Indima engenakuthelekiswa nanto yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni ekukhuseleni impilo yoluntu

Ngexesha lesifo sempilo, ihlabathi lazibonela ngawabo amehlo oku: umgangatho ophambili wempilo kawonke-wonke awukho kwikomkhulu okanye kwikomkhulu lezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa kwiiholo zedolophu, kumasebe ezonyango ephondo, nakwikliniki esekuhlaleni elawula asekuhlaleni. Xa kufikelelwa yingxaki yezempilo, ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni olungiselela iindawo zokuvavanya, onxibelelana nezikolo namashishini, kwaye oqinisekisa ukuba abahlali abachaphazelekayo bafumana inkathalo. Oku kuye kwaqinisekisa inyaniso yokuba iingcali zempilo kawonke--2014, ulawulo lwezonyango lwendawo lungaphazamkelelwayo, inkqubo yempilo kawonke esabelayo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuba ngabokuqala ukufumanisa izisongelo ezivelayo, abakhawulezileyo ukuqokelela oovimba, kunye nabo bathembekileyo kuluntu lwabo. Kodwa umsebenzi wabo usoloko uphantsi kwentsebenziswano, ungaphantsi kwentsebenziswano, kwaye utyeshelwe kwiingxoxo zesizwe. Ukuze kulondolozwe kwaye kuphuculwe imigangatho yempilo kawonke-wonke, kufuneka siqonde indlela ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni olusebenza ngayo, imiqobo eyoyikekayo ejamelana nayo, kunye necebo elinokuyiguqula ekubeni lunxulumanene nezixhobo ezibuthathaka zokuthintela nokusabela.

Ukuchaza uLawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwimpilo yoluntu

Ulawulo lwezonyango lwengingqi lubhekisela kwisakhiwo, iinkqubo nakumaziko apho abantu benza izigqibo baze baqhube imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela nokukhuthaza impilo. Asingomaziko karhulumente asekuhlaleni kuphela; liququzelela amagosa anyuliweyo, amagosa empilo amiselweyo, iibhodi zoluntu, amaqabane angenangeniso, kunye namatsha - ntliziyo abumba imeko-ntle yempilo.

Ngoxa oorhulumente besizwe kunye noorhulumente besizwe bemisela imithetho ebanzi ngezantsi. njengemigangatho yokhuseleko lokutya okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwemichiza yokugoma yenzeka kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Isebe lezempilo kwidolophu enabantu abaninzi lingaphuhlisa ukujongwa kwezifo kunye nogutyulo kwizakhiwo eziphezulu ze-68, ngelixa isebe lezonyango lasemaphandleni lingagxininisa kumgangatho ophezulu we-athom yomgangatho we-athom kunye nokufikelela kwinkathalo ephambili. Oku kuguquguquka kuvumela ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni ukuba lulungelelanise imigaqo-yo ekwindawo ekhethekileyo, indawo ehlala kuyo, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho yoluntu ngalunye.

Igunya elisemthethweni lempilo kawonke-wonke yasekuhlaleni liyahluka ngokwelizwe. E-United States, amazwe amaninzi anika igunya kwimimandla nakumazwe ngemithetho enjenge amalungiselelo olawulo lwekhaya, ngoxa kwamanye amazwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza phantsi kwemiyalelo kazwelonke kodwa bagcina ubulumko obubalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni. Okuhlala kungukungaguquguqukiyo kukusondelana kwesigqibo kunye nabenzi bezonyulo kubantu abakhonza kubo, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukuphendula nokusabela.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yeenkqubo zobuGcisa boLuntu

Indima ebalulekileyo yoorhulumente boluntu kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu ingalungiselelwa ngokweziqu ezintathu: uhlolo, ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo kunye nesiqinisekiso. Le misebenzi, emiselwe yiCDC eFuniswe kwiNkonzo yoluntu yempilo [, ibonelela ngesiseko sokuvavanya nokuqinisa umbilini wasekuhlaleni.

Uhlolo kunye nobuninzi

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni ahlola ubume bempilo yoluntu lwawo ngokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, uphando lwenzululwazi ngezifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane, kunye neengxelo ezibalulekileyo. Azenza uphando olukhawulezileyo olusuka kuvavanyo lwezifo ezibangelwa kukutya ukuya kukwanda kwezifo ezingapheliyo (/ kunye nokulandelela indlela yokufumana iziphumo zesifo esinganyangekiyo. Ngaphandle kolu jongo lwasekuhlaleni, ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lungaqondanga kakuhle ukuba kungavela imiqondiso yokuqala yesifo esibulalayo okanye ukuchonga abantu abachanabeka kwimimandla ethile.

Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nonyanzelo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza imithetho echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngqo: imigaqo yokwakha ethintela ukuchanabeka kwelothe, imithetho yokuhlola iivenkile enciphisa ukugula okubangelwa kukutya okubangelwa kukuphefumla, imithetho yokufihla isigqubuthelo xa kuqhambuka, kunye nemithetho yokubeka imithetho elinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwecuba okanye utywala ezikolweni.

Isiqinisekiso seenkonzo nokufumaneka

Isiqinisekiso sithetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zempilo eziyimfuneko ziyafumaneka, ziyafumaneka kwaye zisemgangathweni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba iinkqubo zempilo zoluntu, abaphethe iinkqubo zempilo zoonozala, abalungelelanisa izibhedlele zokulungiselela ungxamiseko, badibanise izikolo kunye namaphulo kawonke-wonke. Bakwanxulumanisa abemi kwiinkqubo ze-inshorensi kunye neenkonzo zoluntu ezithetha ngemiqobo yempilo, njengezindlu, isondlo, kunye nezothutho.

Amabali Aphumelelayo: Oko Kubonakala Kukuko Ulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Ehlabathini lonke, oorhulumente abaninzi baye babonisa oko kunokwenzeka xa ulawulo lwezobupolitika, ukuganana kwabantu, nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo ezintle kuvumelana.

Iziko lobugrafi lezempilo langaphakathi eLouisville, eKentucky[FLT][2] ISebe leLouisville Metro yempilo yoluntu noWells laguqula inkqubo yalo yokunyamekela ngokudibanisa iinkonzo zobugqeba ezidibeneyo zoluntu ezinika inkathalo ephambili, iinkonzo zamazinyo, impilo, kunye nekhemisi yophahla phantsi kophahla olunye. Isiphumo: ukucutha uhalelo lwecandelo longxakeko kunye nolungiso lwezifo ezithe qhoqhoqhoqho phakathi kwabemi abaphantsi abafumana abemi abahlala emaphandleni. Isebe adibaniswe ngeenqwelo-mafutha ukuze bafikelele abantu abangenamakhaya kunye nakwiindanawase, ibonisa indlela oorhulumente bendawo abanokunceda ngayo kumgangatho ophezulu wezitena eziteyishini eziphezulu.

Izixhobo zokuthintela i-VCF'Ids eKerala, i-Indiya[FLT]]
urhulumente wasekuhlaleni waseKerala (ii-panchayats) waba lilungu lelinye lamaziko asebenzayo e-COVID 2016. Amabhunga e-COVID ngo-19 abonisa ukuba abantu abadala bafanelekele, abacwangcisiweyo, abalungelele abakhulileyo, basebenzisa uthelekelelo-ndaba lwasekuhlaleni ukulwa kwenqikilingiselwano, kwaye baphethe iinkampu zokugoma kwiiholo zoluntu. Le michiza yemithi ye-cropu yemali yaphumelela kakhulu kwimichiza yokuqala, umlinganiselo wesizwe ongaphezulu kakhulu. Isitshixo sabekiwe kubantu abahlala kwinkokeli basekuhlaleni kunye nobuchule borhulumente basekuhlaleni ukulungiselela imigaqo-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Ulawulo lweTobaco kwisiXeko saseNew York[FLT] Isebe lempilo leSixeko saseNew York linembali ende yemimiselo yecuba lasekuhlaleni elinobuvulindlela `kunyusa ubuncinane ukuya ku 21] ukuvalela imveliso zecuba ezinandiphekayo, ukuzalisekisa imiqondiso ecacileyo kwizitore zentengiso. Le migaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni, idla ngokuba nobundlobongela ngakumbi kunorhulumente okanye amanyathelo orhulumente, ifak'unika isiphumo sokuncipha okukhutshwa kokutshaya kwabantu abadala. Impumelelo ibonisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza njengeematshini ezigcina imigaqo-nkqubo, ukuvavanya imigaqo eqinileyo kamva evelisa imizekelo yemithetho.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Oluya Kudodobala

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ndawo ziqaqambileyo, ulawulo lwezonyango lwentlalo kawonke wonke lujongene nocelomngeni oluphazamisa ukusebenza nokuzinzisa kwalo.

Isiko lokuphantsi kwemifuno kunye nokuphelelwa kwesakhelo sovimba

Kumazwe amaninzi, amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni asebenzisa uqingqo-mali lwezihlangu. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 olwenziwa yi-National Association of County kunye neZiko loMgaqo-siseko wafumanisa ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesebe lezempilo lasekuhlaleni lase-U.S. linciphise abasebenzi kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo. Xa uqingqo-qingqo-mali lunqanda iinkqubo zokuqala zidla ngokuthintela nokuphuma kwemisebenzi ekhusela amanqam ngaphambi kokuba aqalise.

Ukuchana Kwezobupolitika Nokuguquka Kokhokelo

Abalathisi bezempilo kunye noosodolophu basebenza ngovuyo kumaqumrhu anyuliweyo okanye abavoti, kunye nokujika okuphezulu kunokuqhubeka. Ulawulo olutsha lungalahla iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina eziqalisiweyo eziqaliswe ngulowo wanduleli walo, luthabathel ’ indawo iingcali zempilo kawonke wonke zabanyuli bezobupolitika, okanye luhlasele impilo exhasa ukuphucuka kwezoqoqosho. Ukusetyenziswa kwesigqubuthelo sokufihla iliso ngokweemfuno kunye neemfuno zechiza ngexesha lobhubhani kubonakalisa ngokucacileyo indlela impilo yoluntu enokuba yibhola ekhatywayo yezobupolitika.

Amandla Alinganiselweyo Ogcino-lwazi Nobungqina

Amasebe amaninzi empilo asekuhlaleni aswele ubuchule bobugcisa kunye nobuchule bobucukucezelo, uhlalutyo, kunye nokusebenzisa ulwazi ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphandle kweenkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezomeleleyo, abanako ukuphawula ukuba zeziphi imimandla enexabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo loxinzelelo lomoya okanye ezo zingabonwa ngabantu abangekhoyo.

Iindawo zothelekelelo noluntu

Kwanenkqubo yempilo ecwangcisiweyo yasekuhlaleni iyasilela ukuba uluntu alumthembi umthunywa. Okungekho sikweni ngokwembali . `njengokuba iTuskegee shoglar' isifundo okanye ukuvalwa kwenzala enyanzelekileyo' ngokunyanzelekileyo) kuye kwabangela ukungaqiniseki okunzulu kumagunya empilo kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi kuBlack, i-Inowrication, kunye namanye amaqela ahlukeneyo. Ukuthemba kokwakha kufuna unxibelelwano oluthe ngcaciso, ukuthobeka kwenkcubeko, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba equmrhu kwisigqibo sokwenza izigqibo, konke okufuna ixesha kunye nobuncwane obuninzi boorhulumente basekuhlaleni bungenabo.

Ubuchule Bokomeleza Ulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni kwimpilo yoluntu

Ukuze kulungiswe ezi ngxaki kufuneka kwenziwe ubuchule obuninzi obunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amandla ngoxa bebanika izixhobo nenkxaso efunekayo ukuze baphumelele.

Ukuveliswa kweNgxowa-mali eZinzileyo neNkxaso

Kunokuba bathembele kwimirhumo eguquguqukayo, oorhulumente kufuneka bamisele iminikelo yezonyango yoluntu olunoluntu esekelwe kwimiqathango enxulumene neemfuno zabemi, imigangatho yobuhlwempu, kunye neziphumo zempilo. Ezo nkqubo zinika uzinzo kwaye zivumela amasebe empilo ukuba acebe amanyathelo onyaka omninzi. Iintlangano zoncedo lobuFilensi zingenza indima ngokunikela ngenkxaso yokwakha engazimiselanga ziziphumo ezimxinwa.

Ukwakhiwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokukwazi ukusetyenziswa

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni kufuneka iinkqubo zemfundo zale mihla ezinokudibanisa ulwazi kwizibhedlele, kwii-labre, kwizikolo, nakwimisebenzi yentlalo. IiCloud́bet ezisekelwe kwiqonga, iirekhodi zempilo ze-elektroniki ezisebenzisanayo, kunye noqeqesho kwizifundo zezebhayoloji kunye nezobugcisa zinokuguqula ulwazi olungalungiswanga lube lukrelekrele olusebenzayo. Iinkampani ezisebenzisana namaziko emfundo anganikezela ngenkxaso ephantsi ephantsi yenkcubeko kunye noncedo ekuphuhliseni kweebhodi ezinxibelelana nabenzi benkqubo kunye nabantu.

Ukusetyenziswa Kweziko Loluntu NeCongqa

Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni olunempumelelo luphatha uluntu njengeqabane, hayi umkhomi nje. Iibhodi zombutho owenziwe ngabahlali, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nabameli bamaqela akhutshwe embalini kufuneka babe nempembelelo yokwenene kwiinkxalabo zoqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo. Izixhobo ezifana noqingqo-mali oluneembono zoluntu, iimfuno zempilo, kunye nabemi basekuhlaleni bangakha ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukungenelela okubonakalisa imilinganiselo yendawo.

Ukuqinisa udityaniso lweenqanawa zomanyano

Impilo kawonke-wonke ayiyoyoyasebe lezempilo kuphela. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenzisane namagosa ezindlu, abameli bezothutho, izikolo, neeofisi zezoqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, inyathelo elidibanisa isebe lesixeko lokucwangcisa kunye nesebe lezempilo linokuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi entsha enokufumaneka iquka iindawo eziluhlaza, iindlela zokuhamba, kunye nokusondela kwiivenkile zevenkile ("ukutyeba kakhulu nokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kwengqondo)

Ukukhusela Impilo Kawonke - wonke Kunxibelelwano Lwezobupolitika

Ukukhusela izigqibo zempilo kumjikelo osuka kwimijikelo ejikelezayo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuthatha izenzo zempilo karhulumente ezinika amagosa ezempilo amiselweyo, igunya elicacileyo lomthetho, kunye noqingqo-mali oluzimeleyo. Iimfuno zokubonisa ngaphaya koshicilelo olukwimiyalelo yempilo nokugcina iindlebe zikawonke-wonke zinokuqinisa ukufaneleka. Ngexesha longxamiseko, imigaqo ecacileyo yokuvakalisa ungxamiseko lwempilo lwasekuhlaleni nokusebenzisana namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni kufuneka amiselwe ukwenzela ukuba izobupolitika zingalibazisibaliseli isenzo sokusindisa ubomi.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukuziqhelanisa Nezisongelo Ezikhulayo

Ikamva lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwimpilo kawonke-wonke kufuneka lijamelane nocelomngeni olutsha nolomelezayo: ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuxhathisa kweziyobisi, iingxaki zempilo yengqondo phakathi kwabantu abaselula, kunye nokungalungisi okuzingisileyo okuye kwabhencwa yile ndyikitya. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwindawo ephambili kwezi zisongelo kwaye kuza kufuneka baqhubeke beguquka.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuzisa izikhukula ezixhaphakileyo, i-heatwaves, kunye nezifo ezibangelwa yivector . Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni kufuneka adibane nemozulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi wawo . Ukusuka ekuhloleni ukutshiselwa kwemozulu okunxulumene nokukhula kwesifo esinxulumene nokuqinisekisa ukuba iplani yokukhusela abo baneemeko ezinganyangekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, izixeko zaselunxwemeni, sele zisebenza ngokuncedisana nempilo, ulawulo lwemeko-mongomlingo, kunye namasebe okusingqonga indalo.

Impilo ifuna ukujongwa ngabom kwizakhiwo ezidala ukungakhuseleki. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangamkela “unyango kuzo zonke iinkqubo”, befuna wonke umthetho ocetyiswayo(* nokuba kutheni na malunga nezithuthi, indlu, okanye imfundo) ukuze kuvavanywe iziphumo zayo zempilo. Ezinye izixeko, ezifana neBaltimore, ziye zamisela imali yempilo elinganayo enika intlawulo yerhafu kwimimandla engqubanayo nenkqele.

Ubugcisa buza kuqhubeka busenza uluntu lube nempilo entle. I-Telehealth, iliso elikude, kunye nee-apps ezihambayo zingandisa ukufikelela kwamasebe onyango lwasekuhlaleni emakhayeni nasemsebenzini. Kodwa ezi zixhobo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokuqwalasela ukuze kuphenjelelwe ukwandisa ulwahlulo lwamanani, ingakumbi phakathi kwamalungu aphezulu namalungu aphantsi afunyenweyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenzisane neelayibrari, amaziko oluntu, kunye nemimandla yesikolo ukulungiselela uqeqesho lwe-intanethi kunye noqeqesho lwamanani.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni asilolwaleko olufanelekileyo lolawulo . yi-injini eqhuba imilinganiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi ngamaxesha obunzima kunye nenkxalabo eqhelekileyo. Isifo sasifundisa ukuba ezona mpendulo zisebenzayo zempilo kawonke-wonke zezona zisondeleyo ebantwini, zixhomekeke kwiimfuno zabo, kwaye ziyakwazi ngokwaneleyo ukuqhelanisa neemeko zasekuhlaleni. Kodwa le njini isoloko iphantsi kwaye ingahoywa.

Ukuze silondoloze kwaye siphucule imilinganiselo yempilo kawonke-wonke, kufuneka sifake imali kumasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni, sikhusele ukuzilawula kwawo, siwaxhobise ngezixhobo zogcino-lwazi zale mihla, size siwaxhobise ngokunzulu phakathi kwabantu abakwingingqi asebenza kuyo. Impilo yezizwe ixhomekeke kumandla eendawo zazo. Xa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lungaphumeleli, impilo kawonke-wonke iyaphela; xa lusanda, bonke abantu bayachuma. Ngexesha elizayo isisongelo sempilo sivela ```intsholongwane entsha, ubushushu, okanye ubhubhani wobushushu obungamandla' ophelayo, okanye ubhubhani osisiphembelelo oluza kulinganiswa kuqala kwaye okuyintloko kuxhomekeke kwindlela abalungele ngayo ukuhlangabezana nayo.