Ikhorali Yesine YoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Iyakhusela

ISihlaziyo sesine singumgaqo obalulekileyo ekungeneleni korhulumente okuzikhethele, sichaza ukuba "ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, aliyi kuphulwa." Embindini kolu khuselo luyimfuneko, inkqubo yokusebenza yenjongo elungiselelwe ukudibanisa igosa lenkundla lomthetho elinobundilele phakathi komthetho kunye nabemi. Ngaphandle kwale mfuneko, amandla okuphendla nokuthatha anokuhlala ezandleni zomphathi-mikhosi, ekhuthaza ukuxhatshazwa okufunwa ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko.

Imfuneko egunyaziswayo asilogama nje lobuchule , lilungelo elingaphantsi komGaqo-siseko eligcina ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kombuso nomntu ngamnye. Ngokunyanzela ukuba abaphathi babonise [[FLT: 0] unobangela ongenakugwetywa kumphathi ongamkelekanga phambi kokuba athathe uphengululo oluninzi, uMphengululo wesine uqinisekisa ukuba ukungenelela kwimfihlo kufanelekile, kulinganiselwe, kwaye kusemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imbali, umsebenzi, ngaphandle, kunye neengxaki zangoku ezikufutshane, linika ukuqonda okucacileyo kwendima yabo ekuthinteleni ukuphenguluka nokuxhwala okungekho mthethweni.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yemfuneko Engenakuphepheka

Imvelaphi yemfuneko efunekayo ibuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kunye nezikhalo zabathathi-nxaxheba ezichasene nemvume nezizathu zoncedo jikelele. Ezi zigunyaziso zibanzi zavumela amagosa aseBritane ukuba akhangele nayiphi na indawo ngaphandle kwesizathu esikhethekileyo, umkhwa owabangela ingqumbo kwaye ekugqibeleni wakhuthaza iMvukelo yaseMerika. UJames Otis ngokudumileyo wagxeka ukusetyenziswa koncedo njenge "sona sixhobo sikhulu samandla ayilayo, esona sokonakalisayo inkululeko yamaNgesi," isivakalisi esavakalayo ngokuyila iGqibelo leSine.

Kwimeko yophawu olubonakalayo [[FLT: 0]Entick v. Carrington (1765), Lord Camden walawula ukuba imvume jikelele yayingekho mthethweni, emisela umgaqo wokuba ukukhangela kumele kubekwe ngqo kwaye kugwetywe ngobungqina obufungelweyo. Elityala laphembelela kakhulu i-jurisprudence yase-Melika. Xa iBhili yamaLungelo yamkelwa ngo1791, uHlaziselo lwesine lufuna ngokucacileyo ukuba imvume yokuba "umsebenzi okhethekileyo uchaze indawo, abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe," ukugatya iziqinisekiso zoburhulumente bamazwe ahlala eNtshona Koloni.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo iphinda iqinisekise ngokuzinzileyo ukuba imfuneko yemvume ngumthetho ongagqibekanga. Johnson v. United States (1948), iJaji Jackson yabhala: "Ilungelo labaphathi lokuzinyanzela kwikhaya liyinkxalabo enzulu engamele isetyenziswe. Ulungiso lwesine luthintela naluphi na uphendlo ngaphandle kokuba umphathi unobangela kwaye afumane isiqinisekiso. Lomgaqo uhlala usolwamgaqo wesi-Gawula wesine.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo: Isiseko Somxhasi Ofanelekileyo

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osemthethweni omele uhlangatyezwane phambi kokuba isiqinisekiso sinikezelwe. Ikhona xa ubuninzi bemeko bunika umntu izizathu ezisengqiqweni zokukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo ukuze buphengululwe. Lo mgangatho usezantsi ungaphantsi kunobungqina obungaphaya kobusengqiqweni kodwa ophezulu kunokukrokrela nje. Icandelo lolwazi lomthetho elikwiSikolo soMthetho seCornell [ lichaza ukuba isizathu esinokwenzeka simele sisekelwe kwizibakala-/hawun-hchess-/notsches/ka-kafum, kwaye ummamkeli kufuneka azenzele isiqinisekiso.

Ukuseka unobangela olindelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungenisa uxwebhu olubhaliweyo olunoluvo ````````''' oluxhasa iinkolelo zabo. I-affidavit ingaquka ulwazi olusuka kubameli, kwiingxelo zokhangelo, iingxelo zobungqina, okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo. Phantsi Izibaneso--iwiminois v. Iisango [ [19983]], iNkuNkundleletshelo-mali yezomngeni, ivumela ijaji ukuba iqwalasele ukuthembeka okupheleleyo kolwazi kunokuba ifune isiqalelo ngasinye ukuba singqineke.

Umba ocacileyo awukhawulezi; kufuneka ubekho ngexesha isiqinisekiso sikhutshwa ngalo. Ulwazi lwestale alunakuxhasa isiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, icebiso elingaziwayo elithi urhwebo lweziyobisi lwenzeke kunyaka odlulileyo linokuba alwanele. [[FLT: 0]] Icandelo lesizwe leJaji [[FLT: 1] lixubushe indlela oluchanekileyo loxwebhu lwesizathu esinokwenzeka oluyimfuneko ngayo kubungqina obubonakalayo.

Inkqubo Yokufumana Umxhasi

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokukhangela kubandakanya inkqubo yenyathelo elilandela icetyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphatho olusemthethweni. Ngokwesiqhelo, umphathi ulungiselela i-affidavit aze ayinike ijaji okanye imaji, mhlawumbi ingumntu okanye, phantsi koMthetho 41 weFederal Procedure, esebenzisa iindlela ze-elektroniki. Ijaji ihlola i-affidavit ukufumanisa ukuba ifaka unobangela olindelekileyo. Ukuba yanelisekile, ijaji ibonakalisa isiqinisekiso, igunyazisa ukuphengululwa kwezakhiwo ezichaziweyo kunye nokuphanga.

Iziphumeleli mazinziwe ngexesha elithile . Ngokufuthi 10 ukuya kwi 14 iintsuku .ukuqinisekisa ukuba isizathu esinokwenzeka sisentsha. Umbulalo kufuneka ube nengqiqo; abaphathi-mikhosi abanako ukuqhekeza iminyango ngaphandle kokuqala ukunkqonkqoza nokuvakalisa ubukho babo ngaphandle kokuba iimeko eziziimeko eziziziingxaki zikhona. Emva kokukhangela, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bashiye ikopi yesiqinisekiso kunye noludwe lwempahla ebanjiweyo.

Imfuneko ecacileyo ibalulekile. Isiqinisekiso esichaza indawo ezakuphengululwa njenge "ndlu kaJohn Doe" ngaphandle kwedilesi sinokuba ngekho. [[FLT: 0] Groh v. Ramirez [2004], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwisiqinisekiso esingazange sichazwe izinto ezithinjwe ubuso, kwaye ukukhangela bekungasetyenziswa naphantsi kokholo olulungileyo lwabaphathi.

Ingcaphephe Engathathi Nto Iza Kulawula

Injongo engundoqo yemvume kukufaka ijaji engondilele nengacaciyo phakathi kwamapolisa nommi. [Ku- Coolidge v. New Hampshire [19971], iNkundla yagxininisa ukuba ukhuseleko lweSihlaziyo sesine alusetyenziswa ngemvume yerabha. Ijaji evumela ukuba nayiphi na ipolisa elizileyo alithanga nxaxheba. Ijaji kufuneka isebenzise ugwebo oluzimeleyo.

Oku kuhlola kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba amagosa asebenza ngomthetho, ngoxa enikezelwe, angaphenjelelwa bubunzulu bophando okanye uxinzelelo lokucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umantyi, ngaphandle kwezo ngcinezelo, unika uvavanyo lwenjongo. Njengoko iJaji Kennedy iphawulwe kwi- United States v. Leon [19984], umthetho wokususa ityala wenzelwe ukuthintela ihambo evakalala yamapolisa, kodwa iproject yendlela yokuyilo ngokwayo iyisivikelo esiphambili.

Kwezinye iindawo, kukho inkxalabo malunga "nogcino-lwazi olusemthethweni" apho abaphathi-mikhosi befuna abagwebi abanokuvuma imvume. Ukulwa oku, amazwe amaninzi afuna imvume yokugcinwa ngenkqubo yenkundla esembindini. I-American Liberties Union iphikisa ukuba uphatho olungqongqo luyimfuneko ukunqanda ukungagunyazi ukuchopha nokukhuthuza, ingakumbi kumongo logcino-lwazi lwamanani.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixa imfuneko yemvume ingumthetho jikelele, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele iindidi eziliqela apho ukukhangela nokuxhuzula kusenokuba sengqiqweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Ezi zimfutshane ezinokucaciswa kwaye kufuneka zigwetywe ngeemeko.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Ukuba umntu unika uvumo ngenkululeko ekufuneni, akukho mvume ifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka ikhululeke kwaye inganyanzelwa; ukuyekelela nje kwigunya (umz., "Yiya phambili, ndiqagela") ingangasebenzi. Urhulumente unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuba imvume yayiyinyani. Imvume yesithathu ivumelekile ukuba umntu unegunya elifanayo kwizakhiwo, njengaku United States v. Matlock[7]). Noko ke, ukuba omnye umntu uyavuma ukuba uyavuma ngenene, imvume isenokungavumelekanga phantsi .[FLD]

Imbono Ecacileyo

Amagosa asenokufumana ubungqina obucacileyo obukwimbonakalo ecacileyo ngexesha lokungena okusemthethweni, obunikezelwe ngendalo echophelayo icacile ngoko nangoko. Umzekelo, ukuba ipolisa limisa imoto ngokusemthethweni libone umpu esihlalweni, igosa lingawubamba ngaphandle kwemvume. Kodwa imfundiso ecacileyo ayikuthetheleli ukungena kwikhaya ukuze lijonge kufuphi ne-/isebenza kuphela kwizinto eziqwalaselwe kwinqaku le-desktop elisemthethweni.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko zexesha likaxakeka zingathethelela uphando olungenasizathu. Ezi ziquka ukusukela ngokushushu ifellon ebalekayo, umngcipheko wengozi ekufuphi ebantwini, okanye utshaba olukhawulezileyo lobungqina. [[FLT: 0] Kencony v. King (201], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni abaphathi bangangena kwindlu yokuhlala ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba bakholelwa ukuba ubungqina butshabalele ngaphakathi. Isitshixo sikukuba unyuso kufuneka lunyaniseke kwaye lungenziwangaveliswanga mapolisa.

Ukukhangela Ithuba Lokubanjwa

Xa umntu ebanjwa ngokusemthethweni, abaphathi-mikhosi bangaphengulula umntu othweleyo kunye nendawo ekufuphi ngaphandle kwemvume. Oku kunxaxhi, okusungulwe kulawulo olukhawulezileyo lwe- Chimel v. California [[69]] [1], kugwetyelwe ngemfuneko yokukhusela abaphathi kunye nokukhusela utshabalo lobungqina. Kodwa, umlinganiselo ulinganiselwe kummandla ophakathi kolawulo olukhawulezileyo lwe-/onke ikhaya. Arizora v. GLT[FLT:] [2009]], iNkukhangela okulinganiselweyo ukubanjwa: ukukhangela okunjalo kuyamkeleka ukuba unikezelo lwemoto okanye ukuba imoto iqulethe ubungqina bokukhangelwa.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

IVhicles iphantsi kolindelo oluncitshisiweyo lwemfihlo ngenxa yemeko yayo yenqwelo-mafutha. Phantsi komahluko wenqwelo-mafutha, amapolisa angaphendla imoto engenasiqinisekiso ukuba anesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba inento engekho mthethweni okanye ubungqina. Oku kunxaxhi, esekelwe kwi Carroll v. United States[[FLT:] [25], ivumela ukuphengululwa kwemoto yonke, kuquka iibhokisi ezivaliweyo ezinokubamba uphando.

Yima kwaye iFrisk

Phantsi Terry v.Oo (1968), abaphathi bangaqhuba indawo emfutshane yokuma kunye ne-frask ukuba banokukrokrela ngokufanelekileyo ukuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho unyangwe ngenyawo kwaye umntu usenokuba uxhotyiswe. Oku kusisi sinyithi ncam esivumela ukubekwa phantsi kwempahla ngaphandle kwezixhobo, hayi ukuphengulula ngokupheleleyo ukuze ufumane ubungqina.

Uphando Olungenamsongelo Kwixesha Lamanani

Ubugcisa bezi mini buphakamisa ucelomngeni olutsha lwemfuneko yogunyaziso. Iicell phone, ii-laptop, kunye nokugcinwa kwamafu kugcino-lwazi lobuqu oluninzi, ngokufuthi ngaphezu kokukhangela okuphathekayo kwekhaya kuya kuvela. Riley v. California [2014] [2014] [iNkundla ePhakamileyo] yabonisa ukuba amapolisa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla kwiziphumo zekhompyutha zeselfowuni efuna ukubamba. UJaji omkhulu uRoberts waphawula ukuba iicell phonelms zaleeters "zikhompumeters" ezityhila umfanekiso osondeleyo wobomi bomntu.

Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kweGPS yokufumana iGPS kudinga isiqinisekiso. kwiUnited States v. Jones (2012], iNkundla yagqiba ukuba ukudibanisa umthumeli weGPS kwisithuthi kwakhiwe uphendlo phantsi koMphetho-mva wesine kuba iphazamiso buqu kwipropati yabucala. I-Exploric Foundation [] ibikho kuphambili ekuphikisa loo buchule bembali---"ekhompyutha okanye ngokusebenzisa i-ecell-stings) ngokunjalo ifuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekile.

Ingqungquthela ingene ngokhuseleko lwemithetho. Umthetho wogcino loNxibelelwano lwe-imeyili (SCA) ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana okuqulathweyo kwi-imeyili iintsuku ezingaphantsi kwe-180 ubudala, nangona ii-imeyili kunye neerekhodi zomrhumo zinokufunyanwa nge-ethena encinci. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya, adlulise eyawo imithetho yemiqathango efuna isiqinisekiso sendawo yogcino-lwazi lweselfowuni. Utyekelo lukukwandisa isiqinisekiso sokugquma isiqinisekiso sokugquma ubungqina bemivo, ebonisa ukuvuma ukuba imfihlo kugcino-lwazi lwezeelektroniki zibaluleke njengaleyo ifumaneka kumaphephandaba nakwemiqhalo.

Umthetho Wokukhupha: Ukuphumeza Imfuneko Efanelekileyo

Umthetho wokuzikhulula ngumgaqo oyintloko wokwaphulwa koMphetho-mda wesine. Unika ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuphazanyiswa akunakwenzeka xa kuvavanywa. Lo mthetho waqale wasetyenziswa kwiinkundla zesizwe kwi v. United States [1914] kwaye wadluliselwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kwi-Mbv. Ohio [1961].]. Injongo kukunqanda ihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa nokungavumeli ingqibelelo yezomthetho ukuba ihlale ikho ngokungavumelangangqubani kwimithetho.

Noko ke, umthetho wokuzikhulula awungongaphandle. "ukholo olulungileyo" olubhaqwayo kwi United States v. Leon (19984]), ivumela ukuba kuvunywe ubungqina ukuba abaphathi baxhomekeke elukholweni olulungileyo kwisiqinisekiso esafunyanwa kamva singasebenzi ngenxa yempazamo yobuchule. Ngokufanayo, ubungqina obufunyenweyo kuphendlo olungekho mthethweni bunokuba bunokufunyanwa (ukufunyanwa okungenakuphepheka kwemfundiso) okanye ukuba kufunyaniswe ngomthombo ozimeleyo ([FLT:] umrreki.[FF:]

Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi umthetho wokuzikhulula uvumela abamangalelwa abanetyala ukuba bakhululeke ngenxa "yobuGcisa". Kodwa abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokususwa, imfuneko yesiqinisekiso iyakuba nentsingiselo. Njengokuba iJaji Clark yabhala kwi Mapp[, "Ngaphandle komthetho wobungqina ongayi kusilela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ilungelo lokuzifihla bungabonwanga ngokusemthethweni lizakuncitshiswa libe yindlela nje yamagama." Ngaphandle kokuba impikiswano eqhubekayo, umthetho wokuzikhulula uyaqhubeka uyinto efunekayo yokuqinisekisa ukuba umntu umele afumane ubungqina obungekho mthethweni.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwabo Bancedisayo

Imfuneko egunyazisayo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunemiqobo esemthethweni yokugcinwa komthetho. Ngumgaqo wezomgaqo-siseko okhusela isidima somntu ngamnye, ubuqu, nokukhululeka ekuphathweni ngurhulumente osisigxina. Ngokunyanzelisa ukuba ukuphanda kusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye kugunyaziswe yijaji engoondilele, uMmiselo wesine uqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente asetyenziswa ngokuzibamba nangokuziphendulela.

Kwihlabathi lobugcisa bokujonga iliso obusoloko bukho kunye nophando oluntsonkothileyo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imfuneko yokuvunyelwa okunamandla ingaphezulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zilungelelanisa imigaqo yeSine Soshenxiso kwizinto ezintsha, ziqinisekisa ukuba imfuneko ihlala ingumgangatho wegolide wokuphengulula ngokusemthethweni. Abami kufuneka bawazi amalungelo abo, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka bawahlonele. Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo icacisa ngokucacileyo, imfuneko ayiyomqobo kubulungisa .