I-Unimement Protection Claus of the 14th Amendment to the United States umGaqo-siseko idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni oku kungekho sikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa i-Linganisayo Isivikelo sikaClaus ngobunzulu, lichaza umongo walo ongokwembali, amatyala angundoqo eNkundla Ephakamileyo, uhlobo localulo, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo ekusebenziseni lomgaqo wesiseko womthetho.

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus: Ingongoma

I-Umencial Protection Claus, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1868 njengenxalenye yeSinyuselo se-14th, ithi: “Akukho rhulumente... oya kukhanyela nawuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Esi sivakalisi sinye sibumba umthetho waseMelika ochasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Sisebenza kuwo onke amazwe noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, efuna ukuba baphathe abantu abakwimeko ezifanayo. Igalelo lalingomnye wemithetho yokuLamla iPrompmpmpration, eyenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ababengamakhoboka kwaye ilwa nemithetho e-digrimgatarian Blacligins egames egatyiweyo kumazwe aseMazantsi.

Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo awunakuphelelanga ``inkundla''' uyavuma ukuba oorhulumente bayakwazi ukucalula abantu ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo, njengeminyaka yokuqhuba okanye yokufumana ingeniso yezibiyeli zerhafu. Noko ke, xa kukhethwa amalungelo asisiseko okanye iiklasi ezirhanelwayo ezifana nohlanga okanye unqulo, iinkundla zisebenzisa uphando oluphangaleleyo. I-Unicime Protection Claus iluncedo kakhulu kwimithetho ebangela ukwahlukana okuzenzekelayo okanye okungaqondakaliyo, ibangela utshintsho lwezentlalo esikolweni ekudibaniseni umtshato.

Kwisiqendu esipheleleyo kunye nomongo wembali we 14th Amendment, ibhekisa kwi [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute of thegial[[FLT: 1].

Imbali Ebonisa Ukhuseleko LukaClaus

ISikhuseli esilinganayo sikaClaus savela ngqo kwintlekele yeMfazwe yamakhaya kunye nomzamo wokuchaza inkululeko kumaMelika aseAfrika akhululweyo angamashumi amane ezigidi. Ngexesha le-Reconfriateon (1865-187), urhulumente wesizwe wafuna ukwakha kwakhona i-South kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba aba bangaphambili bengamakhoboka babenamalungelo apheleleyo okuba ngabemi. IiKhowudi ezimnyama, ezidluliswe ngamaSowestern compostation ngowe-1865 kunye no1866, amalungelo abantu abamnyama abekelwe umda wamalungelo okuba nezinto zabo, angene kwizivumelwano, aze ahambe ngokukhululekile. Ekuphenduleni kwayo, iBhunga i-Candelo lwamalungelo oMdabini lwango-18666 kunye noMgaqo-o-Gadeli ka-Genearcel, eyayiquka i-Active Devidential Proced proced , njengesiqinisekiso somgaqo-mGracrative nxamnye ne-o-omzwezwelo-o-om

Ngaphandle kweli dinga, icandelo lachazwa kancinci yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. ICases-Ndluers [1896], iNkundla yalinganisela umlinganiselo wenqanaba lenqanaba kuphela kumalungelo akhethekileyo kubahlali besizwe, ngokunempumelelo ukugalela ukufikelela kwayo. [[FLT:] Plesby v. Ferguson [1896] [FLT] , iNkuhlolo ixhase ukuhlangana kweentlanga phantsi “ko kodwa imfundiso elinganayo, ilawula ukuba uKhuselo olulinganayo lwesizwe alwahlulanga uClausleaste nolu lwalunganqanda ucaluko oluthe ngokulinganayo. Esi sigqibo sesigqibo sokuzinziswa kwezizwe ngeendawo sesizwe njengoko izakhiwo zalinganayo. Esi sigqibo semithetho yemithetho ye-Cinfranting, i-Aftinfrients.

Kwakungade kube phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngexesha lombutho wamalungelo abantu, apho uKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus lwaqalisa ukunyanzeliswa ngamandla. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) isigqibo salahlwayo kwiPlessy, kwaye amatyala alandelayo andisa isivakalisi sokukhusela ucalulo lobufana, ucalucalulo olukhubazekileyo, kunye nocalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini. Imbali yale ngxelo ibonisa ukuphambuka okunamandla okusuka kumbono omncinane, wobuhlanga kwicala elibanzi lokulingana.

Ukuze ufumane ixesha eliziinkcukacha lohlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-ziphengululo kunye notoliko lwangaphambili, bona Ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

ISibonelelo esilinganayo sikaClaus siye saba sisiseko sezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo eMalarika ezibalulekileyo kwimbali. Ityala ngalinye linceda ekuchazeni imida yokulingana nemigaqo esetyenziswa ziinkundla ukuvavanya imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxelo yoKhuselo olulinganayo edumileyo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yavakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalungalingani ngokwemvelo. INkundla, ikhokelwa yiNkundla yeJaji enguEarl Warren, yarhoxa ngamacala onke “ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” imfundiso evela kuPlesty v. Ferguson. Uluvo lwathi “amaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo awalingani ncam ngokwemvelo,” ngenxa yokuba i-oklottelo olu phawu lokungaphantsi kubantwana abamnyama oluchaphazele intshukumisa intshukumisa yabo. Esi sigqibo asingosodwa nje sikolo esisuk'isingeso side side sikolo side sisebenze njengesixhobo sokulungisa amalungelo aphezulu.

Virginia (1967) enothando

e- Virginia v. Virginia, iNkundla yawisa imithetho karhulumente ekwalekwa umtshato wobuhlanga. Ityala lalibandakanya uRichard Lover (ilungu) noMildred Jeter (ibhinqa eliMnyama neloMdabu laseMerika), abamangalelwa eVirginia ngokutshata ngaphandle kwesizwe. INkundla yathi imithetho enjalo echasene nomthetho wobuhlanga yaphula zombini uKhuselo lweSikhuseli sikaClauseste kunye ne-Umthetho we-Bact Classias Claus. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba umtshato unelungelo elingundoqo noluhlanga kufuneka luthotyelwe ngokunzima, ukuphelisa ngokunempumelelo imiqathango yomtshato esekelwe kuhlanga kulo lonke ilizwe lonke.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Eli tyala laphawula okokuqala iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa iQumrhu Elilinganisiweyo uKhuselo lukaClaus ukubetha umthetho osekelwe kucalucalulo lwezini. Reed v. Reed ibandakanya umthetho weIdaho owenzela ootata ukuba bakhethe oomama xa benika umgangatho womntwana ofileyo. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba ucalucalulo oluno olunekhethekileyo olusekelwe kwilungu lomzimba lungalulo olulinganayo, imisela ukuba izahlulo ezisekelwe kwisondo zimele zincede inzala ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Oku kwakha indlela yokulingana kwesini.

United States v. Windsor (2013) & Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

La matyala mabini aguqula umgaqo-siseko we LGBTQ+ amalungelo. United States v. Windsor, iNkundla yabetha iCandelo 3 lokhuselo lomtshato (DOMA), eyachaza umtshato njengophakathi komntu omnye nendoda enye nebhinqa elinye ngokweenjongo zikarhulumente. Inkundla yathi iDOMA yalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celaus ngokudala amaqela ahlukeneyo ezibini ezitshatileyo ngaphandle kwenjongo esemthethweni. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, [[FLT: 2]] Obergewebb v. Hods, iNkundla yathiwa ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo-ex zinokuyila kulungele ukutshata phantsi kweNkqubo ekwahlukeneyo kunye nokuzinzileyo. Ezi zigqityeniswayo ezizigwebo ezi zezomthetho zezokuziphatha ngokwesini.

Olunye Umzekelo Ongenakuphawulwa

  • Bush v. Gore (2000). Ngelixesha kuqhushululu, eli tyala lisebenzise iCommunity Protection Clause ukunqanda ingxelo yonyulo lomongameli we Florida kunyulo lwama 2000, ibhekisa kwimigangatho etshintshatshintshayo yokubala ivoti.
  • I-Grillinger v. Bollinger (2003): INkundla yaxhasa isenzo sokuvuma kwizifundo zomthetho ezivunywayo, ibambe ukuba iqumrhu labafundi ezahlukahlukeneyo lingumdla wombuso onyanzelisayo kwaye imigaqo yokuvuma ugqatso ingasinda kuphando olungqongqo ukuba ilungiselelwe ngokucuthayo.
  • Fisher v. University of Texas (2016]: Yaqinisekisa isakhiwo seGraute kodwa kwafuneka iinkundla zisebenzise uphando olungqongqo kumaqhinga ohlanga, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zizona zingqongqo ezincinci ukufikelela kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.

Kwimeko ufihlo kunye neembono, ndwendwela iprojekti [[FLT: 0] Oyez[[FLT: 1]].

Iintlobo zocalulo ezithethwa nguMkhuseli olinganayo kaClaus

I-Acimity Protection Claus isebenza kuludwe olubanzi lwezenzo zocalulo, kodwa umgangatho wokuhlola ityala uyahluka ngokusekelwe kulwahlulo olubandakanyekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise icandelo elinemiqolo: uhlalutyo olungqongqo kwiiklasi ezirhanelwayo (uhlobo, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo), uhlalutyo oluphakathi kwiiklasi ze-quasi-spects (udidi, igunya), kunye nokuhlola ngokuqiqa zonke ezinye izigaba (indawo, ukukhubazeka, ubume bezoqoqosho).

Ucalucalulo Lobuhlanga

Ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kuxhomekeke ekuhlolweni ngokungqongqo, kumgangatho ophakamileyo. Urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ukuba umthetho okanye inkqubo isebenza kumdla wombuso onyanzelisayo kwaye ilungiselelwe ngokufutshane ukufikelela loo mdla. Lo mlinganiselo wenza kube nzima kakhulu ukugcina imithetho esekelwe kuhlanga. Iimeko ezingundoqo ziquka iBrown v. Board of Education (Umtshato wemfundo) kunye noLongmover v. Virginia (umtshato wengingqi). Iinkqubo eziqinileyo zikwajongene nohlolo olungqongqo, njengoko kujongwa kwiGritha neFishe, kodwa zinokusinda xa zihlangabezana nemfuneko enciphileyo yokuthunga.

Ucalucalulo

Ulwahlulo olusekelwe kwi Gender luvavanywa phantsi kohlolo oluphakathi, olufuna urhulumente ukubonisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kolwahlulo kusebenza inzala ebalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye kunxulumene kakhulu nokufikelela loo mdla. Lo mgangatho wasekwa kwi Craig v. Boren (1979[[FL:1]]. Imizekelo iquka [ United States] v. Virginia (1996) [19696] [FLT], eyabetha phantsi kwe-inkqubo yokwamkelelwa kobudodaba lwamadoda kuphela, kunye [[FLT] v. [FLT:]. [[FLT]

Ucalucalulo Olungenakufikeleleka

I-Unimeal Protection Claus ikhusela abantu ngesiphene, kodwa iinkundla zisebenzisa isiseko esisengqiqweni sokuhlola ngaphandle kokuba ukwahlulwa kolwahlulwa kubandakanya ilungelo elisisiseko. Noko ke, imimiselo karhulumente efana namaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) ka-1990 inika ukhuseleko olubanzi kunezomGaqo-siseko kuphela. Ityala elingundoqo lingu Down of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)[FLT], apho iNkundla yabetha umthetho okhupha iqela labantu abakhubazekile, iphethe imigaqo efuna ukuhlolwa kweziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo xa ibonisa ikhethelo olungenasihlahla.

Ucalucalulo Lobudala

Ulwahlulo lweminyaka lufumana kuphela uhlolo lwesiseko esinengqondo, olona mgangatho ubekelweyo. kumassuetts Board of defusion v. Murgia (1976], iNkundla ixhasa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala phantsi efunekayo yama-50 kumagosa amapolisa, iyifumana inxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nokuzigcina umzimba uphilile. Noko ke, ukhuseleko lwezomthetho olufana noMmandla we-Drandmentment in Act (AEA) lunika iimpendulo ezinamandla emsebenzini, nangona lungagubululi zonke iimkhethelo ezisekelwe kubudala obudala.

Ezinye Iintlobo: Imvelaphi Yesizwe, Unqulo, Nolwalamano Lwesini

Imvelaphi yesizwe kunye nonqulo ziphathwa njengezikrokrelekileyo, zijongene nolwahluko, ezifana nolwabantu. Imbonakalo yesini, ilandela i-Obergefell v. Hodges kunye [[FLT:] .Evans (1969)] , ngoku ithathwa njenge-quasi-spect, nangona iNkundla ingamiselanga umgangatho. [[FLT:]] I-Rhomar[FLT:][5] i-antectedbar [96] i-active-divstions ze-liventings ze-ifreans zokhuselo. I-GBT+ abantu abasebenzisa ukubukeza izicwangciso-zimfaza-mfanzi.[FT]

Indima Karhulumente Neenkundla

Urhulumente (], othintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, indawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, ngokuphawulekayo i-] iSivumelwano samalungelo eencwadi , elwalela ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwimisebenzi, indawo yokungenisa iziqesho, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswe ngurhulumente. iSivumelo samalungelo oMthethwe ngo-196562 kunye noMthetho [FLT:] Fairpareaute [[FLD]]]

Iinkundla zingowona baxhasi abaphambili be-Uncil Protection. Zigqiba ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho wokuhlola osetyenziswayo nokuba umthetho oceliweyo udibana nalo mgangatho. Isiseko soludwe lovavanyo ````ubucala,' sinzima phakathi, sinobugocigoci. Uhlalutyo olungqongqo luthi “luchane ingcamango, kodwa luyingozi ngokwenene” (ibinzana elisuka kwiJaji Thurfault Marshall), nangona ngaphandle kokuthanda ukuvuma. Uphengululo lwe-mediate lungaqinangaqinanga, kwaye uhlalutyo oluqikelelo oluqikelelekileyo lungagoso oluphezulu, luphakamisa imithetho logama nje kukho umdla ofanelekileyo.

Uxanduva lobungqina luyatshintsha kuxhomekeka kulwahlulo. Kumaqela arhanelwayo, urhulumente kufuneka athethelele ucalucalulo. Kwabanye, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho awunasiseko esifanelekileyo. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba ezona ndlela zocalulo zinzima zifumana uvavanyo olunzima lwezobulungisa, ngoxa imimiselo eqhelekileyo yezoqoqosho ishiyelwe kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ukucatshulwa komgangatho wophando lwejaji, bona IkomGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ephawulekayo, i-Aumencial Protection Claus ihlala ikwindawo ephambili yeengxoxo ezishushu zomthetho nezezobupolitika.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nezenzo Zobupolitika Bohlanga

Ikamva lokwamkela inyathelo kwimfundo ephezulu aliqiniseki. Emva Fusher v. IYunivesithi yaseTexas, iNkundla ixhasa ukuvunywa kohlanga ngokungekho mthethweni kodwa ifuna uhlalutyo olungqongqo. Ngo-2023, iNkundla yenza isigqibo Izigqibo ze Fair Adgicts v. IYunivesithi yasemntla Carolina , enokuthi ithintele okanye isuse inyathelo lokubhaqanda okanye ukuvala ukunyazisa. Abagxekwa baphikisa ukuba imigaqo-bala iyayichasa iSikhuseli esilinganayo sokhuseleko sikaClaus ngokwahlukileyo ngokohlanga, ngoxa abaxhasi befuna ukunyanga imbali nokwahlukene.

Ukuncoma Amalungelo Nokungavisisani Kobuhlanga

UKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus lusoloko lucelwa ukuba lucelw'ucelomngeni kwimithetho ye-ID evotiweyo, isithili esihlaziyiweyo sobuhlanga, nemiqathango ekuvotelweni kwasekuqaleni. Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)], iNkundla yabetha ilungiselelo elingundoqo le-Voting Rights Act, ithoba ulawulo lwamagunya karhulumente. Ukususela ngoko, amaziko amaninzi adlulise imithetho echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka ziva iinjongo ezilinganayo zokhuseleko, kodwa iziphumo ziyahluka ngokweenjongo yomthetho okanye isiphumo.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Ngoxa ukulingana komtshato kugqityiwe, eminye imibandela isaseleyo. Ii-United States ziye zamisela imithetho ethintela ukufikelela kwabantu kwizindlu zangasese, inxaxheba kwezemidlalo, kunye nokunyamekela impilo. Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) zikholelwa ukuba iSihlomelo VII silwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo ye-yobufana okanye ebufanasini, kodwa sixhomekeke kwinkcazelo esesikweni, hayi kwi-Actal Protection Clauslee. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zahlulele ukuba ingalungelani ucalucalucalucaluca ngokuchasene no-transgender, kwaye iNkundla ePhaka .

Ucalucalulo Olukhoyo

IBlack Lives Matter ibalaselise ukwahluka kwenkqubo kwimithetho yamapolisa, kwizaphuli-mthetho, kunye nokubanjwa. Intengo yoKhuselo olulinganayo kumasebe amapolisa ukwenzela imisebenzi ekhethe ngokobuhlanga ijongene nemiqobo ephezulu kuba abalawuli-mthetho kufuneka babonise ucalucalulo ngeliqumrhu, hayi nje iziphumo zokwahlula (njengoko kumiselwe Shyington v. Davis (1976)[FL:1].

Ucalucalulo lwezentlalo

Ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kuka-Claus akukukhuseli ukuhlelwa kobuhlwempu njengokukrokreleka. San Antonio Independent School School v. Rodriguez (1973], iNkundla yathi ukungalingani kobutyebi kwimali yesikolo akuyaphulanga mithetho yomthetho, ekubeni imfundo ingeyiyo esisiseko phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Oku kushiya uthelekiso lwezentlalo-ntle ubukhulu becala ngaphandle komgangatho wokhuseleko, umlinganiselo oqhubeka uvelisa ukugxekwa.

Isiphelo

I-Acticom Protection Claus isixhobo esiphilayo esiye sandisa intsingiselo yokulingana eMelika. Ukusukela ekugqibeni ukwahlukana okusemthethweni nokukhusela amalungelo omtshato kwizibini ezingokwasemgangeni omnye, iye yaba ngamandla amakhulu okulawula okusesikweni. Noko ke, ukukwazi kwayo akufezeki ngokupheleleyo. Ukulwa ngokugqitha inyathelo lokuvuma, lokuvota, amalungelo okukhusela, kunye nobuhlanga obusemthethweni bubonisa ukuba ibinzana lihlala lingumthombo okhuphiswayo kumzabalazo wokulingana. Ukuqonda imbali yalo, imiba yembali, kunye nokucaciswa kwayo kubalulekile kuye nabani ofuna ukungenela amalungelo oluntu.

Njengoko ibutho litshintsha, i-Unime Protection Claus iya kuchazwa kwakhona ize isetyenziswe kwimo-mongo entsha. Ilifa layo alimiselwanga kodwa lixhomekeke ekulumkeni kwabemi, abameli, neenkundla ezizinikele kwingqino yokuba akukho rhulumente oza kumkhanyela nabani na ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nakuwonke wonke, ukufundisisa le ngxelo kunika iwindow kwimpumelelo nomsebenzi ongagqitywangawedemokhrasi waseMelika.

Kwimeko zangoku kunye nohlalutyo lomthetho kwimiba yoKhuselo olulinganayo, jonga iMelika yeSikhululo saBami Umanyano lwe-.