Isiseko senkululeko yezeejaji kwiRiphabliki yoMgaqo-siseko

Umgaqo wokuzimela geqe umi njengenye yezona ntsika zibalulekileyo zorhulumente olungelelanisiweyo. Yinkqubo apho iinkundla zinokukhupha iimpikiswano, zitolike imithetho, ziphinde zihlole izenzo zamasebe aphetheyo nalawulayo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, intsebenziswano, okanye ukungenelela. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ezimeleyo, umthetho uba lidinga elingenanjongo, yaye amalungelo ashiyeka ebuthathaka kwiingcinga zeemfuno ezinkulu zezobupolitika okanye iinkcubeko ezinamandla. Ikomiti yezahluleli-mthetho ezizimeleyo azithethi ukuba abagwebi abameleli ababhaduli; kunoko, ithetha ukuba izigqibo zabo zikhokelwa ngokupheleleyo ngumthetho, umgaqo-siseko, nezibakalaniso, hayi ngeengcinezelo zezopolitiki okanye izilangazelelo zobuqu.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isiseko sengcamango yokuzimela geqe, indaleko yalo, iindlela zokuyixhasa, izisongelo ezizingisileyo ezijamelene nazo, nendima esisiseko ephunyezwayo ekulondolozeni inkululeko, ukulingana nokuziphendulela kukarhulumente.

Ingxaki Ekhoyo: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nomthetho

Ingcamango yokuzimela geqe isekelwe ngokunzulu kwimfundiso yokwahlula amagunya, eyaziwa kakhulu nguMontesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. Umoya woMthetho . UMontesquieu ungqinelana ukuba ukuthintela ubuzwilakhe, umthetho wolawulo, impatho-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo karhulumente kufuneka igcinwe yahlukile. Ijudiary, ekubeni lisebe elibuthathaka kakhulu, lifuna ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo ukuxhathisa amasebe anamandla kakhulu ezobupolitika. Oku kwahlukana kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uthile onokwenza, onyanzelela, onegunya, notolika umthetho ngokungekho mdlalwa.

Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo ngumgaqo womthetho, othi bonke abantu, amaziko, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo, `kuquka urhulumente ngokwakhe] bamele baphendule kwimithetho ebhengezwa ekuhleni, enyanzeliswe ngokulinganayo, kwaye ekhutshwe ngokwayo. Ijudicaria enokuthi inyanzelwe okanye isuswe ngumphathi omkhulu ayinakuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uza kusetyenziswa rhoqo. Endaweni yoko, uba sisixhobo sabo basemagunyeni. Njengomphengululi osemthethweni uTomGintsburg ubhale [[, amandla okuzimela ngokwezilawula azimelangameleyo asisibonelelo singumqondiso omeleleyo wozinzo lwelizwe olude lwede lwedemokhrasi kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Inkululeko yejaji ngokuchasene

Enye yeengxoxo ezicacileyo kulwakhiwo lomgaqo-siseko lulungelelwano phakathi kokuzimela geqe nokuziphendulela. Ngoxa abagwebi kufuneka bakhululeke kwimpembelelo engafanelekanga, abanakukwazi ukuthelekelela ngokupheleleyo. Ijaji ekhuselwe kuyo nayiphi na ingqwalasela ingaba yeyamathandabuzo okanye yonakeleyo. Ucelomngeni lukukwenza iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawulezileyo, ezifana neenkqubo zoqeqesho olusekelwe kwimigaqo, ukumiselwa okufanelekileyo, kunye nemigaqo yemithetho esesikweni engakuthobeli phantsi kwesigqibo.

Indaleko: Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo

Umzabalazo wokufumana inkululeko esesikweni unembali ende neyimbali ehlab ’ emxholweni, ephawulwa ziziganeko eziphawulekayo ezayila iinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho.

IMagna Carta (1215)

UMagna Carta udla ngokucatshulwa njengesiseko somthetho, waqinisekisa ukuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho. UClaus 39 wavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu ukhululekileyo onokuthi avalelwe entolongweni okanye ahluthwe amalungelo akhe "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." Lo mgaqo wabeka isiseko sokungacaluli ngokungakhethi, nangona kwakuya kuthabatha iinkulungwane ukuze kuphume inkululeko yokwenene.

Isenzo Sozinziso (1701) eNgilani

Esi senzo sasiyindawo yokuguqula. Saqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi babenokuphatha isikhundla ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, kunokuba basebenze ngokuyolisa ukumkani, nokuba imivuzo yabo imiswe ngumthetho. Le miqathango yayithetha ukuba ijaji ayinakushenxiswa ngenxa nje yokukhupha isigqibo iBhunga elalingathandi. ISimiselo soMmiselo saba ngumzekelo womgaqo-siseko wamva, kuquka neso saseUnited States.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Eli tyala libalulekileyo leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. limisele amandla okuhlola isigwebo,(-) igunya leenkundla lokuwisa imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall yagomela ukuba "kugxininisa iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lezomthetho ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko." Ngaphandle kwejaji elizimeleyo, eli gunya belingayi kuba nantsingiselo. Isigqibo ngokwaso sasiyintshukumo yezopolitiko ebalaseleyo, simisela igunya lokugweba ngaphandle kokulicel ’ umngeni isebe eliphetheyo ngendlela enokuthi ibangele imbambano.

INuremberg Ames (1945-1946)

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lwayivuma imfuneko yeenkundla ezizimeleyo ukuba kwanamagosa aphezulu karhulumente abeke ityala lezenzo zenkohlakalo. Amatyala aseNuremberg avunyiweyo athi abantu banokumangalelwa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu, kwanokuba ezo zenzo zigunyaziswe ngumthetho wekhaya. Oku kwaqinisa ingcamango yokuba ityala maligwetywe ziinkundla ezingakhethi cawa [, kungekhona yinkundla yezobupolitika enyanisekileyo kurhulumente.

Umatshini Okhusela Inkululeko Yogwebo

Ukusebenza kakuhle, ijaji kufuneka ikhuselwe kwimpembelelo yangaphandle ngezixhobo zokwakha nezokukhusela indalo. Ezi nkqubo ziyahluka kwiinkqubo zomthetho kodwa zinosukelo olunye.

Ukhuseleko

Abagwebi kufuneka bakwazi ukukhonza ngaphandle koloyiko lokugxothwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Inkoliso yedemokhrasi ehambele phambili inika abagwebi ubomi okanye imigaqo emiselwe ixesha elide, esusiweyo kuphela ngenxa yehambo enzulu enzulu ngenkqubo engqongqo. Oku kukhusela abagwebi ekubeni bohlwaywe ngenxa yemithetho engathandwayo.

Inkululeko Yemali

Ijaji ezimeleyo ifuna inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo nezinzileyo. Ukuba isebe eliphetheyo okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho inganciphisa uqingqo-mali lwenkundla ekuziphindezeleni kwizigqibo ezingafanelekanga, oko kuluhlobo lwengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Imimiselo emininzi inikela ngemivuzo egweba engenakuncitshiswa ngexesha lejaji, kunye noqingqo-mali lwenkundla olumiselwe yijaji ngokwayo okanye olukhuselwe ngumthetho.

ISigqibo esisekelwe kuMvuzo kunye noKhuthazo

Inkqubo yokukhetha abagwebi kufuneka igxininise iimfaneleko, amava, kunye nokuthembeka kunokunyaniseka kwezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zahluka-hlukeneyo (kusuka kwimodeli yomongameli kunye neNdlu yeeNgwevu ezisetyenziswa kumabhunga alawulayo kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu) kodwa usukelo luyafana: ukukhetha abo baza kusebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi. Imigaqo ecacileyo kunye noncedo olungeyoyayo olusuka kwi-palital.

I-Autonomy yolawulo

Iinkundla kufuneka zibe negunya kwizikhululo zazo, kwizabelo zamatyala, nakulawulo lwangaphakathi. Kwamanye amazwe, ibhunga eligwebayo okanye inkundla eyintloko ilawula imisebenzi yenkundla, ikhusela abagwebi ekuphazanyisweni lisebe eliphetheyo kwizigqibo eziphathelele amatyala aviweyo okanye indlela ecwangcisiweyo.

Imithetho ecacileyo kunye nemizimba edidayo

Ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwenkululeko, abagwebi banyanzelwa yimigaqo engqongqo yokuziphatha. Amaqumrhu emfundo enziwe ngabagwebi abangoorhulumente nangamalungu angaphandle maxa wambi aphengulula izityholo zokucalula, urhwaphilizo, okanye ukuziphatha okubi.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yogwebo Namhlanje

Phezu kwako nje ukuqondwa ngokubanzi kokubaluleka kwayo, inkululeko yokugweba ijamelana nezisongelo ezingapheliyo nezingapheliyo ehlabathini lonke.

Ukudibana Kwezobupolitika Nokupakishwa Kwenkundla

Abezobupolitika bangazama ukuphembelela izigqibo zomgwebo ngokumisela abalawuli abanyanisekileyo, besongela abagwebi abachasayo, okanye bebeka inkundla echaphazelekayo. Igalelo "lokupakisha" libhekisela kwimigudu yokwandisa inani lezihlalo kwinkundla ukuphelisa impembelelo yabagwebi abakhoyo nokulifumba namahlakani. Eli qhinga liye lasetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka nenzame zakutshanje ePoland naseUnited States.

Ingcinezelo Yoqingqo-mali

Kwanalapho imivuzo yokugweba ikhuselwe khona, ukuthotywa kwemali kunokubangela ukuba ityala lingasebenzi. Ukunganele kukhokelela kwityala elikhulu, kwizinto ezingezizo, nakumgangatho ophantsi. Xa umphathi ophetheyo enokuthi alambe iinkundla zemali, ngokunempumelelo kuthintela amandla abo okuhlola igunya likarhulumente.

Iimbono Zabantu Neentlaselo Zemithombo Yezindaba

ABagwebi basoloko bejoliswe kuphando olunzulu nokugxekwa, ingakumbi kwiimeko eziphezulu. Ngelixesha amagqabaza kawonke-wonke esemthethweni kwidemokhrasi, amaphulo alungelelanisiweyo ukugxeka abagwebi ``abasebenzi' okanye "abangacaciswanga"" banokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwaye babangele imozulu apho abagwebi boyiki izigqibo ezingathandwayo.

Uloyiko Nogonyamelo

Kumazwe amaninzi, abagwebi bajoliswe kwizinto ezisongela ukukhuseleka, kodwa iijaji zimele zilawule amatyala abandakanya ulwaphulo - mthetho, ubugrogrisi okanye ukunganyaniseki kwezobupolitika, ziyingozi enkulu. Iinkonzo zokukhusela nokunikela ubungqina zibalulekile kodwa azisoloko zanele.

Iinkundla Zezizwe Ngezizwe Ezingathanga Mda

Ukutsalwa kwamalungu, ukusongelwa kwesigwebo nokungasebenzisani zizixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuthomalalisa ityala lolwaphulo - mthetho lwemfazwe nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Uphando lwetyala lothelekiso

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo asingatha ngayo ukuzimela geqe kutyhila impumelelo namabali alumkisayo.

I-United States

Ijudiary karhulumente wase-U.S. ingumnye wezona ndawo zizimeleyo ehlabathini, unobomi kunye nokhuseleko lomvuzo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iMelika, ekubetheni phantsi kocalulo lohlanga Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [ukuxhasa amalungelo okuzala [[FLT:] [FLT]] [2] [2]] idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni i-Rosev. [[[FLT]] [1273]]) kwaye kamva iyabhukuqa [ngee-Dobbs's. Umbutho wamabhinqa wezonyango [202]. Ngoko ke, ulwandolo lwendlela yokwandiswano olulungelelaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwenkundla yezomthetho.

I-Jamani

Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko weJamani inandipha inkululeko eqinileyo kunye nokuthembana kukawonke-wonke. Amatyala ayo anyulwa ngamagunya amakhulu epalamente, asebenzisa amagama angahlaziyiyo eminyaka eli-12. Inkundla inamagunya amakhulu okuhlola umGaqo-siseko kwaye isoloko ikhusela amalungelo abantu kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Le nkqubo iquka ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kweenkundla eziqhelekileyo nezingokomgaqo-siseko, ukucutha ukungqubana okungadala ingxwano yezobupolitika.

I-Poland

I-Poland inikela umzekelo onzima wokuguquka kwedemokhrasi ngokuhlaselwa kwenkululeko yokugweba. Ukususela ngo-2015, iqela elilawulayo liye laqhubela phambili ngemithetho evumela urhulumente ukuba alawule ukutyunjwa nokuqeqeshwa kwabagwebi. I-European Union iye yawagweba ngokuphindaphindiweyo lawagweba laza layigcina imali, kodwa imeko ihlala ibuthathaka. Ityala lasePoland libonisa ukuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olusemthethweni alwanele ukuba ezopolitiko zithanda ukupheliswa kwaye zixhaswa nguwonke-wonke ukuba umthetho uyaphela.

UMzantsi Afrika

Inkundla yomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika ibisibekele isohlwayo sethemba, ikhupha imithetho ephawulayo kumalungelo entlalo-ntle, ukulingana, kunye nokuphendula korhulumente. Abagwebi bayo bamiselwa ngenkqubo ecacileyo ebandakanya ikhomishini yenkonzo yowiso-mthetho. Inkundla ixhase ukuzimela kwayo kwanaxa ilawula ngokuchasene namanani anamandla ezobupolitika. Noko ke, ijongene nocelomngeni olusuka ekusweleni koovimba kunye noxinzelelwano lwezopolitiko.

Iingenelo Zokuba Ngumvumi Ozimeleyo

Ijaji ezimeleyo ayipheleli ngokwayo; isebenza usukelo olubanzi lokusesikweni, inkululeko nozinzo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Iinkundla zingumgca wokugqibela wokuzikhusela kubantu abamalungelo abo asongelwa ngurhulumente okanye ngabadlali abanamandla babucala.

Ukukhangela kwigunya elinolawulo nomthetho

Ngaphandle kwejaji ekwaziyo ukuthi hayi, amanye amasebe karhulumente angenza into ngaphandle kokohlwaywa. Uhlolo lwezekomiti luqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nezenzo ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko, zithintele ukuqhatha nokugcina ulungelelwano lwamandla.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nokuveliswa kwemali yamazwe angaphandle

Kuqikelelwa, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho othengiselwayo namalungelo empahla kuyimfuneko kwizoqoqosho. Abatyali-mali behlabathi lonke basengozini yokutyala kumazwe apho baziyo ukuba iingxabano ziza kuconjululwa kakuhle ziinkundla ezizimeleyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba umthetho onamandla we-GDP uqukane ne-GDP ephezulu +.

Intembelo Kawonke - wonke Noxolo Loluntu

Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba iinkundla zisesikweni, badla ngokwamkela iziphumo ezingafanelekanga baze bacombulule iimpikiswano ngemijelo esemthethweni kunokuba babe nogonyamelo okanye ukunganyaniseki. Oku kusemthethweni kubalulekile ekumanyaneni kwentlalo, ingakumbi kwibutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye emva kokuba befumene imvume.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Amancinane

Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zinokuba ngamagunya agqithiseleyo. Zikhusela amaqela angathandwayo ekucalucalulweni kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo awo omgaqo-siseko ayahlonelwa. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile kulawulo-siseko apho amagosa anyuliweyo anokuxhasa ikhethe elininzi.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yogwebo: Utshintsho Olunokuphunyezwa

Ukukhusela nokukhulisa inkululeko yokugweba kufuna ukuphaphama nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwemibutho.

Ikhuselwe kwaye Ibonakale

Ijaji kufuneka ibe nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwayo, olunqunyulwe yinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko okanye ibhunga eligwebayo, lingaphantsi kwenkcaso yezopolitiko yonyaka ngamnye. Imali kufuneka yabelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abaneleyo, ubugcisa, kunye nokhuseleko lwendlu yenkundla.

Izigwebo Zokulungisa

Iinkqubo zokhetho kufuneka ziqale zibaluleke kwaye zinciphise impembelelo yabaququzeleli. Iindlela ezinokukhethwa ziquka iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo ezinomelo olubanzi, iimfuno eziphezulu zoqinisekiso, namagama angatshayelwanga ukukhusela iijaji ekufuneni intembeko yokuphinda iqaliswe.

Ukukhuthaza Imfundo Nemilinganiselo Yomthetho

Abagwebi kufuneka baqhubeke beqeqeshwa ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ngokungakhethi buso, nangokulawula iingcinezelo zangaphandle. Imigaqo ecacileyo yehambo nenkqubo yoqeqesho eyomeleleyo kodwa elungileyo inceda ukugcina ingqibelelo ngaphandle kokufumana inkululeko egqithisileyo.

Imfundo Kawonkewonke Nembopheleleko Yamajelo eendaba

Abemi kufuneka baqonde isizathu sokuba imicimbi yokuzimela geqe ifanele igubungele indima yeenkundla kwidemokhrasi. Amajelo eendaba afanele anikele ingxelo ngokuchanekileyo ngezigqibo zenkundla kwaye aphephe ukuthathela ingqalelo okuthob

Intsebenziswano Nengcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhunga laseYurophu, kunye ne-African Union angenza indima ngokugada uzimele-mthetho nokusebenzisa ingcinezelo yezobuzwe okanye yezoqoqosho koorhulumente abahlasela iinkundla zabo. IKhomishoni yezizwe ngezizwe yooVimba inikela izikhokelo kunye nezobugqwirha.

Isiphelo: Igalelo Eliqhelekileyo

Uzimele-mthethweni asiyonto iphunyezwe ngokusisigxina kodwa yimeko emandla ekufuneka ikhuselwe kwaye ikhuselwe kuzo zonke izizukulwana. Ngumphathi okhusela umyalelo womgaqo-siseko, ummeli oqinisekisa ukuba umdlalo wezobupolitika udlalwa ngemithetho, nekhaka elikhusela ababuthathaka kwabanamandla. Ngaphandle kwayo, owona mgaqo-siseko ucetyisiweyo umele ungabikho, kwaye isithembiso sokusesikweni siba yinkqayitha.

Imigaqo-nkqubo exabisa inkululeko, ukulingana, nomthetho kufuneka ifake imali kwisiseko nenkcubeko exhasa icandelo elizimeleyo. Oku akuthethi nje ukumisela ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kuphela kodwa kukwathetha nokukhuthaza impucuko yezobupolitika ehlonela izigqibo zomthetho, kwanaxa ziphikisana. Impilo yedemokhrasi isenokulinganiswa ngamandla eenkundla zayo kwaye ngokuvuma kwabantu bayo ukuzikhusela.