Table of Contents

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kumi njengenye yemigaqo esisiseko exhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwangoku. Le mfundiso yomgaqo-siseko yahlula amasebe karhulumente ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo kunye nezithintelo, idala isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukukhusela ukuxinana kwamandla nakweyiphi na into. Abalawuli baqwalasela indlela yokucwangcisa inkqubo karhulumente eyaneleyo enika amandla okulawula ngoxa ikhusela inkululeko yabalawulwa. Ukuqonda lo mgaqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente bedemokhrasi kunye nesizathu sokuba bamiselwe ngayo.

Imvelaphi Yamandla Embali

Igama "Ukwahlula Amagunya" laqanjwa sisithandi sobulumko senkulungwane ye-18 uMontesquieu. Igama elinxulumene kakhulu nemfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya yelo likaCharles Louis de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu. Noko ke, ingcamango ngokwayo inemvelaphi enzulu yembali ebuyela kwimpucuko yamandulo.

Isiseko samandulo

UPolybius wachaza iRiphabliki yamaRoma njengorhulumente oxubeneyo olawulwa yiBhunga leNtlanganiso yaseRoma, iConsuls kunye neeNtlanganiso, echaza inkqubo yokuxilonga nokulingana ngokweenkcukacha, ezukisa uLycurtus waseSparta norhulumente wokuqala oluhlobo olunje. Le mizekelo yangaphambili yabonisa ukuba ukwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente phakathi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo kungadala iinkqubo zezobupolitika ezizinzileyo nezilungeleleneyo.

Indatshana yokuqala yenkqubo ye-trartite kaMonte yachazwa nguJohn Locke kumsebenzi wakhe iTreases 2 of Government (1690), apho uLocke wahlula khona phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, namandla okulawula. Umsebenzi wolonke wabeka isiseko esibalulekileyo kwiqela lamva, nangona ucalucalulo lwakhe lwahlukile kulwazi lwale mihla.

Igalelo leMveli yeMontesquieu

Le ncwadi yayiza kuba yenye yezona ncwadi zinempembelelo kwezobupolitika embalini, ngokusisiseko eyayiza kubumba indlela oorhulumente ababeza kuyila ngayo kule mihla.

UMontesquieu wayecace gca: "Xa amagunya owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya alawulayo edibene kumntu omnye, okanye kwiqumrhu elinye lomagwebi, akunakubakho nkululeko; ngenxa yokuba kusenokuvela uloyiko, hleze lo kumkani okanye umnikazi amisele imithetho engqwabalala, azenze ngqongqo, azenze. Kwakhona akukho nkululeko, ukuba amandla ejaji akahlulwanga kwimithetho kunye negunya.

Ingxoxo kaMontesquieu yokuba inkululeko ikhuselwe ngokunempumelelo kakhulu kukwahlulwa kwamagunya yaphefumlelwa ngumgaqo-siseko wamaNgesi, nangona ukutolikwa kwakhe ngezinto zezobupolitika zamaNgesi kwaqala ukuphikiswa. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nempembelelo kakhulu, ngokuphawulekayo eMelika, apho waphembelela kakhulu ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko we-U.S.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya yayisekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi edla ngokugcinwa: ukwahlulwa kukarhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso - mthetho, isebe elilawulayo, nelokugweba; ingcamango yokuba isebe ngalinye lenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo nephawulekayo efanelekileyo kwisebe ngalinye; nesivumelwano esinxamnye nawo nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela elikhonza kwisebe elingaphezu kwelinye ngexesha elinye.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Kurhulumente wesizwe, iGatya 1 lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States limisela iSebe loMgaqo-siseko, eliquka iBhunga loMbutho. iKhonkxane, ukongezelela kwezinye iimbopheleleko ezidwelisweyo, ijongene nokuyila imithetho. Isebe lowiso-mthetho limela ilizwi labantu kunye nabameli babo abanyuliweyo kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho liquka abamisi-mthetho, ngokuqhelekileyo iNdlu enkulu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtsimbi encinane. AbaLawuli bomthetho bajongene nokubhalwa kwemithetho emitsha. Umzekelo, isebe lowiso-mthetho ligqiba ngokokuziphatha okungekho mthethweni, limisela amaqondo erhafu, libhala nemithetho echaza indlela yokubhalisa kwiphondo ngalinye.

Amandla owiso-mthetho adlulela ngaphaya kokwenza nje imithetho. Abafaki-mthetho ngabom babeka iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho njengesebe lokuqala lorhulumente. Iimbopheleleko zalo, njengoko zichazwe kwinqaku I, zikwangowona apheleleyo. Abaphathi besakhiwo bacacisa ukuba igunya aliveli kumntu omnye kwi-dekhrasi, kodwa kubantu abaninzi ababumba iBhunga. Le ndlela ibonakalisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi othi ekugqibeleni igunya likarhulumente lifumaneke ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa.

Isebe Elilawulayo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisa amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo kodwa alinganayo karhulumente: isebe lowiso-mthetho (lenza umthetho), isebe elilawulayo (ligunyazisa umthetho), nesebe elilawulayo (lichaza umthetho). Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli eUnited States okanye ngabalungiseleli abaphambili kunye namaqumrhu kwiinkqubo zepalamente, lijongene nokuzalisekisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

UMongameli usebenzisa amandla achazayo ukuvuma nokukhupha ityala kunye nokwenza izivumelwano. UMongameli unyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka kwaye isebenzisa amandla ayo ukwenza oku kanye. Lo msebenzi wonyanzelo ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayingozibhengezo nje zentelekelelo kodwa inempembelelo esebenzayo kwibutho labantu.

Isebe eliphetheyo likwanezinto ezibalulekileyo ezinokwenziwa ngulawulo. UMongameli usebenzisa amandla achaziweyo ukukhupha imiyalelo ephakamileyo nokungena kwizivumelwano namazwe asemzini. Isebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa igunya elimiselweyo ukumisela ilungelo eliphezulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba linokunyanzelisa imimiselo nemithetho esele idluliswa yiBhunga.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Ijaji isebenza njengengcaciso yemithetho nemithetho egcinwayo. IGatya III, elichaza isebe lezomthetho, alichaphazeli kangako, linika abagwebi igunya elincinane. Nangona oku kubonakala ngathi kuyilo lulinganiselweyo, isebe lezomthetho liye lavela ukuze liphumeze indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwamagunya.

Iinkundla zinamandla okuhlola isigwebo, okububuchule bokuvakalisa imithetho ngaphandle komthetho. Zingakwasombulula impikiswano xa umongameli esebenzisa igunya elingoweBhunga, emva kokuba ityala lisiwe phambi kokuba inkundla icel ’ umngeni isenzo somongameli. Eli gunya lokuhlola isigwebo, nangona lingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, liye laba yenye yeengxubusho ezibalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe.

Uhlobo lwejaji luye luthembele kakhulu kwamanye amasebe. Umsebenzi wenkundla kukusombulula iingxaki zomgaqo-siseko; ngaphandle kwesenzo esivela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ephetheyo okanye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, akukho nto inokulawulwa. Oku kuxhomekeka kwemali kunye kubonisa indlela eyahlula ngayo amagunya enziwa ngayo inkqubo apho amasebe kufuneka asebenze kunye njengoko egcina ukuzimela kwawo.

Ukuqonda Kunokuxilonga Kuze Kulungelelane

Ngeli xesha ulwahlulo lwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokulawula amanye. Ngeli xesha ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye ligcine ukuzilawula kwalo, lakwaqonda imfuneko yokugcina isebe ngalinye linetyala — "ukulikhangela" xa libeka ulawulo olungafanelekanga kwelinye okanye libeka engozini amalungelo abantu. Ngoko, ingcamango enxulumeneyo "iiiingxaki kunye nomlinganiselo" yasekwa. Nangona kuqhelekile ukuba kukwahlulwa amagunya, "ii-checks kunye nemilinganiselo" ingumsebenzi ohlukileyo wenkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente.

Indlela Onokuwuhlola Nawonganyelwa Ngayo Umsebenzi

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho urhulumente onamandla okuhlola amanye amasebe nokuthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Umzekelo, iBhunga linamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuwalawula, yaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho.

Urhulumente onovavanyo nolungelelwano uquka iziko elingaphezulu kwesinye elisebenzisa igunya lesizwe, kwaye uceba ukuba ilungiselelo ngalinye libe nempembelelo ethile kwelinye (ukuzithemba). Elinye iqumrhu lingathi ngoko "lichenge" elinye, okanye lithintele ekusebenziseni amandla alo ukusukela iziphelo zalo — njengokuvakalisa omnye wemisebenzi yalo ukuba litshitshiswe ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokubuza nangokususa elinye labaphathi balo kwindawo yalo.

Iindlela Zokuhlola Umthetho Kwamanye Amasebe

Njengesebe lokuqala, indlu yowiso-mthetho inikwa uvavanyo oluninzi. Ingaphanda abaphathi-mikhosi abaphezulu ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Ingaqinisekisa okanye ikhanyele abagwebi besizwe, kuquka nabo beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ingala ukugqithisa uqingqo-mali lweziko lesizwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvalweni okupheleleyo kukarhulumente. Ingawususa umongameli weveto ukuze adlulise umthetho. Ngokwenza inkqubo ende esemthethweni, ingenza ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko, okumele iNkuxhaswe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Mhlawumbi eyona nkuhlola yayo ibalaseleyo: Iingqungquthela zivumelekile ukukhupha isebe loburhulumente kwaye zide zisuse umongameli eofisini.

Amandla okungagunyazi anika iNkqutyana igunya lokuphelisa ukonakala nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kwamanye amasebe amabini. Eli gunya lisebenza njengesikhuselo esibalulekileyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yabalawuli okanye yokugweba, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho magosa angaphezulu komthetho.

Yimali efanelekileyo kuphela enokuba yiNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye indlu nganye isebenza njengengqwalasela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya okanye isenzo sobukrelekrele kwenye. IBhunga, ngokuqalisa ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko, lingaqhelisela izigqibo ezigqwethayo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Umongameli umisela amalungu eNkundla ePhakamileyo kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeNkundla yeNtlalo yeNtlalo, ekwayamkela nezinye izindululo ezilawulayo. IBhunga leNtlanganiso likwamele livume nezivumelwano ezithile.

Isebe eliphetheyo Lihlola Amanye Amasebe

Isebe elilawulayo lingavakalisa iMithetho eLawulayo, efana nezibhengezo ezisebenza ngamandla omthetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo lingavakalisa ezo zenzo zingavumelaniyo nomthetho. I-veto engumongameli imela enye yezona zihlolo zibonakalayo zesebe eliphethe isebe eliphethe ikomkhulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.

UMongameli unamandla okulawula umthetho weveto odluliswe yiBhunga, kodwa iNgqungquthela ingalawula imikhosi enjalo ngevoti enkulu kuzo zombini izindlu. Oku kudala impembelelo enkulu apho umphathi ophetheyo anokuthi athintele umthetho ongxamayo okanye oqwalaselwe kakubi, kodwa akanakuyivala ngokusisigxina imithetho enenkxaso eyomeleleyo yemithetho.

UMongameli ubeka amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, inkundla yabagwebi bezibheno, kunye nabagwebi benkundla yesithili abavavanya le ngxelo. Eli gunya lokumisa livumela isebe elilawulayo ukuba libumbe isebe lejaji elilawulayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, nangona olu ndululo lufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNtlanganiso, lisenza olunye uvavanyo kwinkqubo.

Ukukhangela Amasebe Okugweba

Nangona ingagutyungelwanga ngokucacileyo kwimibhalo yomGaqo-siseko, uhlolo lwezomthetho, "ukugocagoca-mthetho" amandla eenkundla ukuhlolisisa izenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezixhobo ezilawulayo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba zingumGaqo-siseko/_waba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo karhulumente eUnited States.

Isebe eligwebayo linegunya lokulawula ukuba umthetho uphule amalungelo abemi okanye ezinye iinxalenye zomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba isebe lezobulungisa ligqiba umthetho ngu "ongamiselwanga," alinakuphinda linyanzelwe lisebe elilawulayo. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya eliphetheyo zihlale zihleli kumgaqo-siseko.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Kubaluleke Kulawulo - melo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, nganye ifak ’ isandla ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nasekuthinteleni ubuzwilakhe.

Ukukhusela Ukunikela Ingqalelo Kumandla

Amava eFrames nolawulo lolawulo lookumkani baseBritane achaza inkolelo yabo yokuba ukunikela ingqalelo kumagunya karhulumente ahlukeneyo kwinto enye ekhoyo kungabangela ukuba abantu besizwe basebenze ngendlela engekho ngqiqweni kwaye bacinezele urhulumente. Ukuqokelelwa kwawo onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nejaji, ngexesha elinye, nokuba ngomnye, omncinane, okanye omninzi, nokuba ngaba ufuzo, uzimisela, okanye unyulo, kungachazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwale nkcazelo yengcinezelo.

Ngokuba namasebe amaninzi karhulumente, le nkqubo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinamandla ngaphezu kwelinye. Oku kusasazwa kwamandla kudala amaziko amaninzi egunya, okwenza kube nzima kuye nabani na okanye iqela ukuba liqokelele amandla aneleyo okusongela amaziko edemokhrasi okanye amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, iziHlamli zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe elahlukileyo nelizimeleyo loRhulumente woManyano-mkhosi liza kusebenzisa imisebenzi emithathu esisiseko karhulumente: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko lwalungeyonjongo nje engaziwayo kodwa yayiyinjongo ephambili eqhubela sonke isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko.

Ukumisa inkululeko yezobupolitika kudinga izinto ezimbini: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya karhulumente, nokumiswa ngokufanelekileyo kwemithetho yabemi neyamatyala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lobuqu. UMontesquieu uphikisa ngelithi imisebenzi yolawulo oluphezulu, yowiso-mthetho, kunye neyokugweba karhulumente (inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-trartite) kufuneka yabelwe imibutho eyahlukeneyo, ukuze imizamo yesebe elinye likarhulumente yokuchasa inkululeko yezobupolitika ithintelwe ngamasebe (iindlela kunye nemiqathango).

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula nokubonisa ngaphaya

Oku, kwiimeko ezininzi, kukwenza kube njalo ukuze isebe ngalinye libambelele kumgangatho othile wehambo. Ukuba isebe likarhulumente licinga ukuba elinye isebe alikho ngokwemithetho, linokuzibiza ukuze lithethe. Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukukhangela elinye amasebe angendawo lize lilitshintshe ukuze lihlangabezane neemfuno zabantu elibakhonzayo.

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kudala inkqubo yendalo. Ngenxa yokuba isebe ngalinye linomdla wokulondoloza igunya lalo nokuthintela ukungenelela kwabanye, lihlola izenzo zomnye. Olu hlolo lukhuthaza ukuba kubekho ukukhanya nokuphendula komthetho wonke.

Ukuncitshiswa Korhwaphilizo Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Abantu bebonke banembali yokusebenzisa kakubi isikhundla samandla kodwa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwenjenjalo. Ngokufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo, inkqubo ivelisa amathuba amaninzi okubona nokuthintela ukunganyaniseki.

Abasebenzi befreyim bajonga ukhangelo nolungelelwano ababelwakhele uRhulumente we-trartite njengokhuselo oluzikhuselayo ekungeneni okanye ekunyuseni elinye isebe ngendleko yelinye. Oku kuzitshabalalisa kwendalo kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ayixhomekeki kuphela kwisidima samagosa kodwa kwimidlalo yabo ekhuphisanayo ukuze igcine ulungelelwano.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokuzinza

Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wawunempembelelo enkulu kule migaqo, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwabalawuli kwakungekho nzima, kodwa kwakuquka inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano apho elinye isebe lalinokuhlola amandla awabelwe elinye. Oku kutshintsha kuvumela inkqubo ukuba ilungelelanise nokutshintsha kweemeko ngeli ligcina isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko.

Imigudu yesebe elinye yokunqanda elinye isebe ukuba lingabi ngowona uphakamileyo icingelwa ukuba isoloko iphazamisa naliphi na isebe ekubekeni amanyathelo anzima ngokungeyomfuneko kulawulo. Imfuneko yokufumana imvume kumasebe amaninzi ihla kancinci kwinkqubo karhulumente, kodwa eli cebo lisoloko likhokelela kulunge ngakumbi, imigaqo eqwalaselwe ngenyameko.

Ukusetyenziswa Okusebenzisekayo Kokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda indlela okwahlula ngayo amandla okusebenza kudinga ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile yendlela amasebe asebenzisana ngayo kwaye anyanzelisana ngayo kulawulo lwehlabathi lokwenene.

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ukudalwa kwemithetho kubonisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asebenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, iipalamente ezininzi zinezindlu ezimbini; zombini eziya kufuneka zidlulise ityala ngaphambi kokuba libe ngumthetho. Esi sakhiwo se-bidamaral senza uvavanyo lwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ngokwalo.

Ingqungquthela inezindlu ezimbini: iNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli, kwaye isenokuyilawula i-veto enguMongameli ngevoti 2/3 kuzo zombini izindlu. Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo iqinisekisa ukuba ngumthetho kuphela onenkxaso ebanzi enokuyoyisa inkcaso yesigqeba.

Amandla okuQalisa

Inkqubo yokumisela amagosa karhulumente ibonisa ukuxhomekeka kwamasebe. Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, kodwa iNdlu yeeNdlu zeSebe lowiso-mthetho iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa koMongameli ngezikhundla zokugweba, kwaye iBhunga linokukhupha nabaphi na abagwebi lize libasuse ezikhundleni.

Oku kunika imbopheleleko ekwabelwana ngayo ekumiselweni kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokuqokelela urhulumente kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo. Igunya licebisa ukuba abo baza kubhaptizwa batshate, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ibavumele, ivelise inkqubo apho kuyimfuneko ukulalanisa nokuthethana.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linamandla "amandla esipakethe," oko kukuthi linamandla okumisela urhulumente kunye/okanye uqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Isebe elilawulayo alinakugqiba ukuchitha okungakumbi kwiibhombu okanye kwiipaki ngaphandle kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Oku kulawulwa kwemali kunika indlu yowiso-mthetho amandla abalulekileyo ngaphezu kwezenzo zegunya.

Amandla okusebenzisa uphatho asebenza njengenye yezona ziphumo zovavanyo kumandla aphezulu. Nokuba isebe eliphetheyo lifuna ukusukela inkqubo ethile, alinakwenza oko ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali, ekufuneka ivele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kudala umlinganiselo osebenzayo kwigunya elilawulayo ongaphaya kwemiqathango engokwasemthethweni.

Isivumelwano Sokwenza Umgaqo-nkqubo waMany

Inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle inikela elinye ibala apho ukwahlukana kwamagunya kubangela ulwahlulo. Ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo likhokela ekuqhubeni ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho igcina iimvavanyo ezibalulekileyo kulo mandla ngokusetyenziswa kwesivumelwano sokudityaniswa kwesivumelwano nezigqibo zenkxaso-mali.

Le candelo liqinisekisa ukuba izibophelelo ezingundoqo zamazwe ngamazwe zibonisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe kunokuba kuvumelane ngoko kukhethwa yinkokeli enye okanye umbutho omnye.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Zokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ngoxa ukwahlukana kwamagunya kuzisa iingenelo ezininzi, kukwabangela uxinezeleko nocelomngeni oorhulumente abamele balusebenzise.

Ingozi Yokuvala iGridi

Xa amasebe awahlukeneyo elawulwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika aphikisanayo okanye enemibono eyahlukileyo yokulawula, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano ingakhokelela kwintambo karhulumente. Umthetho obalulekileyo unganqandwa, ukumiswa kungalibaziseka, kwaye izigqibo eziqatha zingalitshayelelwa.

Noko ke, le ntambo yegrid ingabonwa njengelungu kunokuba ibe yingxaki. Imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya yamkelwa yindibano yonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe, hayi ukukhuthaza impumelelo kodwa ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla onyanzelo. Le nkqubo ibeka ubuchule ekuthinteleni ubuzwilakhe ngaphezu kokwenza buchule.

Umatshini ojikelezayo wamandla

Iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko zale mihla zibonisa iindidi ezininzi zamalungiselelo enkqubo yowiso-mthetho, yokulawula, neyokugweba, yaye le mfundiso ngokulandelayo iye yaphulukana nokungaguquguquki kwayo nokungaguquguquki kwayo okungqongqo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ukubandakanywa kukarhulumente kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi bentlalo nezoqoqosho kwaphumela ekunyusweni komgangatho wegunya elilawulayo, umkhwa owakhawulezileyo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Ukwanda kwamandla alawulayo, ingakumbi kwimimandla efana nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nomthetho wolawulo, kushenxise umlinganiselo phakathi kwamasebe. Le ndaleko iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba umbono wokuqala wokwahlukana kwamandla uhlala ungadibani na okanye enoba ukulungelelaniswa nokucombulula iingxaki zale mihla kuyimfuneko kusini na.

Izenzo ezibini zomGaqo-siseko

Noko ke, ukuba elinye isebe aliwenzi umsebenzi walo, okanye elinye isebe lingawuhoyi omnye, sisenokungena kwingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uMongameli wase-U.S. uyaqhubeka enyanzelisa umthetho owiswe ziinkundla ongekho mgaqweni, oya kuthabatha igunya kwisebe eligwebayo aze anike ingqalelo kwisebe elilawulayo. Imeko ezinjalo zivavanya ukukwazi ukwahlukana kwamagunya nokuzibophelela kwamagosa kwimigaqo-siseko.

Ukubelana ngamandla nemisebenzi yokubhabhaxa

Abamisi - mthetho abaninzi banembono yokuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuthetha ukuba amagunya ahlulwa phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo; akukho nalinye isebe elinokusebenza lingakhange lithabathe nxaxheba kwimibandela (ngokunokwenzeka njengemibuzo emincinane), kodwa limele lifumane uhlobo oluthile lwesivumelwano ngaphaya kwamasebe.

Inyaniso yokuba ulawulo lusoloko lubandakanya iimbopheleleko ezingenamsebenzi kwaye lungagunyazanayo kunokuba kuhlanjwe izahlulo ezicocekileyo. Oku kudibanisa kunokubangela ukudideka ngokuthi liliphi isebe elinegunya elipheleleyo kwimimandla ethile, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimbambano ezimele ziconjululwe ngengxoxo yezobupolitika okanye ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kwiinkqubo Ezahlukeneyo Zezobupolitika

Nangona iUnited States inikela owona mzekelo waziwayo wokwahlula amagunya, amazwe awahlukeneyo aye awusebenzisa lo mgaqo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye lineempawu zalo ezintle nezibuthathaka.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli

Kwinkqubo yomongameli njenge-United States, amasebe aphetheyo nawabemi bowiso-mthetho anyulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye agcine ubunikazi obahlukeneyo. Abalawuli bamisela urhulumente ngale ndlela ukukhusela isebe elinye likarhulumente ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu, nokuyila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Olu lwahlulo lucacileyo ludala iingqikelelo ezomeleleyo kodwa lungakhokelela kurhulumente owahluleleneyo xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula amasebe awahlukeneyo. Isiphumo sisixokelelwano esibeka phambili ekuthinteleni ubundlobongela phezu kokuphumelela kukarhulumente.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano, olulungisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla, lungasebenza phantsi kweenkqubo zepalamente ngokusebenzisa igunya lepalamente ukwamkela ukhetho olungakholelekiyo kurhulumente; urhulumente, okanye ikhabhathi, ngokuqhelekileyo ingayincinanisa ipalamente.

Iinkqubo zePalamente zibonakalisa ukudityaniswa kwamandla olawulo nowiso-mthetho, ngokuvela (umphathiswa ophetheyo kunye norhulumente) ophuma aze ahlale enoxanduva kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa oku kudala ulawulo olunempumelelo, kwakhona kunikel ’ ingqalelo kumandla ngendlela eyahluke kakhulu kumzekelo waseMerika.

Umahluko Phakathi Kwamazwe

Umbuso ngamnye wahluka kancinane kwindlela elikhiwe ngayo eli sebe. Noko ke, indima esisiseko yesebe ngalinye iyahlala ifana. KwanaseUnited States, oorhulumente basebenzisa ukwahlula amagunya ngokwahlukileyo, kunye nomahluko kwindlela abakhethwa ngayo abagwebi, indlela asetyenziswa ngayo amandla aphezulu, nendlela imibutho yemithetho eyabelwe ngayo.

Le migaqo ibonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwamandla ngumgaqo obhetyebhetye onokulungelelaniswa nemeko eyahlukileyo ngoxa ukulondoloza injongo yawo esisiseko yokuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla.

Ukuqhubeka Usahlula Amandla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kungundoqo kurhulumente osebenzayo wase-U.S. Ubukho bemibutho emithathu eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, ngamnye onendawo nomsebenzi wawo, bunika inkqubo yethu ngomyalelo ekufuneka iwusebenze ngokunempumelelo. Ngokufanayo, uhlolo nolungelelwaniso lusikhusela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya.

Ukuhlangabezana Neengxaki Zanamhlanje

Imingeni efana nokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha, ubhubhani womhlaba wonke, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, nokuhambela phambili kobugcisa kuvavanya ukwahlukana kwamandla ngeendlela ezintsha. Le miba idla ngokufuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo, elilungelelanisiweyo elinokungenwa nzima kwinkqubo eyenzelwe ukuthoba izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Noko ke, ingqiqo esisiseko ebangela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya `amandla ajolise ekusongeleni inkululeko''. Ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo kwinkulungwane ye-18. Ucelomngeni kukutshintsha umgaqo uvumelane neemeko zanamhlanje ngaphandle kokulahla isiseko sokhuseleko.

Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi

Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwemisebenzi yeshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane yesazinzulu sezobupolitika uDonald Lutz, uMntesquieu wayeye elona gunya liphinda licatshulweyo kurhulumente nakwezobupolitika kwiBritane ekwindawo yangaphambili yendaleko yeBritane, ekhankanywe kakhulu ngabaseki baseMelika kunaye nawuphi na umthombo ngaphandle kweBhayibhile. Emva kweNguqulelo yaseMelika, umsebenzi wakhe wahlala unempembelelo enamandla kubaseki abaninzi baseMelika, ngokungakumbi uJames Madison waseVirginia, uBhishophu weMigaqo-siseko.

UMontesquieu waziwayo ngobuchule bakhe bokuyila ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya, ephunyezwa kwimiGaqo-siseko emininzi ehlabathini lonke. Lo mgaqo usasazeke kakhulu ngaphaya kwemvelaphi yawo yaseMerika, uphembelela umGaqo-siseko kuwo wonke umhlaba kwaye ube impawu zolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imfundo nentsebenziswano

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwamagunya kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo indlela urhulumente olungelelaniswe ngayo zinokuba netyala kumagosa, zikwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, yaye ziyaqonda xa imigaqo yomgaqo - siseko isongelwa.

Abantu ababhala umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. bazama ukwahlula amagunya nokunika iingqikelelo nolungelelwano ukuqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinokukwazi ukuthatha urhulumente uphela. Le ndlela ithe yafikelela ekubeni ngummeli oziqondayo ezi nkuselo nokuzixabisa.

Iingenelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ngaphandle kwengcaciso yokuthethelela, ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunika iingenelo zekonkrithi kumsebenzi wemini nosuku karhulumente.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Imali

Ngokwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo, le nkqubo ivumela isebe ngalinye ukuba liphuhlise ubuchule obukhethekileyo kummandla walo wembopheleleko. Abameli bangajolisa ingqalelo ekucetyweni kwemithetho, iziphathi-magunya ekuzalisekiseni nasekulawuleni, kunye nabagwebi ekutolikeni okusemthethweni nakwisigqibo sempikiswano.

Olu cwangciso lukhethekileyo lukhokelela kulawulo olungcono njengoko isebe ngalinye liphuhlisa ulwazi lombutho kunye neenkqubo ezifanele umsebenzi walo othile. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ulawulo olulawulayo, kunye nokuqiqa okugweba ngalinye lifuna ubuchule obuhlukeneyo kunye neengenelo, eziphuhliswa bhetele xa amasebe egxininisa kwiimbopheleleko zawo ezingundoqo.

Iincopho ezininzi zokufumana kubemi

Ukwahlukana kwamandla kudala iindlela ezininzi apho abemi banokuphembelela urhulumente baze bafune izicombululo zezikhalazo. Ukuba elinye isebe alisabeli, abemi bangabhenela kwelinye. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayizukuthatha mnyathelo, abemi basenokufuna inyathelo lolawulo okanye isicombululo sokugweba. Ukuba abaphangi abaphetheyo, abemi bangabhenela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwiinkundla.

Oku kuninzi kweencam zonikezelo kwenza urhulumente athabathe intsabelo engakumbi kwaye abe noxanduva oluphezulu kubantu abamkhonzayo. Ikwanika izivalo zokhuseleko kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ivumela ungquzulwano luconjululwe ngamajelo ombutho kunokuba kusetyenziswe iindlela zoburhulumente ezongezelelekileyo.

Ukuzinzisa Nokuzingisa

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kudala inkqubo karhulumente ekwaziyo ukumelana nemeko. Ukuba elinye isebe lijamelene nengxaki okanye lisiba buthathaka, amanye amasebe angaqhubeka esebenza. Oku kuqukunjelwa kolawulo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka nangamaxesha ocelomngeni.

Isebe ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa likwamele lixhomekeke kwigunya lamanye amasebe ukuze urhulumente asebenze. Oku kuxhomekeka kubangela ukuba i-aspective ikwazi ukumelana nokuziphendulela, njengoko amasebe kufuneka asebenze kunye ngoxa elondoloza inkululeko yawo.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngokwahlukana Kwamandla

Iingcamango eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ngokwahlukana kwamagunya zinokukhokelela ekungayiqondini kakuhle indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo.

Ukuzimela okupheleleyo

Enye ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba ukwahlulwa kwamasebe kuthetha ukuba amasebe asebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Enyanisweni, inkqubo yenzelwe ukwenza umahluko phakathi kwamasebe. Ingcamango yeyokuba akwanele ukwahlula amagunya nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwawo kodwa amasebe kufuneka abe nendlela yomgaqo-siseko yokukhusela amandla awo afanelekileyo kokungenelela kwamanye amasebe.

Amasebe ahlukene kwimisebenzi yawo esemgangathweni kodwa adityaniswe ngokhangelo nomlinganiselo. Olu manyano lusebenzisana ngenjongo, ludala inkqubo enamandla kunokuba lube lulodwa lwamandla.

Amandla alinganayo

Enye ingcamango engeyonyaniso yeyokuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuthetha ukuba onke amasebe anamandla alinganayo. kuFederal 51, ngokubhekiselele kubuchule besebe ngalinye lokuzikhusela kwizenzo zezinye, okokuba akunakwenzeka ukunika isebe ngalinye amandla alinganayo okuzilawula. Kurhulumente weRiphabliki, igunya lowiso-mthetho lilawula.

Amasebe anamandla ahlukeneyo afanele imisebenzi yawo, hayi amandla alinganayo. Le nkqubo ijolise ulungelelwaniso kunye nokuhlolana kunokulingana kwezibalo.

Ulwahlulo oluqinileyo v. Isicelo esingunxantathu

Bambi bakholelwa ukuba ukwahlukana kwamagunya kufuna ukwahlulwa okuqinileyo, okungatshintshiyo phakathi kwamasebe. Noko ke, umgaqo ubusoloko usetyenziswa ngokuphandle. Kwinkoliso yemithetho-siseko yangoku, ukwahlukana kwemfundiso yamandla kutshintshwa yingcamango karhulumente olungeleleneyo, okanye uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso – ingcamango eyahlukileyo eyaveliswa kwingcamango yamandulo karhulumente oxubeneyo. Ekubeni ezi ngcamango zimbini ziveliswe ecaleni elinye nelinye, ziye zanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleleneyo, nangona zingqubana ngomlinganiselo othile.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamagunya okwahlula kumele kulungelelane neemeko eziguqukayo ngoxa kusenziwa injongo yawo esisiseko yokuthintela ubundlobongela nokukhusela inkululeko.

Ikamva Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Njengoko abantu beguquka baze bajamelana neengxaki ezintsha, umgaqo wokwahlukana kwamandla umele uqhubeke ukulungelelanisa izinto ngoxa ulondoloza ukhuseleko lwawo olubalulekileyo.

Ulawulo lobuxhakaxhaka

Ubugcisa obudibanisa izinto ezifana nobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, ugcino-lwazi olukhulu oluneenkcazelo kunye nokujongwa kwamanani kudala imibuzo emitsha ngendlela eyahlula ngayo amandla. Liliphi isebe elifanele lilawule obu bugcisa? Zisebenza njani iingqikelelo nolungelelwano ngexesha lotshintsho olukhawulezileyo lobugcisa?

Le mibuzo ifuna uqwalasele ngokucingisisiweyo indlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo ekudala ikho kwiimeko ezingakhe zibonwe. Injongo esisiseko . Ukulwa ukuxinaniswa kwamandla okusongela inkululeko.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nentsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukwanda konxibelelwano lwehlabathi lonke kuphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela eyahlula ngayo amagunya xa oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzisane ngezizwe. Izivumelwano, imibutho yehlabathi jikelele, nemingeni efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ifuna umanyano olunokubangela ulwahlulo olungokwesithethe lwamandla.

Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe nokulondolozwa kweengqikelelo zomGaqo - siseko nokulungelelana kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo koorhulumente bolawulo - melo ehlabathini lonke.

Ukulondoloza Iidemokhrasi

Ekugqibeleni, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko kodwa kukuzinikela kwamagosa nabemi kwizithethe zedemokhrasi. Intanda-bulumko kaMontesquieu yokuba "urhulumente ufanele amiswe ukuze kungabikho mntu ufuna ukoyika omnye" ukhumbuza uMadison kunye nabanye ukuba isiseko esikhululekileyo nesizinzileyo sorhulumente wabo omtsha wesizwe sifuna ukwahlulwa okucacileyo nokulungelelanisiweyo kwamandla.

Ukulondolozwa kwale nkqubo kufuna ukuphaphazela okuqhubekayo, imfundo yoluntu nokuzibophelela kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko naxa ingqineka inzima okanye idimaza. Ukwahlukana ngamagunya akuthethi ukuzitshabalalisa; kufuna ukugcinwa ngokukhutheleyo kwesizukulwana ngasinye.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Ngenxa Yamandla Ahlukeneyo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuseyenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yolawulo-demokhrasi. Ngokwahlula-hlula igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezithile namandla okuhlola amanye, le nkqubo yenza isakhiwo esikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, sithintele ubuzwilakhe, kwaye sikhuthaza urhulumente oziphendulela kuye.

Ukwahlula-hlula amagunya, ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho, yegunya, neyezomthetho yorhulumente phakathi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo nezimeleyo. Ukwahlukana okunjalo kubekelwe imida egqithisileyo ngurhulumente, ekubeni kufuneka imvume yawo onke amasebe amathathu ekwenzeni, ukwenza, nokusebenzisa imithetho.

Ngelixesha inkqubo idala imingeni − kuquka amandla okubophelela igridro, imfuneko yokulalanisa, nokuntsonkotha kokulawula kunye .ukungalungelelani oku lixabiso lenkululeko. Okunye ukunyanzeleka kwamandla kwinto enye, kubangela iingozi ezinkulu kwinkululeko nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Njengokuba ulawulo-demokhrasi kumazwe jikelele luqhubeka luguquka luze lujongene neengxaki ezintsha, umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya unika ulungiselelo oluvavanywe ngexesha lokulungiselela urhulumente ngendlela ezikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngeli xesha usenza ulawulo lube nempumelelo. Ukuqonda lo mgaqo, inkqubela yawo yembali, kunye nokusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo kuseyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo oorhulumente bedemokhrasi kunye nesizathu sokuba benziwe ngayo.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, oovimba abafana nolo ukhuthuzo olucacileyo kwiThala leencwadi leeBhunga kunye noovimba bokwahlula-hlula amagunya banikela umongo ongezelelweyo wembali, ngelixa iziko leMithetho yeMithetho yezomthetho [FLT:]] linika uhlahlolo olungomthetho lwemisebenzi yezemfundo. [[FLT]

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyonto nje engokwembali okanye imfundiso engokwasemthethweni engekho ngqiqweni, kungumgaqo ophilayo oqhubeka ubumba indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abayifumana ngayo inkululeko nedemokhrasi. Ukulondolozwa kwayo nokusebenza kwayo okufanelekileyo kusebalulekile ekulondolozeni uluntu olukhululekileyo kwinkulungwane yama-21 nangaphaya kwayo.