Ingcamango yokuvelela ulawulo-mthetho ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Isebenza njengendlela apho isebe lemithetho lihlola khona lize lihlole izenzo zesebe elilawulayo, liqinisekise ukuba liza kuphendulana kwaye licace kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya abekwe ekwakheni umthetho. Abaququlunqi baqonda ukuba amandla ajoliswe phambili ayingozi; bayila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa apho iBhunga linegunya lokuphanda, ukunyanzela ukupheka, ukunyanzela iindleko, ukunyanzela iindleko zolawulo, kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, ukulungiswa kwemithetho-nkqubo yomthetho. Eli gunya aliyiyo imbopheleleko esebenzayo, elichaphazela phantselele zonke iinkalo zolawulo lolawulo lorhulumente, ukusuka kulawulo lwesizwe ekulawuleni. Kwixesha lokulawula kwe-gronanti ye-deki ye-Genecstiki, liba liba lingumthetho olawulayongamele abantu balondoloze iinjongo ezifuna ukukhusela abantu.

Isebenza njengemiqathango edibanisa amasebe. Ivumela ukuba iKhomishini iqinisekise ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, ukuba irhafu isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, nokuba amagosa aphetheyo asebenze kakuhle kwimida yawo esemthethweni. Xa ulawulo lusebenza kakuhle, luthintela ukuxhatshazwa ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke kwaye luzise kwimiba esenokuhlala ifihlakele. Xa ingathi ithe shwa, iziphumo zingaquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ukunganyaniseki, nokukhukuliseka kokholoseko lukawonke wonke. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko zesiseko, imigaqo, intsingiselo, imingeni, kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka lolawulo lwe-Rogravition, lisebenzisa imizekelo yembali kunye nemibango yangoku ebonisa isizathu sokuba ihlale ingumqulu obalulekileyo wolawulo lwaseMelika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soLawulo loMgaqo-siseko

Ulawulo lomthetho aludweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa lusekelwe ngokunzulu kwisakhiwo salo kwaye lunamandla acacileyo. Inqaku Ndinika iNgqungquthela onke amandla owiso-mthetho, kuquka igunya lokwenza imithetho ibe yimfuneko kwaye ifaneleke ekuphumezeni imisebenzi yayo edwelisweyo. I-Idictal neSeant Classionale (Umcimbi wesi-I, Icandelo 8, Cekelasi-18 litolikiwe yiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNgqungquthela ngokwayo ukuqululela amandla okuphanda nokuphatha ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibhaliwe [Mcrain v. Daughtyty] [197], amandla okuphanda-yokunye, amandla okuphanda-ukuqinisekisa okuyo, kunye nokulungele ukusebenza kwayo.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwanika iBhunga igunya kwimali efanelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ii-arhente eziphetheyo nezigwebayo, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-raviation, kunye namagosa angomnye. Ngamnye kula magosa uthetha imfuneko efanayo yolwazi. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokuhlola indlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo, indlela amagosa asebenza ngayo, nendlela imigaqo esetyenziswa ngayo, iBhunga alinakuyisebenzisa ngokungqongqo eminye imisebenzi yalo engokomgaqo-siseko. Ngoko ke ukulawula akuyo emva kwengqiqo; kusenziwa kwisakhiwo samandla ahlukeneyo. Indlu yabameli, nomjikelezo wayo weminyaka emibini, iyasabela ngokukhethekile kwimiqathango yonyulo, kwaye iye yamkela isikhokelo esingunolwazi oluphambili kwimisebenzi. IBhungane, kunye neendima zayo ezithe kratya, zinikela iimbono ezahlukeneyo, ezidla ngokuqwalathiyo kwiimeko kunye neemvo.

Ulawulo lwangoku lutsala kumagunya omthetho kwakhona. Uhlaziyo noMthetho wokunika ingxelo we-Accounting Office yowe-1921 yadala i-Akhawunti Jikelele yokuphendula-ngxelo yoRhulumente (ngoku i-Ofisi yoLawulo loLawulo loLawulo loBurhulumente) ukuze iphicothe amasebe alawulayo. Le mithetho, idityaniswe nesiseko soLawulo loLawulo loLawulo lweBhunga loMgaqo-siseko, ibonelela i-Congrcerossionational UBaccustolical Office kunye nobuchule bokwenza izigqibo zolawulo lwezikongameli. Umthetho Jikelele wowe-1997 ka-1997 wayila izikodatha zokuzi. Le mithetho, idityaniswe nesakhiwo solawulo, ibonelela iBhunga-mali kwisebe eliphethe ulawulo oluphezulu.

Ubuchule Bolawulo: Indlela Ingqungquthela Emgangathweni Ngayo

IiNkcubeko zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujonga. Ezona zibonakalayo kukuchongwa nokuphandwa kweekomiti, kodwa ukwavelela kubandakanya ukuphicothwa, iingxelo, iinkqubo, ukuvavanywa kwenkqubo, ukungqinelana, nokusetyenziswa kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo njenge-Ofisi yoButyala bukaRhulumente (GAO) kunye ne-Congregational Beautebral Office (CBO). Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze kuqwalaselwe ubunzulu nobubanzi bolawulo lwengqungquthela.

Inkqubo yeKomiti

IiKomiti zingamahashe asebenzayo olawulo lowiso-mthetho. Zombini iNdlu kunye neNdlu ineekomiti ezimiyo zinegunya kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo yezolawulo, njengeeNkonzo zeSixhobo, iSixhobo, iMandla kunye ne-Professi. Ezi komiti ziqhuba ukuchotshelwa, ukukhutshwa kwetyala, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho encinci, kwaye zivelise iingxelo ezinokukhokelela kwisenzo somthetho okanye iikomiti zolwaphulo-mthetho. IKomiti yeNdlumo yeNdlu yePhondo ePhathiswayo neyoRhulumente (ngokunje iKomiti ekwiSikhundla noLawulo) inegunya elibanzi kulo lonke urhulumente kwaye isoloko ikhokela uphando oluphezulu. IKomiti yeQumsholo yeSebe leMicimbi yezelo yezeNtlanga nePhondo idlala indima efanayo. Ukongeza, iiKomiti zendlu nganye zolawulo lwamandla e-Apropricenti, ukuhlola nokuphatha kwemali.

IiKomiti zingenza iikomiti zokwexeshana ukuze ziphande imiba ethile, njengeKomiti Yokukhetha ukuHlasela uhlaselo lweSihlalo se-6 kaJanuwari eUnited States uCapitol okanye iNdlu yokuKhetha iKomiti yobuGcisa. La maqumrhu akhatshwayo asoloko eqalwa njengeekomiti ezihamba ngokugqithisileyo okanye ezithwalisiweyo. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukwenziwa kolwazi olukhethekileyo, ukunceda amalungu kunye nabasebenzi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule obunzulu kwimimandla ethile. Kodwa ke, inkqubo ikwajongene nemingeni: ukungalungeleki, i-turf, umsinga ophezulu wesebe, kunye nomthamo opheleleyo womsebenzi olawulayo inokwenza kube nzima ukuba iikomiti zihlale phezulu.

I-ofisi ephendulayo kaRhulumente (GAO)

IGAO sisiko elizimeleyo, elingangeni komiti yemithetho elawula iNgqungquthela. Iphicotha iinkqubo zikarhulumente, iingxelo ngempumelelo nangempumelelo, inika izimvo ezisemthethweni ngokusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente. Iingxelo zeGAO zihlonelwa ngokubanzi kwaye zisoloko zisebenza njengesiseko sokuvalwa kombutho kunye neziguqulo zemithetho-siseko. Umzekelo, ii-GAO ii-adications zibone amawaka ezigidi zeerandi zeerandi ezilahlwayo ekukhuseleni, iinkqubo zonyango lwempilo, kunye noncedo lwentlekele. Umbutho unika umsebenzi wokuqhankcatho, ukuvumela iinkampani ukuba zicel ’ umngeni i-adiowards. IGAO maxa libizwa ngokuba yi "gagogadioddio" kuba linika injongo, ulwazi olusetyenziswa yinkqubo yokuhlola ngookrwelo lwesebe lwesebe.

IGAO iquka phantse yonke imimandla yomsebenzi karhulumente, ukususela kwi-inthaneti ukuya kuphuculo lwemozulu. Uluhlu lombutho oluphezulu lomngcipheko luchaza iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisemngciphekweni omkhulu, ezinokuqhatha, ezixhatshazwa, okanye ezisetyenziswa kakubi. Ngokunciphisa ezi ngozi, iGO inceda imigudu yayo yokuvelela kunye nenkcubeko evela kwiinkokeli zoshishino. Umsebenzi weGAYO ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumaxesha karhulumente owahluleleneyo, xa i-grouni enokuthi ithintele ukuphengululwa okuthe ngqo.

I-ofisi yoHlahlo lwabiwo-mali yeKhomishoni (CBO)

ICBO inika iNkqutyana ngohlalutyo olungaphangalathi ncam kwimibandela yoqingqo-mali nezoqoqosho. Uqikelelo lwayo lwendleko yomthetho ocetyiswayo lunceda abenzi bomthetho baqonde iziphumo ezingalindelekanga zezigqibo zabo. Ngoxa iCBO ingaqhubeki nophando ngendlela efanayo ne-GO okanye iikomiti, indima yayo yokuvelela ibalulekile: iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linolwazi oluzimeleyo, oluthembekileyo malunga neengenelo zemali kunye neenkqubo zezoqoqosho ezikhoyo. Xa isebe eliphetheyo lifaka isicelo soqingqo-mali ngendlela efanayo ne-GO, i-CBO iyazihlolisisa ngokuchasene nesiseko sayo, ngokufuthi ukuphikisana okanye ukuqiqambanisa okanye ukungaqikeleli.

Ii-CBO ezibonisa amatyala amade, izigunya, kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho zokwazisa ngengxoxo emalunga noxanduva kunye nokuzinziswa kwenkqubo. Ngaphandle kweCBO, iBhunga kufuneka lixhomekeke kuphela kuqikelelo lwesebe elilawulayo, olunokungabi namkhethe okanye olungaphelelanga. Uzimeleyo lweCBO lugcinwa ngesakhiwo salo: uMlawuli umiselwa zinkokeli zombini amaqela kwiBhunga, kwaye ummeli usebenza ngaphandle kolwalathiso lwe-RGrace.

Abahloli ngokubanzi (IGs)

Abahloli jikelele bazimeleyo bajongile ngaphakathi koorhulumente borhulumente. Baqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando lweenkqubo zomaziko kunye nabasebenzi, ngokufuthi betyhila ubuqhetseba, inkunkuma, okanye ukuziphatha okubi. I-IGs zinikela ingxelo kwintloko yombutho nakwiBhunga, zinika imigaqo yokuphendula. UMthetho weNhlolo Jikelele ka-1978 wadala ezi ofisi ngapha nangapha kwamasebe amakhulu, kwaye umthetho olandelayo uye waqinisa ukuzimela nokufikelela kwabo kwinkcazelo.

I-IGs iye yanegalelo ekubhenca amatyala aquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweSebe leMicimbi yeVeterans ukuya ekuqhatheni kwiinkqubo ezincinane zokubolekisa ngemali ngexesha le-COVID-19. Ngenxa yokuba ii-IGs ziphakathi koorhulumente, ziyakwazi ukufumana amaxwebhu angaphakathi kunye nabasebenzi abangengomalungu angaphandle anokuba abanawo. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kweenkokeli kunye ne-Congress ukwenza ngokuvisisana neemfuno zazo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye oo-IGs baye baxela ukuphindiselwa okanye ukuchasana nabaquququzeleli bezobupolitika, ukunyuka kwengxaki yabo yokuzimela.

Iindidi Nemizekelo Yemisebenzi Ebalulekileyo

Ukulawula asiyomisebenzi yohlobo olunye; kuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kumongo kunye neenjongo zekomiti yokuphanda. Abaphengululi kunye noogqirha badla ngokwahlula phakathi kokusebenza, ukusebenza, nokusebenza. Uhlobo ngalunye lufeza injongo eyahlukileyo kwaye lufuna oovimba kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukulawula Ngokukhutheleyo, Okunempembelelo Nenenzondelelo

Uphatho olusebenzayo lubandakanya ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva okuqhelekileyo, ukushwankathela, kunye nohlolo lwabasebenzi abakwimigangatho ephezulu. Kukhusela kwindalo kwaye kunceda ukwakha ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo ezisebenza ngayo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu Yezixhobiso ibamba iindlebe rhoqo namagosa eSebe lokhuselo ukuhlola ubuchule bokufumana, amanqanaba e-amaqela, kunye nokulungiselela. Ulawulo olusebenzayo luvumela iBhunga ukuba libambise iingxaki kwangoko kwaye lisebenze nabameli ukuze lilungise ngaphambi kokuba landise.

Uphatho olusebenzayo luyenzeka xa kuphendulwa iziganeko ezithile, amahlazo, okanye iimeko. Emva kwentlekele yendalo enkulu, umzekelo, iBhunga lisenokuva ukuphendula kukarhulumente nokuchonga ukungaphumeleli. Imposiso yamanzi ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokusebenza: iKomiti yeCante yaMatergate iphanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kubaphathi beNixon, nto leyo ekhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwentlawulo lwemali nokonakalisa iphulo lwezemali. I-Iran-Centra ityala lezehlolo olubangela ukuva okuchaphazelayo okutyhilwa kwemali kwintengiso yezixhobo zemfazwe eNicaragua, okuphumela ekutshintsheni kwemithetho yabalawuli bezolawulo kunye nezobucukubhene.

Uphatho olusebenzayo lujonge phambili: lulindele iingxaki ezinokwenzeka luze luzicombulule ngaphambi kokuba zibangele umonakalo. Umzekelo, i House Khetha Committee on the Climate Crisis ikhupha ingxelo encomela imigaqo-nkqubo yokulungisa utshintsho lwemozulu, ngokusekelwe kwi-asiyazi, iinkokeli zoshishino, nabaxhasi boluntu. Ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna ukubona izinto kusengaphambili, abasebenzi abaziingcali, kunye nokuvuma ukwenza ngokuvisisana nolwazi olungaphelelangagqibekanga.

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Lokulawula Okuphumelelayo

Uphando oluphawulekayo oluninzi lubonisa amandla okunyamekela uwiso - mthetho okutyhila ububi, ukuphucula ulawulo nokubuyisela ukuthembana kwabantu.

[[NKT.0] Watergate (1972-1974). Indlu yeNtsimbi Yokukhetha Ikomiti Kwimisebenzi Yomongameli WeCandelo, ebekwe nguSam Ervin uMphathi, yaba neendlebe ezicukucezekileyo ezibhenca indima yolawulo ekwaphulweni kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic Committee kunye nengxube-phezulu. Uphengululo lwekomiti lwakhokelela ekuwisweni koMongameli Richard Nixon kunye nokuvunywa kwamagosa amaninzi aphezulu. Kwaphumela ekuhlazisweni okuquka imigaqo esesikweni kuMthetho kaRhulumente, ukudalwa kweHofisi ye-Egculvi, kunye nemithetho yezentengo yezelo yezemali.

Iran-Contra (1986-19987). Ukuchophela iintetho zombutho kwatyhila ukuba amagosa amakhulu kulawulo lweReagan athengise izixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo eIran(in yokwaphula umthetho wezixhobo ze-Mbango// kwaye wasebenzisa ingeniso ukuxhasa abavukeli be Contra eNicaragua, phezu kwako nje ukuvalwa komthetho wengqungquthela. Uphando lweNdlwano lwe House-Senate lwavelisa ingxelo eneenkcukacha eyakhokelela ekuguquleni iNgqungquthela ifumana ukwazisa ngezenzo ezigqubuthela kunye nolwando lwabaphathi beBhunga loKhuselo lwesizwe.

IKomiti ye-Truman (1941-1948). Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iKhompathi yeNtsimbi ekhethekileyo yokuHlomela iNkqubo yeSizwe yoKhuselo, ephethwe yi-Shenator Harry S.Truman, wakhokela ekufumaneni uphako lwasemkhosini. Ikomiti yatyhila inkunkuma esasazekileyo, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokungakhuthazi, igcina amawaka ezigidi zeera-erandi zerhafu kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko. Ukusebenza ngamandla kwekomiti kwamnceda waba ngumxhasi womongameli kunye nomongameli kamva.

IKomiti yeCawa (1975. Indlu yeNtsimbi iKhetha IKomiti Yokufunda Imisebenzi YobuRhulumente Ngokuhlonela Imisebenzi Yobuntlola, ephethwe yiSwetshi yeCawa uFrank, iphanda ukuxhatshazwa yiCIA, FBI, kunye namanye amaqumrhu akrelekrele. Izityhilo zekomiti zokuhlola amakhaya, amaqhinga okubulala, kunye nokuchophela okungekho mthethweni kwakhokelela ekudalweni kweBhalubhene leNdlukhwe ne-Intelligents, kunye neeKomiti zobuntlola zamazwe angaphandle i-Surveillance Act (FA).

IKhomishini eyi 9/11 (02-2004). IKhomishini yeSizwe yoNxulumaniso lwe-Dorkicans AseUnited States, ikhomishini ezimeleyo eyadalwa yiKhomishini, yahlolisisa iimeko ezijikeleze uhlaselo lwe-Sseptemba 11, 2001. Ingxelo yayo ebanzi, eyapapashwa ngo-2004, yabonisa ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yobuchule ekubelaneni, ukhuseleko lwenqwelo moya, kunye nolawulo lomda. Icebiso lomkhosi lakhokelela ekudalweni kweSebe loKhuselo lweSebe leHomeland ne-ofisi yoMlawuli wesizwe, kunye neziNguqulo ezipheleleyo kwinkqubo yokulwa noLawulo lwesizwe.

Okubalulekileyo Kulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ulawulo lomthetho asisiso isixhobo nje sobugqeba; sibalulekile kwimpilo yeRiphabliki yedemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kokuvelela okunentsingiselo, isebe eliphetheyo lingasebenza ngaphandle kokohlwaywa, lingazihoya iinjongo zoburhulumente, lichithe imali kawonke wonke, lize liphazanyise inkululeko yasekuhlaleni. IOversity isebenza imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekileyo: ukuphendula, ukubala kakuhle, nokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukuphendula kunye nokukhangela kunye nolungelelwano

Umgaqo wokuba amagosa karhulumente aphendule ngezenzo zawo. Kwinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokuphendula abanye. KwiBhunga, ukuvelela kuyindlela engundoqo yokuhlola ukungaphumeleli nokwenza okubi. Ngokuhlolisisa ukungaphumeleli, iBhunga linokubhenca ububi, lifune iinguqu, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, liqalise ukungazithobeli. Ukukwazi ukubiza amangqina phantsi kwesifungo, ukufumana amaxwebhu, nokubhekisa ekuchaseni ingxelekiso kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye kwisebe eliphetheyo ongaphezulu komthetho.

Iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olusebenza ngolawulo kwakhona. Amandla engxowa-mali anika ikhonkcotha yeKhomishini ngaphezu kwezinto eziphambili; ukuva okuphambili kungaphembelela abameli ukuba bathobele imiyalelo yomgangatho ophezulu. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa amagosa aphezulu akwimigangatho ephezulu iquka ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi odlulileyo kunye neeplani zenkqubo. Amandla okungagunyaziswa, asetyenziswa kabini kuphela kwimbali ngokuchasene nomongameli, luvavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yegunya.

Ukuthenjwa Kuluntu Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kwecala kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. I-Oversity inelungelo lokwazi oko kwenziwa ngurhulumente wayo, ingakumbi xa irhafu yabo isengozini okanye inkululeko yabo yamakhaya ichaphazelekile. Ukuva iindlebe, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, nokufikelela kumaxwebhu karhulumente kunceda uluntu lubone uluntu kwaye kuvumela abavoti ukuba benze ukhetho olunolwazi kwibhokisi yebhola. Inkululeko Yolwazi Act (FAIA), nangona ingesiso isixhobo sobukhothoba kuphela, inxulumene ngokusondelele nolawulo: izicelo zombutho zisoloko zikhuthaza ukukhululwa kwamaxwebhu ebengahlala efihliwe.

Xa uphatho lunamandla yaye lubonakala, lubangela ukuba abantu bathembe ukuba urhulumente uyaphendula kwaye uyasabela. Xa uphakamiso lubuthathaka okanye lungathathi-nxaxheba, ukuthembana kuyaphela. Ii-projekthi zibonisa ukuba ukukholosa ngorhulumente kuye kwancipha kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, kwaye iingcali zisoloko zinxulumanisa ukuncipha koku kwengqiqo yokuba iBhunga alikubekeli ityala elifanelekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ukubuyiselwa kwethemba kufuna kungekuphela nje ulawulo, kodwa kuqinisekisiwe, ukuphatha okuphambili okubaluleke kakhulu kubungqina obukwizibakalamvo.

Uthintelo olungaphezulu lodaba olunolawulo oluphezulu

Isebe elilawulayo linamandla amakhulu: lilawula umkhosi, limisela iinkqubo zikarhulumente, imimiselo, linyanzelisa imithetho. Njengoko umlinganiselo worhulumente wesizwe uye wanda, ngoko ke ukuphamba kuye kwanceda ukuthintela amaqumrhu aphetheyo ekugqitheni igunya lawo elisemthethweni okanye ukwenza ngeendlela eziphikisanayo nenjongo yengqungquthela. Umzekelo, xa isebe eliphetheyo lizama ukurhoxisa imali emiselwe yiBhunga, okanye ukuphinda libhale imithetho ngomgaqo, ukuphawula ezi zenzo kunye nomthetho olungisayo.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zisoloko zikhumbuza umphathi onegunya ukuba amandla akhe akapheleli. Kubantu abancinane Ikhasi lekhasi elikwindawo ephezulu. Kulo mzekelo iSawyer (1952), iNkundla yarhoxa uMongameli Truman exhuzula ukuphambana kwemijikelo yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, igxininisa ukuba umongameli akanakwenza umthetho ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. Lo mba ugxininisa ukubaluleka kwemithetho yeBhunga ehlala ithe ngqwala. Ulawulo olunempumelelo luqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zekhampasi zisoloko zivavanywa nxamnye nomthetho nomGaqo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iingxoxo zolawulo, izindululo zongxamiselo, kunye neenkqubo zesizwe ezisetyenziswayokungagosayo, ezigxininisweyo.

Ucelomngeni Lolawulo Olusemthethweni

Nangona kubalulekile, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho lujamelene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo kwimekobume yezobupolitika zale mihla. Olu celomngeni lusuka kukwahlukana nolawulo kunye nokunqongophala kweentloko eziphezulu nokunqongophala koovimba. Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iBhunga liza kugcina indima yalo njengesebe likarhulumente elilinganayo.

Ukwahlula-hlula kunye nokutshixa igridi

Mhlawumbi olona celomngeni lunzima kulawulo kukunyuka kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela zilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, okanye xa umongameli ejongene neKhonkla yeqela eliphikisanayo, -- ubuchule bungasetyenziswa njengesixhobo. Amaqela amakhulu angaqalisa uphando olujoliswe ekungcoliseni igama lomnye, ngelinye ixesha iqela elincinane lingasebenzisa ukujonga iincam zobupolitika. Le nqanawa inamandla angakuthoba ukuthembeka kobuphathi kwaye inciphise ukuthemba uluntu ekufumaneni kwalo.

I-Gridlock ikwathintela ukujongwa kwecandelo. Kwanaxa uphando lutyhila iingxaki ezinzulu, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokuba icotha kakhulu okanye i-dentine kakhulu ukuba ingasabela ngokufezekileyo. Umzekelo, iingxelo ezininzi ezivela kwiGAO kunye nabahloli jikelele ziye zabonisa ukungalawuleki okunzima kwiSebe leMicimbi yeVeterans, kodwa utshintsho olubanzi luye lwacotha ngenxa ye-erhentia. Imo efanayo ivela kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lomda, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nomgaqo wemekobume (ingxelo) ezithelekelela, kodwa iingxelo ezithi mbambano zezobupolitika zithinte inyathelo.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nokuchasa

Isebe elilawulayo liye laxhathisa imigudu yobuveleli ngokumisa ilungelo eliphezulu, eliyindawo yokufihla imicimbi yonxibelelwano lomongameli. Ilungelo loLawulo oluphezulu aliphelelanga kwaye lisikelwe umda ziinkundla, kodwa ukukhunga kwalo kusenokulizisa uphando kwaye kubangele iimfazwe ezisemthethweni ezikhupha ubuncwane kunye neziphazamisayo ekuveleni. Oomongameli babo bobabini baye basebenzisa ilungelo lokulawula ukunqanda iBhunga ekufumaneni amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina kubaphathi abakhulu.

Ukongeza kwizibhengezo ezisesikweni zokuthi unelungelo, abasemaqumrhu abalawulayo banokuphelisa ukuphendula ngokucotha, ngokuzithoba, nangokukhanyela ukufikelela kwinkcazelo. Ulawulo lweTrump, umzekelo, lwagxekwa ngokubanzi ngokungavumi ukuthobela amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-poena kunye nokuyalela amangqina ukuba angangqini phambi kweekomiti zequmrhu. Ezi ndlela zobugqeba zinyanzela ukuba zijonge kwiinkundla okanye zivakaliswe ngokudelwa, ezithiywa zinika ixesha lokufumana iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwakwanokugxekwa ngokusebenzisa igunya lokukhusela amaxwebhu anxulumene noMsebenzi noMkhosi. Ukuchasa ulawulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iqela eliseburhulumenteni, kuthe buthathaka ukukwazi kwe-agqweqwele.

Izixokelelwano zecebo noqikelelo lolwazi

IBhunga linezinto ezimbalwa kunesebe elilawulayo elifuna ukuvelela. Iqumrhu elilawulayo liqulethe izigidi zabaqeshwa, ii-database ezinkulu, nobuchule obunzulu bobugcisa. Iikomiti zeBhunga zinemibutho emincinane kwaye zilinganiselweyo ukuba zifumane ulwazi, ngokufuthi zixhomekeke koko isebe elilawulayo likunika ngokuzithandela. Nangona igao neCBO imigangatho yoncedo kwibala lokudlala, nazo zinemiqathango. Inani lamagosa equlunqileyo liye lehla kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, njengoko umgangatho kunye nokuntsonkotha korhulumente kuye kwakhula.

Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi kuchazwa ngokukhethekileyo kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nolwahlulo. Xa iNkqutyana ingenalwazi oluchukumisekeyo, ayinako ukuvelela ngokunempumelelo imisebenzi yokuzifihla okanye imisebenzi yasemkhosini. Iikomiti zoluvo zinezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo nokhuseleko, kodwa maxa wambi zizama ukufumana inkcazelo efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo nepheleleyo evela kumaqumrhu aphetheyo. Uhlaselo lwe-Iraq kunye namava emfazwe abethelele iingozi zokuthembela kubukrelekrelekrele okanye ekulahlekiseni. Ukuphucula ulwazi lolwabelana ngexa kukhuselwa ukhuseleko lwesizwe kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukwahlulwa Kwezinto Ezisasazwayo Nengqalelo Kawonke - wonke

Kwixesha lezixhobo ezihlukeneyo zonxibelelwano, ukuva kweendlebe akusayaleli ingqalelo kawonke-wonke njengangoko kwakunjalo ngexesha leWatergate. Ukuva okunesandi esiphezulu kungatsala umboniso, njengoko kubonwa ngezaphula-ndlebe zeKomiti yesi-6 kaJanuwari, kodwa uxanduva olupheleleyo loxanduva lukarhulumente luncitshisiwe. Iindaba zeCble, i-mediagement, kunye nezikhuseli ze-devition zisoloko zicofa ukujonga ngelensi ye-lens, ukuguqula imbono kawonke esekelwe kwilungu lezobupolitika kunokuba kusekelwe kwizibakala.

Ukungathobelwa koluntu kunganciphisa uxinzelelo kwiBhunga lokuqhuba ulawulo olungqongqo. Xa abavoti bengabopheleleli abameli babo ngokusilela ukuphatha, amalungu akakukhuthazi ukusebenzisa ixesha kunye nobuncwane ekuhloleni. Ngaphezu koko, umjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 weendaba ungakhokelela "kudinwa kwe-accel," apho uluntu luchanabeke ekutyholweni kokuziphethe kakubi luze luyeke ukunikela ingqalelo. Ukugcina umdla othe rhoqo ekunyamekeleni kufuna ukuba kuxelelwe ngelixa elinyazisayo nonxibelelwano olucacileyo kwimibandela echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Utshintsho Lokomeleza Ulawulo Lomthetho

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ntsinda - badala, iBhunga linokuthabatha amanyathelo okuqinisa ulwalathiso nokubuyisela ubuchule balo.

Iikomiti zoBuphathi

Esinye isicelo kukudala iikomiti zobuveleli obusemthethweni okanye amakomiti angaphantsi, ingakumbi ukuze kuphengululwe iintambo ezinqamleza iqela. Umzekelo, iKomiti Yokukhetha ngoJanuwari 6, iquka zombini iDemocrats kunye neRiphabliki, kwaye iindlebe zayo zaqondwa ngokubanzi njengezinokuthenjwa. Ngokufuna ukuba amalungu e-bipartisstan kunye nokunika abasebenzi abalinganayo kunye namagunya amancinci, iikomiti ezinjalo zinganciphisa ukuqondwa kwe-dekhrasi kunye nokwandisa ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke. Ingqungquthela ikwanokufumana imithetho ethintela iqela elikhulu ekuvimbeleni ii-depoena okanye uphando olungenamsebenzi.

Inkcitho ekhulisiweyo

IBhunga kufuneka landise ukuxhasa ngemali abasebenzi beekomiti kunye namaziko azimeleyo afana neGAO, CBO, kunye nabahloli jikelele. Abasebenzi abangoogxa babaluleka ekuqhubeni uphando olucokisekileyo, ekuhlalutyeni idata entsonkothileyo, nasekulungiseni iingxelo. Ukuhla kwamalungu ekomiti emashumi eminyaka edluleyo kuthintele amandla olawulo lweBhunga. Ukukhutshwa kwamanqanaba aphezulu abasebenzi abaqeshiweyo.

Ngaphezu koko, iKhonklane ingamisela iOfisi esisigxina, ezimeleyo yoLawulo lweKhompisi kwisebe lowiso-mthetho, efuziselwe kwi-Ofisi yoBucukubhede obukhoyo ukususela ngowe-1971 ukuya kunyaka wowe-1995. Iofisi enjalo inganika icebiso lobuchule nenkxaso yokuphengulula kwiikomiti zonke, ngendlela efanayo nendlela i-GO enikela ngayo iinkonzo zokuhlola. Le ngcamango iye yahlaziywa ngabathile abaphengululi nabenzi bomthetho, kodwa ifuna inkxaso nenkxaso yebhastile.

Ukuqinisa Igunya Leenkokeli

Ubuchule beBhunga bulinganiselwe ngoku. Xa isebe eliphetheyo lingavumi ukuthobela, iKhomishini ingavota ukuba abantu bathotyelwe, kodwa ukunyanzelisa kuxhomekeke kwiSebe leJaji, eliyinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo. Utshintsho lungaquka ukuvumela iiKhomishini ezincinci zinyanzeliswe ngokweengxelo zenkundla ezilungiselelwe ukupheliswa, okanye ukuyila unobangela wesenzo somthetho woMbutho wokumangalelwa ukuze udlulisele amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina. Abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni bacebise umthetho oya kucacisa umqathango kunye nokunyanzelelwa kwengqungquthela, ukunciphisa ukungazinziswa kwemithetho ekhokelela ekuqhutyweni kwenkundla eqeleneyo eqele.

Ukucaca Kwimibandela Elungelelanisiweyo

Ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwesizwe, iBhunga kufuneka liqwalasele utshintsho oluphucula ukufikelela kwalo kulwazi olwahlulweyo. IiKomiti zobuChoba zinganikwa igunya elinamandla lomthetho ukucela ukuba abameli bavelise amaxwebhu namangqina, phantsi komxinwa wokungalingani kwezinto ezichanabileyo. Ukusetyenziswa "Gang of Esibhozo" ukushwankathelana kwemishwankathela-magama ) okungaye kuphela kweenkokeli eziphezulu zamagumbi oluntu kunye neekomiti ezixelelwe ukuba zifumanekelwe uxanduva.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lomthetho luyintsika ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Iqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo lihlala linetyala kubantu ngoothunywa babo abanyuliweyo, likhuthaza ukubonakala kwimisebenzi karhulumente, lithintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ukususela ekusungulweni kwe-riphabliki ukuya kumhla wangoku, iKhomishini iye yasebenzisa igunya layo lokukhokela ukutyhila ububi, ukuphucula ulawulo, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Uphengululo lweWatergate, i-Iran-Contra, iKomiti ye-Truman, kunye neKhomishini ye-9/11 yonke imela njenge-tem yolawulo ukuze ibangele utshintsho olunentsingiselo.

Kanti ulawulo lujamelene nocelomngeni olunzulu kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu: ukonakalisa, ukuchanabeka kolawulo, ulawulo, imiqathango yoovimba, kunye nokungafezeki koluntu. Ukuba iKhomishini iyasilela ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki, ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla kuya kujikela kwisebe eliphetheyo, kwaye ukuphendula ngedemokhrasi kuya kuvela. Iinguqu ezixutyushwa apha/ikomiti ye-bipartis, ubuncwane obunamandla, ukufikelela okungcono ekuchazeni ulwazi oluncinci, kwaye ukufikelela kolwazi olungcono oluya kukhokelela phambili. Kodwa utshintsho lufuna ukuzimisela kwezobupolitika, ukuzinikela kolawulo lweziko, kunye nokuvusemgqaliselo olutsha okungesona sixhobo kodwa umsebenzi womgaqo-siseko. Njengoko abaqulumbi befuna, akukho sebe besebe kufuneka basebenze ngaphandle kokuhlolwa.