhupha iindaba, esebenzisa iilogo, ubume, kunye namagama ethambeka afanayo (umz., "abcawnews.com.co" endaweni ye "abcawbys.go.com"). Khangela i-URL yokwenene. Iingingqi ze-Legitimate zoonondaba ziqhelekile zinembali ende, iinkqubo zomhleli ezicacileyo, kunye nolwazi olufikelelekayo. Kwakhona khangela "Malunga Namaphephathu". Indlela yokwenene yokukhupha iindaba iza kuchaza uthumo lwazo, inkxaso, kunye nemigaqo yokulungisa.

Ungquzulwano neNtlanganiso eQhubelanayo

Imibutho emininzi ezimeleyo, engenaparatis ilandela indlela yobuxoki kunye nokulahla iintsholongwane. Phambi kokuba uchaze ityala elothusayo, jonga ezi zixhobo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Snopes – Eyona ndawo indala nenkulu ekhangelayo kwi-intanethi.
  • [[UMTL. 0] I-Politifact – Ijolise kwintengiso zezobupolitika, ibalaselisa kwinyaniso-O- Meta.
  • [[UMTL:0] IFACTCC.org – Iprojekthi engeyoparati yeZiko loPhatho loLuntu le-ANNCER.
  • Inyaniso Ikhangela [[FLT: 1] – Iqela le Associated Press elinikezelweyo lokukhangela.

Qaphela ukuba akukho mbutho ujonga inyani ongenakuphosaseka, kwaye bona ngokwabo banokuchanabeka kwikhethe. Noko ke, ukusebenzisa izikhangeli ezininzi ezizimeleyo zento zinika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuqwalasela impikiswano.

Lumkela Ukuyekelela Ngokweemvakalelo

I-Snowformation isoloko ixhomekeke ekuxhokonxeni iimvakalelo ezinamandla: ukuvutha komsindo, uloyiko, ukukhumbula okanye uvuyo. Ukuba ibali likwenza uzive uchukumisekile, kuluphawu lokuqhubeka ngobulumko. Zibuze: Ingaba eli bali lenzelwe ukundenza ndicaphuke ngokokuba ndingakhange ndicinge? Ingaba liyandichukumisa xa ndizichaza? Imvakalelo zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba zixhaphake kobundindindi, kwaye abadlali abaxhaphazayo bayawusebenzisa lo msebenzi. Yima uze uqinisekise ngaphambi kokuba uthathe inyathelo.

Ukuqonda Nokoyisa Ingqeqesho

Kwanomntu ocinga kakuhle angalixhoba lokusebenzisa izinqumlisi zengqondo. Ukwazi ezi mpawu kusinceda sizilinde.

Uqinisekiso

Ngokwendalo sifuna size sikhumbule ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zethu ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Kumaziko eendaba, ialgorithm zandisa lo tyekelo ngokusibonisa okuninzi ngoko sisele sikuphethe. Ukuphikisa ukuphembelela ikhethe, ngabom funa imithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo evela kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo. Funda amaxwebhu omthombo osuka kuwendalo kunokuthembela kwizinto ezicaciswayo ezihambisana nembonakalo yomhlaba.

Ikhono lokufumana izinto

Iziganeko ezicacileyo, ezitsha okanye ezichukumiseke ngokweemvakalelo zikhunjulwa lula kunezinto ezikhoyo ngokwezibalo. Umzekelo, ingxelo enye ephawulekayo yolwaphulo-mthetho ingaziva njengobungqina beliza lolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho uyawa. Ukuphepha olu calulo, ukusoloko ubeka intsingiselo yolwazi ngogcino-lwazi/iphonononga imigangatho, imikhwa, kunye nemigca esisiseko kunokuthembela kwizinto ezingenakulibaleka.

Iziphumo ZeDunning-Kruger

Xa singenalwazi luninzi ngomxholo, okukhona sinobucingela kakhulu ubuchule bethu. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuzithembeni ngokuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo ekuthiyeni okanye ekwamkeleni iindaba ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukucinga okungaphononongwayo kufuna ukuthobeka kobulumko (--"ukuvuma ukuba usenokuba uphosakele kwaye ukulungele ukuhlaziya iimbono zakho ngokusekelwe kubungqina obutsha. Ukufunda nokuhlaziya iinkcazelo zendaba kuqheliselo olulungileyo lokugcina ukuthozama kobubhiyo.

Ukufundisa Ngengqiqo Ebalulekileyo: Indima Yemfundo

Ukufunda nokubhala nokugxeka akuzizinto zamvelo, kwaye kufuneka zifundiswe zize zisetyenziswe. Izikolo, iiyunivesithi, amathala eencwadi nemibutho yoluntu zonke zinembopheleleko yokuxhobisa abemi ngobuchule.

Iindlela Zokuqhuba Igumbi Leklasi Nangaphaya

Imfundo esebenzayo yokubhala nokubhala yesixhobo sobugcisa ihambelana ngaphaya kokukhangela indalo ukuva imveliso, ukusasazwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zifunyenwe zisebenza:

  • [[UMTL:0] umbuzo wokuqinisekisa: isithethe seklasi apho abafundi bavuzwa ngokubuza "Uyazi njani? kunokuba bohlwayelwe ngenxa yegunya elicel ’ umngeni.
  • Sebenzisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene: Hlola amabali eendaba akhoyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo oqinisekiso. Xoxa oko kwenza imvelaphi ithembeke kwaye iflegi ezibomvu ezifuna ukukhangelwa.
  • Ukuqwalasela okubalulekileyo kolwazi lwesixhobo sokusasaza ulwazi kwimibandela equlethwe yi-Akhawunti: uvavanyo olubaxiweyo lobungqina aluphelelanga kwiklasi yogcino-lwazi. Abafundi kufuneka baluqhelisele kwimbali xa behlalutya amaxwebhu aqalayo, kwinzululwazi xa beqwalasela iziphumo zofundisiso, nakwizibalo xa betolika izibalo ezindabeni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] fundisa uqoqosho lweendaba: Ukuqonda indlela ingeniso yezibhengezo, imiboniso yemirhumo, kunye nemithetho-manani yeqonga yokuyila imixholo yeendaba inceda abafundi baqonde iingcinezelo zentengiso nezeengqondo.
  • Iprojekthi zophando lokutyikitya: Abafundi bafumana impikiswano kwimiboniso emininzi, bethelekisa ucalulo nomahluko ekugxininisweni, ekuyekeni, nasekubhaleni.

Imfundo Yabantu Abakhulileyo Nemfundo Ehlala Ihleli

Asingobantwana abafuna obu buchule kuphela. Abantu abadala bahlaselwa ngeendaba ngolwazi lwezentlalo-ntle yaye basoloko bebambelele kakhulu kwimikhwa yabo. Iincwadi zoluntu, amaziko oluntu, kunye namaqonga e-intanethi anokunikezela iiverhe kwimisebenzi yokubhala esekelwe kulwazi lwamanani. Iinkqubo ezifana iProjekthi ye-Observer inika abafundi babo bonke ubudala ubuncwane obukhululekileyo.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Eqhubekayo Yommi

Idemokhrasi asingomdlalo wababukeli. Ifuna ubuchule, ulwazi, kunye nabemi abatshatiweyo. Ukucinga okubaxiweyo yi-injini yoko kuganano [“ukungathethi ngezixhobo zokulawula, qha, kukuvumela umntu ukuba asuke kumthengi ongenzi nto ahambe asuke kumntu okhutheleyo kwinxaxheba kubomi bukawonke-wonke. Iingxaki zezokwenene: amaphulo antsonkothileyo okuguqula ulwazi, amagumbi eentlokoma ye-algorithm, kunye nomthamo omkhulu wento esenziwe ngayo imihla ngemihla. Kodwa izixhobo zokuhlangabezana nezo ngxaki nazo ziyinyaniso kwaye zifikeleleka.

Qho sinqumama ngaphambi kokwabelana, uphando ngemvelaphi, okanye silandelela intetho emva kwemvelaphi yayo, someleza izigqibo zethu kunye nempilo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi ebanzi. Sizifaka ngokwaso ngokuchasene nokusebenzisa idemokhrasi kwaye sidala imfuneko yokuba sifumane ugcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni. Kwihlabathi apho nabani na anokupapasha into, olona buchule bubalulekileyo bungamandla okuzicingela thina ngokwethu sodwa, ngokuthobeka, kwaye ngengqondo evulekileyo kodwa ethandabuzayo. Ikamva ledemokhrasi lixhomekeke kuyo.