Ingcamango yamalungelo abantu ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwebutho lolawulo-moya. Iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, iziphene, okanye ezinye iimpawu. EUnited States, la malungelo akangosukeli nje iinjongo; aphenjelelwa, achazwa ngokukhutheleyo, achazwa ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente: ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nenxaxheba ephambili kwimfundo yamakhaya. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elifak ’ isandla ngayo kumalungelo oluntu, kwaye lilungelelanisana ngayo ($(*) iyafuneka kubafundisi, kubafundi, nakumntu ngamnye ozalelweyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima eyahlukeneyo, izenzo neemeko ezibalasele imbali, kunye neengxelo eziqhubekayo, kunye nendima ephambili yemfundo efuna ukulondoloza amalungelo abantu.

Imboniselo yamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Amalungelo abantu angoorhulumente anelungelo lokufumana ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo nokukhululwa kucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezifana nohlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nonqulo. La malungelo aqatshelwe kwi-U.S. ngokukodwa kumgaqo-siseko wamatyala oluntu , Thupha-nyaka, ishumi elinesihlanu, kunye neshumi elinesithoba elinesithoba ezimeleyo [[[FLT]]] ngokunjalo nangokwemithetho yemithetho elawula ukulingana. Isiseko somthetho wamalungelo abantu bale mihla sisekelwe kumgaqo wokuba urhulumente umele ubaphathe bonke abemi ngokulinganayo kwaye ubakhusele kubo bonke abasebenzi abasemadlaleni. Amasebe orhulumente amathathu aneembopheleleko ezithile ezinxulumene nezoburhulumente, kwaye achaza inkqubela-ntlalo-mthetho yemibutho.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, ngokuyintloko linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa kunye nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezikhusela amalungelo abantu. Eli sebe liquka amasebe amaninzi karhulumente asetyenziselwe ukuphanda izikhalazo, ukumisela imimiselo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kulandelwa imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Iindima eziphambili zesebe eliphetheyo ziquka:

  • Ukwenziwa nokusebenza kwamaziko alungelelanisa amalungelo abantu , njengeKhomishini yezeMsebenzi (EOC), iSebe lamaLungelo eSiviko, kunye neSebe leHofisi yeDsicalo yaMalungelo e-Opulan , kunye neSebe lezemfundo yaMalungelo e-Ovinial.
  • imiyalelo yequmrhu eliphetheyo eyoyisa ucalucalulo kumsebenzi wezwelo, kuthabatheka, kunye neenkqubo. Umzekelo, Ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo 11246 (65]) ifuna uvumo lwenyathelo lweziko lolawulo lwamazwe, kunye nemiyalelo eyandisiweyo yokhuselwa ukhuseleko lwe LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • Ukubeka abagwebi bequmrhu kunye namagosa amaqumrhu abatolika baze banyanzelise umthetho wamalungelo abantu. Ukumiselwa komongameli kungabumba ulwalathiso lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni kangangamashumi eminyaka.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala kwisizwe ukwenzela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu ngezicelo zoqingqo-mali, ukhokelo lwenkqubo, kunye neengxelo zikawonke-wonke.

Izenzo ezingundoqo zesigqeba esiPhezulu kwimbali

Oomongameli abaliqela baye basebenzisa igunya elilawulayo ukuhambisela phambili ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo abantu:

  • umongameli uHarry S.Truman unikezele uLungelelo loLawulo oluPhezulu 9981 ngo1948, ukuphelisa imikhosi exhobileyo.
  • Umongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower wasebenzisa imikhosi yorhulumente ukunyanzelisa isikolo ukuba sinyanzelise ukuhlahlela emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ isigqibo, ngokuphawulekayo kwiLittle Rock, Arkansas.
  • umongameli Lyndon B. Johnson watyobela uMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, kwaye watyhalela umthetho ukunyanzelisa kwabo ngamandla ngeSebe leJaji.
  • Umongameli u-Back Obama ukhuseleko olwandisiweyo lwe LGBTQ+ abantu abakwimisebenzi nezindlu zorhulumente, baxhasa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwe-“Musani ukubuza, Donot Tell," kwaye bakhupha ukhokelo kumalungelo omntu ezikolweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] umongameli Joe Biden wakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu kwi-screen edict, amalungelo okuvota, kunye ne-LGBTQ + ukulingana, kwaye wamisela ikhabhathi yembali eyahlukeneyo kunye nejaji.

Isebe eliphetheyo likwanamandla omthetho oya kwenza buthathaka ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, kwaye lingacebisa imithetho emitsha kwiBhunga. Kodwa, izenzo zalo zokunyanzelisa ziphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kunye nolawulo lwengqungquthela.

Isebe Elisemthethweni Namalungelo Abemi

Isebe lowiso-mthetho ($Conrer) linetyala lokudala imithetho echazayo nekhusela amalungelo abantu. IKhomishini ingamisela imimiselo ethintela ucalucalulo, ukusungula iinkqubo zonyanzelo, nokunikezela ngemali yeenkqubo zamalungelo abantu. Likwanamandla okulungisa umGaqo-siseko, nangona oku kufuna ukuba kubekho ingqwalaselo ebalaseleyo. Iindima ezingundoqo zeBhunga ziquka:

  • Iphosa umthetho wamalungelo abantu ophawu lwendalo [ osungula ukhuseleko olubanzi, njengoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, iSivumelo samalungelo abantu, iSibonelelo se-Fair Housesword (uMthetho we-1965), kunye namaMelika oMthetho weNgqityo ka-1990.
  • [ Ukubeka imithetho ekhoyo ukuphendula iindlela ezintsha zocalulo] umzekelo, iLilly Better Benafe Fair Pay Act ka 2009 yandisa ukhuseleko ekuhlawuleni intlawulo.
  • Ukubekwa kwamatyala nokuphanda ekuphulweni kwamalungelo abantu ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, oorhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo. Iikomiti zeNdlu kunye namaxwebhu zeNdlu yeNdlu ziyakwazi ukubeka amangqina kunye namaxwebhu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuchasa umongameli we- kumaqumrhu ejaji negunya lesizwe, kuquka iAttorney General kunye nentloko ye-EEOC, ngaloo ndlela iphembelela ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kangangeminyaka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali ekhutshwayo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu, imfundo, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu, ezinokunika amandla okanye zithintele imigudu yesebe eliphetheyo.

Imisebenzi emikhulu yoMthetho

IBhunga liye lamisela imithetho emininzi echaza amalungelo abantu:

  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka1942 (Izihloko Ezithi nge XI) zalwalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, iinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemali yesikolo. Yadala iEOC kwaye yanika iSebe leSigwebo amandla okubhala iingxelo zamacala.
  • Umthetho wovolo oPhakamileyo wonyaka ka-1965 walwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwimisebenzi yokuvota, kuquka iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, kunye nemfuno yolawulo olunembali yocalulo ukuze ufumane imvume yorhulumente (“preclare”) phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayenza yabuthathaka inkqubo yokucacisa i-"FLT:2] Shelby County v. Raker [2013]
  • UMthetho weFair Houses ka1968 walwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhasweni kwemali kwezindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, imvelaphi yobuzwe, kunye nesini, ubume bentsapho, kunye nokukhubazeka.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcitho ka 1990 (ADA) awalwaleli ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene emsebenzini, kwiindawo zokulala zikawonke-wonke, ezothutho, kunye nonxibelelwano.
  • IMatthew Shepard kunye noJames Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act ka-2009 yandisa umthetho karhulumente wolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo yesizwe ukuquka ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhutywa bubufanasini okanye obucingelwayo, imbonakalo yesondo, ubufana, okanye ubulwelwe.

IBhunga likwanamandla okuphelisa umongameli we-veto ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, njengoko lenzayo ngo-2021 ukuphelisa i-veto yeSivumelwano soMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe (ngowona uphantsi kwamaphepha alwela amalungelo abantu) anqabileyo ukuthotywa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga lithathe ulwamnketho kodwa alinikezi mthetho omtsha wamalungelo okuvota, utshintsho lobupolisa, kunye no-LGBTQ+ ukulingana, ukubalaselisa umlo oqhubekayo wezopolitiko ngamalungelo abantu.

Isebe Eligwebayo Namalungelo Abemi

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho nomGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho yalo inokuba nemiphumo enzulu nehlala ihleli kumalungelo abantu. Iinkundla zephondo `ukusuka kwiinkundla zesithili ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo(ukulungisa impikiswano ngentsingiselo yemithetho yamalungelo abantu kunye nokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko wezenzo zikarhulumente. Iindima ezingundoqo zejaji ziquka:

  • Ukugweba imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ukugqiba ukuba ziyavumelana na nomGaqo-siseko. Ngohlalutyo logwebo, iinkundla zingayibetha imithetho yocalulo okanye zixhase ukhuseleko.
  • Ukuphelisa amatyala abantu ngamanye [ eziswa ngabantu abachaza ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kuquka ukucalucalulo ngemisebenzi, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, nokufumana imfundo okanye ukuvota ngokungafaniyo.
  • Ukuvelisa imizekelo ekhokela iinkundla ezisezantsi kunye namatyala exesha elizayo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziyanyanzeleka kulo lonke ilizwe yaye zisoloko zibumba umlinganiselo wamalungelo abantu kwizizukulwana.
  • Imiyalelo yokukhupha ukuphelisa ucalucalulo oluqhubekayo okanye ukuyalela izenzo zokulungisa, ezifana nezicwangciso zokususa isikolo okanye ukuphinda uvotelwe.

Amatyala Aphambili

INkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigqibo ezininzi eziphawulekayo zamalungelo abantu. Ezinye zezibalulekileyo ziquka:

  • [FLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) — yazisa ucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungekho luzimeleyo, ijijela imfundiso “engafaniyo kodwa elinganayo” ye Pnetics v. Ferguson
  • [[NTL:0][FLT] i- Virginia (1967) — Imithetho yerejistamente ekwalelwe umtshato wobuhlanga obungafaniyo, iqinisekisa ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo kunye neNkqubo ka-Celas.
  • . [[1973]] — Liqonde ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko womfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa, nangona lalawulwa kakhulu [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022], ibuyisela umba kumanani.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — umtshato owenziwe wasemthethweni olinganayo nongokwasemgaqweni kulo lonke ilizwe, ubambe ukuba uHlaziyo lwe 145 lufuna ukwamkelwa kwemitshato izibini ezidibeneyo.
  • Selby County v. Ikhowunti (2013) — yasetyenziswa ukugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amagunya afunekayo kulawulo lwangaphambili lwengingqi lwevoti, ngokuphawulekayo iyenza buthathaka iVoting Rights Act. Le meko ibonisa indlela ijaji enokuthi ikhuseleke ngayo kwaye ibeke amalungelo asekuhlaleni.
  • [[NTLT:0][FLT]Bostock v. County [2020] — Waphatha eso Sihlomelo VII soMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1964 uthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye kwisazisi sesini, olona loyiso lukhulu lwe LGBTQ+ amalungelo.

Ijaji ikwanendima ebalulekileyo kwi egunyazisa ukuhlaliswa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nemithetho yemvume phakathi korhulumente namaqumrhu atyholwa ucalucalulo. Iijaji zomanyano zolawulo zolungiso lwamapolisa kwizixeko ezifana neMinneapolis neBaltimore, kwaye zijonga ukuhlahlela nokufikelela kwizikolo nakwizikhundla zikawonke-wonke.

Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo kuwo onke amasebe amathathu, amalungelo abantu eUnited States ajamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo nolucokisekayo.

  • ubuhlanga obusekelwe kwiNkqubo buyaqhubeka buchaphazela abantu abaphantsi kwimimandla enjengezindlu, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanyeka kwempilo, nomsebenzi. Ukungalingani kobutyebi, imfundo, kunye nobupolisa kusekelwe ngokunzulu kwaye kunzima ukukuphelisa.
  • Izaphulo zenqanawa kunye ne-rollbacks zenzeka xa iinguqu kukhokelo lwezobupolitika zikhokelela ekunyanzelweni komthetho woqingqo-mali owenziwe kumaziko alwela amalungelo abantu, okanye umthetho omtsha othintela ukukhuselwa. Umzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ethintela ukufikelela kokuvota, emisela ulawulo lwembali ezahlukeneyo, okanye ehlasela ukuthatha inxaxheba kolutsha kwezemidlalo kunye nonyango.
  • Ukunyanzelisa ukungalinganiyo kunqumla amazwe nemimandla kuthetha ukuba umthetho ofanayo wamalungelo abantu ungasetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kwindawo umntu ahlala kuyo. Amanye amazwe aye omeleza ukhuseleko (umz., ukuvalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kudidi okanye ukwandisa iLGBTQ+ + amalungelo), ngoxa abanye bemisele imithetho ethi abagxeki balulaza ukhuseleko lwamazwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Imiba edityanisiweyo efana nokungalinganiyo kobukrelekrele, ukukhathazwa ngekhompyutha, kunye nocalucalulo lwe-algorith xa uqeshwa okanye uboleka iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yamalungelo abantu esenokungathethi ngayo ngokupheleleyo imithetho ekhoyo. Abenzi bomthetho, abameli besebe abaphetheyo, neenkundla zisangqubana nendlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo abantu kwizobugcisa.
  • I-Gridbock kwiKhonkla yeQumrhu ikwenze kwaba nzima ukudlulisa umthetho omtsha wamalungelo abantu, njengomthetho we-John Lewis Voting Rights Agreement okanye uMthetho we-George Floyd Justice kwi-Pricial Act. Oku kwandisa umthwalo kumasebe aphetheyo nasematyaleni ukugcwalisa amacandelo okulawula/ukuphelisa/ngokunjalo ajongene neemeko.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Amalungelo Abemi

Imfundo iluncedo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu, ngokufundisa abafundi ngembali, imigaqo esemthethweni, nokulwela ukulingana, abahlohli banokuvelisa isizukulwana esikuqondayo ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abantu nendlela yokuwakhusela.

  • Ukuhlanganisa imbali yamalungelo abantu kwimigangatho yohlelo kuwo onke amabanga odidi. Oku kuquka ukufundisisa amanani angundoqo njengoMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, kunye noCesar Chavez, kunye nabaxhasi abancinci abangaziwayo kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo eyayila umthetho.
  • Ukukhupha amasebe amathathu karhulumente kunye nendima yabo ekhethekileyo kumalungelo abantu. Abafundi bangahlalutya imithombo eyintloko efana noMthetho wamalungelo abantu ngokwawo, isigwebo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye nemiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo ukubona indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo.
  • Ukuchaza imiba yamalungelo abantu yangoku . njengokufumaneka kovota, ukugweba kobuhlanga, iLGBTQ+ amalungelo, kunye namalungelo esiphene (ukudibanisa zona kwimizekelo yembali. Oku kunceda abafundi baqonde ukuba ukuzabalazela ukulingana kuyaqhubeka.
  • ukudibanisa uluntu kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba phakathi kwabafundi. Izikolo zingakhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwiimvavanyo zobuxoki, kwingqungquthela yemodeli, kwiingxoxo, nakwimisebenzi yenkonzo yoluntu ethetha ngamalungelo abantu.

Ukufundisa Iziko Lemfundo Yamalungelo Amakhaya

Ukusebenzisa iindlela eziphumelelayo kunokubenza bafunde ngakumbi abafundi baze bacinge ngokugxeka:

  • Sebenzisa imithombo engundoqo — oonobumba, iintetho, iifoto, amaxwebhu enkundla, kunye nembali yomlomo. Umzekelo, uhlola iEmampation Proclaturation okanye intetho ebhaliweyo kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo inceda abafundi baqonde iimpikiswano neemvakalelo ezisemva kweziganeko ze-operation.
  • Ukudlala kunye neemfaniso — abafundi bangalingisa ukuchotshelwa kwenkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala lamalungelo abantu, bathathe iindima zabalawuli bemithetho bethetha ngetyala, okanye benze njengamagosa esebe aphetheyo agunyazisiweyo agunyazisiweyo ngokumisa umthetho omtsha. Oku kukhuthaza uvelwano nokuqonda iimbono ezahlukeneyo.
  • izithethi ezimemayo — amagqwetha amalungelo abantu, abaxhasi boburhulumente, ababhali-mbali, okanye amagosa asekuhlaleni anokuba namava obuqu kwaye aphendule imibuzo yabafundi.
  • Imisebenzi esekelwe kwi-community — abafundi bangaphanda ngembali yamalungelo oluntu kuluntu lwabo, baqhuba iimbali zomlomo nabadala, okanye babe nenxaxheba kwiidrafti zobhaliso lovoti. Ingingqi ye-CBICO Education inika ubuncwane kunye neenkqubo ezidibanisa iklasi nokufunda ngezenzo zeli hlabathi lokwenene.

Ekugqibeleni, abafundisi- ntsapho ngokwabo bayangenelwa kuphuhliso lobugcisa kwimixholo yamalungelo abantu. Iintlangano ezinjengeyokufunda iJaji iprojekthi (ekukade kufundiswa ukunyamezelana) zinikezela ngezifundo zamahhala, ii-webinar, kunye nezixhobo zeklasi ezihambelana nemigangatho karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Ukukhuselwa nokukhuthazwa kwamalungelo abantu kuxhomekeke kwimigudu eqhubekayo, elungelelanisiweyo yamasebe amathathu karhulumente. Isebe lowiso-mthetho libhala imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo liyayinyanzelisa, kwaye isebe lezomthetho liyayitolika lize liyixhase kwaye liyixhase. Kwangaxeshanye linikela uvavanyo kwezinye ezimbini. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela akuzenzeki; ifuna abemi abaphaphileyo abaqonda amalungelo abo kunye neenkqubo ezibakhuselayo. Abafundisi-ooomasipala banembopheleleko ekhethekileyo yokulungiselela abafundi ukuthabatha loo ndima. Ngokufundisa imbali kunye nocelomngeni olukhoyo lwamalungelo oluntu, nangokubonisa indlela isebe ngalinye elinokuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bokwenene, izikolo zinokubanceda ngayo uluntu ukuba zifumane ilungelo elifanelekileyo nelilungele ukuhlala abantu. Ukulwa kwemini ngokwamalungelo entlandlo kodwa, kodwa abahlali benolwazi lwezo zonke iimbuthozo zezo zezo.