Ukwazisa: Ubuhlobo Bemali Behlabathi Lonke Beveliswa Yimali EOstreliya

I-Australian Treasurer isebenza njengombutho ongundoqo ojongene nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lweBhanki yophuhliso lwesizwe. Ngokusebenza ngokufutshane nale mizi yezorhwebo, i-Ostreliya inceda ukuqhuba inkqubela yezoqoqosho yehlabathi lonke, inegalelo ekuphuhliseni kwemimandla yengingqi, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-Australia iboniswe kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela i-Ossel Bank Bank ebandakanya ngayo i-IF, isizathu sokuba imicimbi yemali isebenze, neziphumo zayo ze-Ostreliya zinceda ukuqhuba inkqubela-mali yehlabathi lonke, kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zelizwe zibonwa kulawulo lwezoqoqosho.

Ukuganana asikokungaphumi nje. I-Australia lilungu lesiseko se-Breton Woods yaye igcine ubukho obunamandla kwizakhiwo zayo. Ngeminikelo yemali, ubuchule, kunye nekomkhulu lezobuzwe, iNgxelo yemali iqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi le-Australia livakala kwiingxoxo zokuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke, inkcitho yemozulu, kunye nentsebenziswano ekhoyo. Olu lwalamano lungatshintshiswa: UKUBA I-Australia ibonelela ngezixhobo ezikhoyo, inkxaso yeengxaki, kunye neqonga lemithetho yokulungisa elawula ukunqamleza ikomkhulu. Imali yehlabathi lehlabathi kunye noPhuhliso loMsebenzi woMsebenzi we-Rhumo-Rhulumente ne-ntle yeSebe leMicimbi yezo-Ostreat ne-Frials kunye ne-Rhavices of Australian Balsssss, ukulungiselela ukuhlanganisana kwemibutho yentlanganiso yemihla yonyaka kunye neplati ye-me.

IZiko Lezezimali Nendima YeOstreliya Elibalulekileyo Ehlabathini Lonke

Imali yehlabathi (IMF)

I-IMF sisibonelelo esiphambili sokukhusela intsebenziswano yemali nemali yomhlaba wonke. I-Australia iphethe isihlalo kwiBhodi ye-IF enoLawulo oluPhezulu, imela ugunyaziso oluquka amazwe amaninzi esiqithi sePasifiki kunye namanye amazwe. INgxelo yemali ikhokela ukubotshwa kwe-Australia ne-IMF, ithathe inxaxheba kwimiba yeNkqutyana yemali yonyaka ehlola uqoqosho lwezezimali kunye negalelo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo ezingokulungelelanisa ukungalungeleni kwehlabathi, ulawulo lwemali, kunye namatyala. Umlinganiselo we-Australia kwi-IF – malunga ne-3,6% yemali epheleleyo – inika amalungelo okuvota nokufikelela ekuboleni. Ngamaxesha amanqam, njengamaxesha ka-2008 kwengxaki yemali kunye ne-COVIDPR, i-Cornicel isebenza ne-IMF ukuzoba amalungelo akhethekileyo (D) kunye noqoqo se-osebupolitiki, ingakumbi se-operase-operal.

Iqela Lebhanki Yehlabathi

I-Australia lilungu le-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) kunye ne-International Development Association (IDA), iBhanki yehlabathi elingunobuchule bokuboleka ingalo yamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. I-Ostreliya ilungelelanisa iminikelo ye-IDs yozaliso kwaye iqhelisela ukuphumelela kweenkqubo zeBhanki yehlabathi kuMzantsi-Asia kunye nePasifiki. Ngendima yayo njengomnikeli nonondyebo, i-Australia iphembelela ezona zinto ziphambili ziphambili zisebenzayo, ezifana norhwebo lwamandla acocekileyo, izibonelelo kunye nezifo ezixhobileyo. Imari yehlabathi likwasebenza ne-International Rebicio Corpotion (IFC) kwihlolonke yamatshanawonga azimele-oksi yenkqubela kwimimandla apho i-Australia i-operase, njenge-New Guinea kunye ne-Timone.

IBhanki yoPhuhliso yaseAsia (ADB)

I-ADB ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Australia inike ingqalelo yayo kummandla we-Asia-Pacific. I-Australia ngumxhasi welungu lesine-nkulu kwi-ADB kwaye inesihlalo kwibhodi yayo yabalawuli. I-Othermenial iyalungelelanisa iindawo ze-Australia kwiinkqubo zemali yokubolekisa, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye nengxoxo yezobuxhakamfuzi. Izinto eziphambili zakutshanje ziquka ukuxhasa imo yezulu-yokwe-mente kwiziqithili ze-Pasifiki kwaye ixhasa “umlinganiselo 2030” obe ulwaleko lobuhlwempu, ukulingana kwebhinqa, kunye nophuhliso olubambekayo. I-Australia ikwaneenkqubo zobugcisa ezidityaniswe kwimibalwano-ADB kwimiqatha yamanzi kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo, ukuphatha kwe-accconga yeprojective ye-ccc.

Imijelo yomanyano: Indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iiOperate

Ukuganana kweMoney yeSebe ne-IF IS kubekwe ngobuninzi, kuqukwa ngokusemthethweni, kusetyenziswa inkqubo, kunye nentsebenziswano. Enye yezona ndlela zibonakalayo yiBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IF Spring kunye neNtlanganiso yoNyaka, eqhutywa rhoqo ngoAprili kunye no-Oktobha. Amagosa eMongopheleyo eMongo yemali akhokela abathunywa base-Australia, aba nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zolawulo, nabalungiseleli bezezimali, kunye neenkampani zobugcisa. Ezi ntlanganiso zilapho kuqhutyelwa khona inkqubo yehlabathi yezoqoqosho kunye ne-Imyurtry kunye neNtlanganiso yoNyaka kunye neNtlanganiso, apho inokuthi inyanzele utshintsho oluhambela phambili nezilangazelelo eziphambili zemali ezinkozoshishino zelizwe okanye ukwandisa imigaqo-mthetho yezoshishino.

Ngapha koko, iNgxowa-mali incedisa ekuqulunqeni inkqubo ngeqela elisebenzayo kunye namaqumrhu akhuthazayo. Umzekelo, iTrade yeMali yeG20, leyo i-Australia iye yasebenzisana noomphathi bezolawulo bangaphambili, ngokufuthi ixhomekeke kuhlalutyo olusuka kwi-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi. Ivector ikwabandakanya neBhodi yeMali yezeMali (FSB) kwimiba yowiso-mthetho kunye neMbutho wezemali yeNkqumrhu kunye noPhuhliso (OECD) kwimigangatho yokukhampatho yerhafu nolawulo – nangona i-OECD ingeyoyokusetyenziswa ngokwesithethe, isebenza ngendlela efanayo.

Elinye ijelo elibalulekileyo lilungiselelo loncedo lobugcisa. Amagosa eTreasure yase-Australia anikwe inkxaso kwimisebenzi ye-IFI okanye asebenze njengabameli bemali ephathelwe imali, amatyala, kunye nolawulo lwemali kawonke-wonke kumazwe angamaqabane. Oku “kujikelezo olusecaleni". Kwakha ubuchule bomanyano kwiPasifiki nakuMzantsi mpuma Asia, kukhuthaza ukuqonda okunzulu kwenkqubo ye-Australia esondelayo. Kukwabangela iingquthela ezingacwangciswanga ezincedayo ukusabelana ngolwazi ngexesha leengxaki.

Iminikelo yemali ingumsebenzi obonakalayo. Imali-mali ebolekiweyo ebhadliweyo e-Australia iqinisekisa ukuba i-IDA inika inkxaso-mali evumela imvume yamazwe angaphandle, iNgxowa-mali yoPhuhliso ye-ADB, kunye ne-IMF'S Ubuhlwempu Boku Reduction kunye nokuTshembeka koMsebenzi (PRGT). I-Othermenti iyalawula ezi nkonzo, iqinisekisa ukuba ziyahambelana noqingqo-mali lwemali lwangaphandle kunye nezinto eziphambili zezoburhulumente bangaphandle. Kuqingqo-mali ye-mali ye-mali yase-Australia, i-AUD 400 lezigidi ezi-400 kwi-PRGT ne-AUD kwi-IM-PRGT-ast) kunye ne-AUDUDURS ezi-acelcel. Le mali ayiyond'ekho kuncedisa ukubondyelelana ukuxhasa inkxaso; zinceda uqoqoshobo lwemali ehlazalo olungenathayo lwezo lwezo lwezoshishino lokhuseleko nezo lweOstre i-

Uphando lwetyala kwiNkxaso yeNkcitho .

Ukusabela KwiCOVIDē19 Pandemic

Le ngxaki yavavanya ukukwazi kweBhodi yeBhunga ukunxibelelana ne-IF isebunzimeni obukhulu. Ngo-2020, i-Australia yaxhasa ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwezixhobo zezezimali zexesha likaxakeka, kuquka i-Catastrorhe Complete Complete kunye nokuThenjelwa koncedo kunye nomgca omfutshane wobungozi. IBhunga lemali lasebenza ne-ADBR neWorld Bank ukukhawula ukuxhasa impilo entle yamazwe asePasifiki, ukukhulula amazwe anikwe imvume yokuthenga amachiza kunye nezixhobo zonyango. I-Australia yasebenzisa kwakhona indawo yayo kwibhodi ye-IMF's ye-IMF's, elungele ukunikezela kwe-USDR kwi-S ngoAgamey 2021. Oku kwalungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwamazwe angamalungu e-Australia, kunye nokunikezelwa ngokuzithandela kwe-SDRFive kumazwe alungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-IMFive kunye ne-S.

Indima yeNkcitho yayingeyonto nje ephambili. Yancedisa ekuyilweni kwenkqubo: Amagosa ase-Ostreliya ancedisa ekulungiseni icebiso lokuhlola i-IMF kulawulo lwetyala kwimimandla emincinane aza aqhubela ekubeni kubekho uphando lwemozulu kwiGatya-siseko IV. Le migudu yabonisa indlela ukubolekisana kweTreasure kunokuthi kuhambe ngayo ngaphaya kokubhala ukuphembelela ukusebenza kweDNA ka-IFIS.

Imali Yemozulu EPasifiki

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusisisongelo esikhulu kwimibutho yeziqithi zePasifiki, kwaye i-IFISI zizitena ezinkulu zezoqoqosho lwemozulu. I-Australia iye yasebenzisa amalungu ayo e-ADB kunye ne-World Bank ukuqhuba ikomkhulu elivuselelwayo ukuya kumandla avuselelwayo, ukhuseleko lonxweme, kunye nolokusebenza ngokutsha. Umzekelo, i-ADB “Pacificial Climate Changed Programme” – i-cobekanced ye-otherineance e-otherhost eKimberbay kunye nolwandle lwe-Fiji. I-BBrekhothari, esebenza neSebe le candelo lenkangelelo, i-Meye-Merika, inceda ukucwangcwa nokusebenza kwazo ngokuvavanywa.

KwiBhanki yehlabathi, i-Australia ibingummeli ovakalayo we- “State and Development Report” yesakhelo, esivumelana nebhanki ebolekisa ngeenjongo zemozulu yesizwe. Ngo-2023, iTreasury yaxhasa imaphu yendaleko yeBhanki lehlabathi eyandisa imo yezulu yayo enxulumene nokubolekisa nge-28% ukuya ku-45% yezibophelelo ezipheleleyo ngowama-2025. Ngelixa oku kuthenjiswa kwehlabathi lonke, ukubhanki ye-Pasi iqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili ziqukwe ngokucacileyo, njengokunciphisa kwentlekele kunye nemali ehlawulwayo ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nenkxaso.

Iingenelo Zokwenza Idinga Elinzulu

Umsebenzi weBhunga Lemali laseOstreliya neIFIS uvelisa iingenelo ezininzi ezahlukileyo ezithethelela ixesha elibalulekileyo nezinto ezinikelwa kulo.

Ukukwazi ukumelana nemeko kunye nomnatha wokhuseleko owomeleleyo: Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kukhangelo nolawulo lwe-IMF, i-Australia ifumana isilumkiso sangaphambili semeko yehlabathi yemali eninzi kwaye iyakwazi ukulungisa imigaqo yayo ngokunjalo. I-IFA ikwanikezela umboleki wokugqibela kumazwe akwingxaki, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuchaphazeleka koobhanki base-Australia kunye namaqabane orhwebo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lengxaki yezezimali ye-Asia ye-199798, iinkqubo ze-IMF eThailand ne-Indonesia zincedisa ukurhwaphiswa kwelizwe. Ngokungaphezulu, ukuncitshiswa kwemeko ye-IMF i-AS kunikwe unikezelo lwemeko lwe-EMFF kunyaka-mast.

Imithetho yomhlaba wonke : Ukuba ilapho imithetho yemali yehlabathi lonke iphikiswana khona. Ngezihlalo zayo kwiibhodi zesebe eliphetheyo nangokuthatha inxaxheba kwiikomiti, imigaqo yeTreasurement yokulungisa amatyala (umz., iFrameya Eqhelekileyo), ulawulo lwekomkhulu, kunye nolawulo lwemali yemivo. I-Australia isebenzise le mpembelelo ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwizivumelwano zemali ezingundoqo nokuxhasa inyathelo elifana neG20 “Comemon Imimiselo yokulungisa amatyala angooMongameli. Igalelo lwendawo yolawulo olungundoqo. Igalelo longentlalo lnceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo olulungileyo kumazwe aphakathi e-RANinin, hayi nje kumazwe anamandla.

Isiphumo somlinganiso sokwahlula sodwa esihambelana nezilangazelelo zase-Australia: Ukuba zingamajelo asebenzayo okunika uncedo kuba zisebenzisa i-covgradefinan, iinkqubo zazo zokufumana, kwaye iprojekthi zidla ngokuba nkulu kumlinganiselo kunalo naluphina utshintsho lwenkqubo lwezikolo kuphela. E-Australia, oku kuthetha ukuba yonke imali yemali inikele kwi-ADB okanye i-ID iphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda. Ulawulo lwe-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ukuba ezi mali zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezihambelana nenkqubo yelizwe lasemzini – ingakumbi kumgangatho we-Pacific, utshintsho lwezoqoqosho kumzantsi-Asia, kunye nenkxaso yemithetho emininzi ye-onke e-oyile.

ifaka ubuchule bobugcisa behlabathi 76]: Isebe lobungcaphephe le-IMF neBhanki yehlabathi livelisa uphando oluphezulu lwe-[Ascheme kwimixholo ukusuka kwirhafu ukuya kulawulo lwemali. Ibonelela kule nkcazelo ngophando, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, kunye nolwamva. Le “butho loluntu loluntu loluntu” linceda amagosa ase-Australia ahlale phambili kuqheliselo olungcono lwehlabathi lonke kwinkqubo yamatyala, ulawulo lwetyala, kunye nomgaqo wemacrozakhstan. Ikwanika kwakhona umthombo wengcebiso elinobundilelene ekufumaneni imicimbi yasekhaya.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Ezifanelekileyo

Ukuzibophelela ne-IFIR akunantlukwano. Olunye ucelomngeni oluphindaphindiweyo luluvo lokuba i-IF ingusomashishini ophezulu kakhulu kwaye iyacotha ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezinzima ezihambayo. I-Moneybial isoloko ityhalela phambili iinkqubo zokungatyikityiyo kwii-ADB kunye ne-World Bank, kodwa utshintsho lunzima ngenxa yokuba inani labaxhasi kunye nezilangazelelo ezithelekisa iinguqu. Olunye uxinezeleko lubangelwa kukukhuphisana komniphini wonikezelo kunye nomgcini-mali. I-Australia kufuneka ilungelelanise umnqweno wayo wokuphembelela nge-ICPRRR, kwaye ngamaxesha iBHO ifanele ikhethe phakathi kocwangciso olukhulu lwe-IFII kunye nentlawulo lwemali olunika iziphumo ezibonakalayo.

Kukwakho nombuzo we- “laydio kunye nomelo”. Njengegunya eliphakathi, i-Australia ayisebenzisi mpembelelo efanayo ne-United States, iTshayina okanye iJapan. Amagosa eTree kufuneka asebenze ngemibutho edibanisayo – njengamazwe ePasifiki iForum okanye amaqela asebenzayo – ukwandisa iindawo zawo. Kwi-IMF, ubuchule be-Australia buquka amazwe amancinane amaninzi afuna ezona zinto zibalulekileyo, afuna uphuhliso lobuchule. I-Otherine ithe yafaka ityala ekwakheni amaqabane, kodwa inkqubo ibandakanya ixesha elingu-2420sumum.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho ucelomngeni oluvelayo kwindima ekhulayo yeTshayina kwi-IFIS kunye nokusekwa kwamanye amaziko afana ne-Asian Infrapublicment Investicement Bank (IB). Ngoxa i-Australia ililungu lesiseko se-IIIB, ukudityaniswa kweNgciwo yezimali kuxhomekeke kakhulu kune-ADB okanye iBhanki yehlabathi. I-Ofesi kufuneka ijonge indawo ye-Phondo engqubana ne-athom ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba i-China-agradient ayiwuthobeli phantsi imilinganiselo yolawulo exabise i-Australia. Oku kuthabatha inyathelo kudinga ukujongwa okuqhubekayo nokucacingisiswa kwezilangazelelo zaseOstreliya.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Indima Equlunqwe Yimali

Xa ujonga phambili, ukuganana kweTreasure ye-Australia ne-IFIS kunokwenzeka ukuba kunyuke kwimimandla emithathu. Okokuqala, imali yemozulu iza kuhlala ibalulekile. INgci yemali iza kuhlala ingundoqo ekulungiseni “iNguquko ye-CDB" yefestile kunye ne-“Evolutionmap" yeBhanki yehlabathi ezimisele ukudibanisa iinjongo zemozulu kuyo yonke imisebenzi. I-Australia ilindeleke ukuba ithethele kwimithombo ethenjiweyo elungeleleneyo yokutshintsha i-Pacific, mhlawumbi ngemali yokuthembana enikezelweyo e-IIIPHRAED.

Okwesibini, imali yamanani kunye nokunyuka kwemiqathango yemali ekwimbindi webhanki (CBDCs) kuzisa umbandela omtsha we-IF. I-IMF sele ihlola iziphumo zomthetho weCBDC kunye nokrwelo lweCerptoasset, kwaye iBhwebi yemali iyakufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo ze-Australia – ingakumbi ukuzinza kwe-dola yase-Australia kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokuhlawula – iyakhuselwa. Amagosa ase-Australia asenokunyanzela ukutyhalela imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo yezizwe ngezizwe ethintela ukudibethwa kwamanani (56), nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuphicola urhwebo kummandla wase-Asia.

Okwesithathu, impilo yemali ekhuselekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe iza kuhlala igxininisa. Ngomlinganiselo ophezulu wamatyala ehlabathi lonke kunye nenzala enyukayo, amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo ajongene noxinezeleko lwamatyala. INgci yemali iye yaxhasa ukudalwa kwe-IMF entsha “Inkxaso kunye nokuZinziswa kwentembeko” kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kweWorld Bank yoqinisekiso kwikomkhulu labucala. Ngokwexesha lokuchaza, ukubophela kwemali kungajolisa ekuphuculeni umlinganiselo we-IMF ukuze kubonise ubunzima bezoqoqosho obunamandla njenge-Australia kunye namaqabane ayo ephondo.

Ekugqibeleni, iMoney iza kuqhubeka ingenisa imali kwikomkhulu loluntu. Inkqubo ye-Australia “IFis Cadre”, eqhutywa yi-Othernial, uloliwe wamagosa omgangatho ophakathi kwekhulu elinesibhozo ngokweemfuno ze-IMF, iWorld Bank, ne-ADB. Oku akuyi kulwakhi nje ubuchule obungaphakathi korhulumente wase-Australia kodwa kukwakhela uthungelwano lwe-alsumni oluqonda i-IFI. Kwishumi elizayo, le cadre iza kuba yimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukuba i-Australia ityhafithe ngaphezu kobunzima bayo kulawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngezoqoqosho.

Isiphelo

Ukudityaniswa kweTreasure ye-Australia namaqumrhu emali ehlabathi lonke kuluncedo oluntsonkothileyo, oluneentlobo ezininzi zemisebenzi engaphaya kokuya kwintsebenziswano. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekulawuleni, ekuphunyezweni, ekuphuhlisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-IMF, iWorld Bank, ne-ADB, iNgxelo yeSebe, inceda ekukhuseleni inkqenkqele kwezoqoqosho yase-Australia, iphucula impembelelo yayo kummandla we-Asia, kwaye inegalelo kwinkqubo yemali yomhlaba wonke. Ucelomngeni lotshintsho, ukhuphiswano lwe-mageontal, kunye nenkquluko elinganiselweyo ifuna ubuchule kunye nokhuseleko olungapheliyo. Kodwa ke, inzuzo – – umnamnamnanezekelo onamandla, nophuhlisomkhulu, iziphumo ezingaphezulu ze-IVS projectives yemeko ye-Australia, i-Arccd transty, kunye ne-modymenttivement, i-oggnetic, i-ogneartment, i

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