Inkqubo yomthetho isoloko ichazwa njengesiseko sokufumana nokungalungisi nokusesikweni, kodwa ukudibana kohlanga kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo kutyhila ukwahluka okuphawulekayo okubangela ukuthandabuza oku. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabameli bobulungisa bentlalo, ukuqonda indlela impembelelo yentlalo efunekayo ngayo asiyonkqubo yemfundo nje kuphela. Eli nqaku liyinyathelo eliyimfuneko ekuchazeni nasekususeni imigangatho esesikweni. Ngoxa uMgaqo-siseko uqinisekisa inkqubo ekhoyo ekhoyo engqinelaniswe kuko konke, embalini, kunye neyokungaphicothanga inguqulelo ekhuselayo yezi ntlobo-ntlobo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo esisiseko yenkqubo esisiseko yezemibalo, ibalase iimeko zobuhlanga, kwaye lixubusha iinzame zokulungisa iinjongo ezikhoyo zokuqinisekisa ubuhlanga, kwaye lithetha ngobulungisa obulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Isiseko Senkqubela Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo sisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko esisekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. IsiHlanzi seSihlanu soMgaqo-siseko seSihlanu sithintela urhulumente ukuba ahluze nawuphi na umntu "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho," ngelixa uMmiselo-weshumi elinesine WeziHlaziyo udlulisela ukhuseleko kwizenzo zomthetho. Zonke ezi zilungisweyo zibumba umthetho wesibhedlele oqinisekisa unyango olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yogwebo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ihlulwa ngokweentlobo ezimbini: iprocedtura kunye ne-sustantive.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yenkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahlube umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iziqalelo ziquka isaziso sezo zithethwayo, ithuba lokuviwa, nelungelo lokumelwe ngokusemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza ezi mfuneko kwiimeko ezifana Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], egcina ukuba abaphulaphuli belungelo lokuva imicimbi yangaphambili. Kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, imo yezaphuli-mthetho igunyazisa ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo, umgwebi ongakhethi, umgwebi ongakhethi bulungisa, nokungawa kowasekunene kokudibana namangqina. Kodwa ezi ndawo zikhuselwa ngokweentlobo zeentlanga, ezi ze-procracculk zidla ngokuthotywa yinkqubo yokuchatshaza isimilo, ukuchatshaza kwemikwa, ukuchatshaza kwemikwa, ukugwetywa komthetho.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleni kwe-othorali, kwanaxa kulandelwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. La malungelo aquka ukuzifihla, umtshato, intsapho, kunye nokuthembeka komzimba. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo ekubetheni imithetho echaseneyo ne-spermenti (]Roe v.[[FLT]][FLT]]] [[FLT]]], kamva iphendulwe [[FLT]]] ngu-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Christmage [FLT]]) kunye nomthetho efanayo ([[FLT] osuk' othe kraft] [[4] ukhuseleko olupheleleyo. Hogfells v [FLT] [ft:5])). Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ephambili yenzeleleka, inguGenethi Celka, iyaqhubeka imoduastriveringle.

Imvelaphi Yokwahluka Kobuhlanga Embalini

Uhlanga lusoloko lunguthunywa ongundoqo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ukusukela kumthetho-ntathu ozii-fith zoluvo olunye kwiMithetho yeSigqeba ukuya kuMthetho we-Fugitive Act ka-1850, umthetho wagunyaziswa ngabom ukuthoba abantu abaMnyama abamnyama. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, i-Reconsolan Amendmentations (13th, 14th, kunye ne-15) uthembisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kodwa umthetho wagunyazisa imithetho eBlabhuda kunye noJim-Crow ukuba ukuziphatha kwemihla ngemihla okunokwenziwa kwabenemi bantsundu. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo v. [186] [186])] u-evicet wisolw'odlcential, "iiiie," kodwa umgangatho wecawallvellvel" uGrentilvel

Ilifa lale mbali lisaqhubeka namhlanje. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, eyaqaliswa ngo-1970, i-Black America yahlaselwa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ngabantu abantsundu nangona imigangatho efanayo yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiintlanga zobuhlanga. I-Gawulayo inikela ingxelo yokuba, ukuba umgangatho wangoku uyaqhubeka, isigwebo esincinane kunye nemithetho emithathu ekwimingxuma emithathu yandisa inani labemi basemakhonkxweni, kwaye ngoo1990, i-United States yaba nelona nani liphezulu lokuvalelwa ehlabathini, nenkqubo esetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ukukhusela abantu abamhlophe. I-Valentemplication inikela ingxelo yokuba ukuba ukuba, omnye kumadoda amathathu amaBlam azalwayo namhlanje anokulindela ukuvalelwa kwinqanaba elithile ebomini bakhe. La manani abonisa ukuba abonise kungekuphela nje ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa inkqubo esetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ngenxa yokokubakhusela abantu abamhlophe kunokuba akhusele abantu abamhlophe.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Kuyo Yonke Imiba Eqhubekayo

Impembelelo yohlanga ukusuka kwixesha lokudibana kokuqala nomthetho ngokugweba kunye nonyango lwasemva kovavanyo. Iqonga ngalinye linika amathuba okujika iziphumo.

Ukuphathwa Nokubanjwa

Uphando lwe-univerdial lusaqhubeka luyinto exhaphakileyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abaqhubi abamnyama nabakwi-Spenic bamisiwe, bahlolwa, babanjwa ngesantya esiphezulu kunabaqhubi abamhlophe, nangona amaqondo okubethwa ngenqanawa efanayo ekwiqela ngalinye. ACLU[ lubhalile ukuba kwezinye iindawo, abantu abamnyama basengozini ephindwe kalishumi ukumiswa kunabantu abamhlophe. Oku kuya kukhula, kudala ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho echaphazela umsebenzi, indlu, kunye nokudibana nenkqubo yokusesikweni. Isigqibo sokubanjwa kunokuba sinikeze isilumkiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo yamapolisa okanye ukuphenjelelwa ngokufihlakeleyo kokuziintlabamnyama.

Inkcitho kunye nobuchule

Xa bebanjiwe, ugqatso lommangalelwa luvumelana ngamandla nokuba babanjelwe ukuba bagcinwe kusini na phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Inkqubo yebheyile, ebonakala ngathi yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwenkundla, ngokufuthi isebenza njengendlela yokuvalelwa esekelwe kubutyebi. Abamangalelwa abamnyama basenokufumana ukuba amadoda amaBlack akwixabiso eliphezulu kunamadoda amhlophe ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Ukuvalelwa kwetyala, okukhokelela ekufumaneni ukuvalelwe kwangaphambili. Isifundo se- iprojecting isenokufumana ukuba amadoda amnyama abanjwa ngexabiso eliphezulu kunabantu abamhlophe ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Ukuvalelwa, ngoko ke, kwandisa amathuba okuba netyala ngenxa yokuba abamangali abangakwazi ukuncedisa ekuzikhuseleni, mhlawumbi ukugwetyelwa, nokuphulukana imisebenzi okanye ukuphulukana nemisebenzi.

Ukubopha nokukhupha intsimbi

Abatshutshisi basebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukugqiba ukuba ziziphi izityholo eziza kufakwa kwifayile kunye nezibongozo eziza kunikelwa. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abaNsundu basengozini yokujamelana nezityholo ezinyanzelekileyo kwaye abangenwa kakhulu kuncitshiso lwetyala kunokuba babekelwe abamhlophe ngokufanayo. Uhlolisiso lwango-2014 olusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan Law School lufumanise ukuba abamangalelwa abangamaBlamla bafumana isibongozo esithi, ngokomlinganiselo, siphindwe kathathu kunabo banikelwe kumadoda amangalelwayo ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Oku kunciphisa inkqubo elungileyo yokumangalelwa kwe-procel

Ukhetho

IsiHlathiso-Mpanzi-Mda siqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala ngokungakhethiyo, kodwa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ludla ngokungcolisa inkqubo yokukhetha. Abatshutshisi baye basebenzisa imbali yokukhulula abagwebi abamnyama ekusebenzeni kwiijaji, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya abakhohlisi abaBlack Constending. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo singu-. Kentucky[ [196] [86] [86]) befuna ukunqanda ukunqanda ucelomngeni lwe-getlee, ifuna ukuba intlukwano ze-enonti ye-ethel. Noko ke, iBatson ingqina kunzima ukuthobela ngenxa yokuba iingcaciso ezibusweni zobucala. A 2019 kuvavanyo [[FLT] Umthetho-FLD [F:] [FLT] [3]

Ukugweba

IKhomishini yeSevambhini ifumanise ukuba amadoda antsundu afumana izigwebo 15-20% ixesha elide kunalawo abekwe kwindoda emhlophe evalelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo. Lo msantsa uyaqhubeka nasemva kokulawula ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, nezinye izinto ezisemthethweni. Imigaqo ye-Federal cocaine carcine, eyanyanga ukuba necrack edla ngokuba necrack (esetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi abaMnyama) izihlandlo eziziikhulu ezinzima kune-cocaine (eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi abamhlophe), eboniswe ngokusesikweni. ISiphakathi sobuhlanga somthetho sowama 2010 sanciphisa ukudityaniswa kwemizwa kwemiqatha yemiqathango ye-18, kodwa ifaksi yemithetho esetyenziswayo iyaqhubeka ukunikezela ngobuninzi.

Iingxaki Eziphawulekayo Ezibhenca Ukungekho Sikweni Kobuhlanga

Amatyala amaninzi eprofile ephezulu aye azisa ukudibana kohlanga kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke, ukuhlaziywa kotshintsho kunye nolwazi olungokwasemthethweni.

IMbindi Park Emihlanu

Ngo-1991, abahlanu abamnyama nabafana baseLatino abakwishumi elivisayo .Antron McCray, uKevin Richardson, uYusef Salaam, uRaymond Santana, noKorey UsisiCwele bagwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo ngokuhlasela nangokudlwengula ibhinqa elimhlophe elingumqhubi kwiCentral Park yaseNew York. Iinkolelo zabo zazisekelwe ekuvumeni izono ngokunyanzelekileyo, ukupheliswa kweDNA, kwaye zakhuthazwa lukhuthazo oluthiwe yi-"ipoki ye-"lolifaki." Abakwishumi elivisayo bachitha iminyaka emithandathu eneshumi elinesithathu entolongweni ngaphambi kokuba umenzi wetyala avume ukuba neDNA ityala lakhe livumile. Ityala labonisa indlela ekwayiyo ekufuneka lizikhusela ngayo: ukuvunywa kwabo ngaphandle kwesiluleko, kwaye amapolisa ayababetha ngoyabalandulayo. Ngo-2014, i-2014, i-odgracreages amalungelo amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela angoommi angoohwebileyo amaqela

Rodney King nowe - 1992 iLos Angeles Uunitring

Ngo-1991, uRodney King, umqhubi wemoto omnyama, wabethwa ngenkohlakalo ngamagosa eSebe laseLos Angeles emva kokusukela phezulu. Ividiyo erekhodiweyo yabanjwa, eyabonisa amagosa eenqanawa ebetha uKumkani izihlandlo ezingamashumi amahlanu. Nangona ebonise ubungqina obucacileyo, ijaji ikhulula amagosa ejaji ngo1992, ixhobisa iintsuku ezintandathu zesiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi, ukuphanga, kunye ne-aroson ezashiya abantu abangama- 63 befile yaye belimele i-1000. Isigqibo sabonisa ukuba kwanaxa isixokelelwano sokuchola ngokusemthethweni siqwalaselwe ityala, inkundla egwebayo, ukukhusela, ukukhutshwa okunga okunzulu kokusesikweni. Ityala elikhuthaza amalungelo amagosa asekuhlaleni, okuphumela kwiimeko ezibini zabo, kodwa ityala le-Rexivitiodsssssssss zemeko ezingoom ezingond zibala ingulwe ngokusemthethweni, nakuhlulwa kwemicio abamhlophe.

UMichael Brown NooProguson Protests

Ukudubula okubulalayo ngo-2014 kukaMichael Brown oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala ngegosa elimhlophe eForguson, eMissouri, kwabangela ukuqhankqalaza kwelizwe lonke kunye nombutho weBlack Lives Matter. ISebe leJaji lafumanisa ukuba ikhethe lobuhlanga lisasazekile kwiSebe lamapolisa kunye nenkundla kamasipala, elixhomekeke kwintengo yabemi abaNsundu yokuvelisa ingeniso. Ingxelo kaDoJ yagqiba kwelokuba umkhosi wesigqeba nezenzo zenkundla zenkundla zakwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo nomgaqo ofanelekileyo. Ityala likaBrown ligxininisa indlela olunokuchaphazeleka ngayo lonke ulawulo lwezomthetho, ukukhanyelwa kwabantsundu olusuka kwimi bokuqala kwinkundla elawula inkundla yokugqibela.

Ibhadisi Elipheleleyo Nendlela Esemthethweni Eyamkeleke Ngayo

Ucalucalulo olupheleleyo lubhekisela kwizimo zengqondo okanye ezithe thaa ezilawula izigqibo nezenzo zethu. Kwinkqubo yomthetho, ucalucalulo olucacileyo lungaphembelela wonke umcuphi womdlalo: amagosa amapolisa abonakala enokuba nolwaluvo oluninzi lwabantu abantsundu njengosoyikiso, abatshutshisi abajonga abaNsundu abamangalelwa njengabangaqiniseki, abagwebi abanyanzela amadoda antsundu ukuba asebenzise iimvo eziphezulu kumangqina amhlophe. Uphando olucacileyo luye lwaqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwamaMerika lunemibutho amhlophe/anti-Mfili-Mfili, kuquka abagwebi abaninzi abasebenzisa iimvote.

Iinkundla bezingacothi ukucotha ukuthetha ngokuchanabeka okucacileyo. Nangona ngoku amanye amagunya efuna uqeqesho olucacileyo olunengcwangu kubagwebi namagosa amapolisa, impembelelo yokuqeqeshwa okunjalo kwiziphumo zokwenene ihlala ilinganiselwe. Uhlolisiso lwango-2017 lweZiko leSizwe leNkundla yeeNkundla zikaRhulumente lufumanise ukuba abagwebi ababeqeqeshwa ngolukhetheko babeyiphaphele ngakumbi imbono yabo kodwa bengakuguqulanga oko kugwetywa kwabo. Abaphengululi bezomthetho baye babiza utshintsho lokwakhiwa, olufana nenkqubo engekho mthethweni ekhondweni neziphumo ezingekho mthethweni, kodwa nabo banokuchaphazeleka ukuba banokungaqiniseki kwendlela abanokuyicinga ukuba iprojelo yabo ifanele, njengoko kuqwalaselwe, imbono yokuba inyani ingasebenzi xa intle ephantsi kolwazi olupheleleyo.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nokusetyenziswa Kwayo

Ukuphendula ekuqhubekeni kohlanga nenkqubo efunekayo, utshintsho oluninzi lucetyisiwe luze luphunyezwe kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, wesizwe nowamagunya. Le migudu ijolise ekunciphiseni imilinganiselo, ekuphuculeni umgangatho osesikweni, nokubuyisela ukuthembana kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Utshintsho kumsebenzi wobupolisa luquka ukusetyenziswa kweekhamera zomzimba, ukuvalwa kobuhlanga, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yokuvuma (umz., uphando lwe-DOJ-okanye uphando lokwenza). Ezinye izixeko ziye zazama ukuphelisa uqeqesho lobuchule kunye namaqela ongenelelo olunzima ukuze zinciphise ukubanjwa okungeyomfuneko kwabantu ngesifo sengqondo okanye kumaqela aphantsi kolawulo. i-ACLU iyaqhubeka ixhasa ulawulo oluzimeleyo lwamaziko amapolisa kunye nokupheliswa kokhuselo olufanelekileyo, okungamagosa akhusela abantu kwizinto ezilufanelekeleyo kwanaxa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ephulwa.

Utshintsho Olubangelwa Kukungakwazi Ukuzibamba

Amaphondo amaninzi, kuquka iNew Jersey, iNew York, neKhalifoniya, aye aguqula okanye akhupha ibheyile yemali yetyala elininzi. Olu tshintsho luthabathel' indawo yeemeko zemali ngovavanyo olusekelwe kumngcipheko, kwaye uphando lubonisa ukuba anciphisa amaqondo okuvalelwa kwangaphambili ngaphandle kokungaphumeleli okunyuka. Noko ke, axhalabisayo ngentlalo kunye nocalucalulo olusemngcisweni wovavanyo lwe-algorithm. Amaqela eencwadi anjengePrequality Justice Institute aqhubela ekuboneni okuqhubekayo kunye negalelo loluntu ekuyilweni kwezixhobo ezinjalo.

Ukugweba Utshintsho

Utshintsho lodidi olufana noMthetho wokuqala we-Atep ka-2018, ucuthe izigwebo ezisezantsi ezinyanzelekileyo zetyala elithile leziyobisi kwaye uvumele ukusebenza okusebenzayo koMthetho we-Fair Sendensing. Isenzo kwakhona sandisa i "ukhuseleko" esivumela abagwebi ukuba bagwebe ngaphantsi kwemiqathango efunekayo kumgangatho ophantsi, ongenabugrobi. Kumgangatho wezwe, imigaqo emininzi enyanzelisayo ifuna ukususwa komlinganiselo ofunekayo kunye nokunciphisa ukunyuswa kwesigwebo ukwenzela ulwelelo lwangaphambili. Iprojekthi yokulawula i-Projects [ enika imigaqo nemodeli engundoqo ukukhokela le migudu. Sekunjalo, abaxhasi bezomthetho baphikisa ukuba ukungalawuleki kwesiqhelo kufuna ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokugcinwa kweziyobisi kwi-oglothemati yoluntu.

Utshintsho Neenkundla Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ukuthetha ngokhethe lwejaji, amanye amaphondo aye alwalela ngokupheleleyo ucelomngeni (ulandela ukhokelo lwamazwe anjenge Arizona neKhalifoniya). Amanye afuna ukuba zonke izibheno zisekelwe "kwisizathu esilungileyo" umgangatho. Ukuhluka kwenkundla kukwajoliswe: ukwandisa inani labagwebi abaMnyama nabangamaSpaniya, abatshutshisi, nabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke-wonke baphucule umelo kunye nokulunga kwenkqubo yokusesikweni. Imibutho efana ne NAACP LP Leginfense and Educational Fund ([[FLT: 0]] LDF[F:1]) isebenza uqeqesho olungohlukeneyo lwetalente esemthethweni kunye neligethi yenkqubo.

Ubandakanyeko Nemfundo Yoluntu

Ukungagunyaziswa kwasemthethweni kukodwa akunakucombulula iingxaki ezinzulu zocalucalulo lobuhlanga. Iinkqubo zemfundo yoluntu ezifundisa uluntu ngamalungelo abo, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kunye neendlela zenkqubo yomthetho zibalulekile. Iinkampani zomsebenzi ezikwazi-amalungelo akho, ukuhlaziya izijikelezi-mthetho, kunye neengxoxo phakathi komthetho onyanzelekileyo kunye noluntu olunombala zinokulwakha ulwazelelelo kunye nokuphendula. Izikolo neeyunivesithi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokufaka ingcamango yohlanga olunengqwabalala kunye nokufunda okusemthethweni kwizifundo zemithetho, zilungiselela isizukulwana esilandelayo sabemi nabameli ukuba sivavanye nokungengoma yokungabi nabulungisa.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kohlanga kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwinkqubo yomthetho akuyonkxalabo epheleleyo, kodwa kufikelela kwinqanaba lokuba isithembiso sokusesikweni okulinganayo eMerika sisekwenene okanye siphosakele. Ubungqina bembali nesangoku bubonisa ukuba uhlanga luwalungisa ngokulandelelana amava abantu kuzo zonke imigangatho yenkqubo yokusesikweni, ukusuka ekuchotshelweni kwemithetho ukuya ekugwetyweni. Amatyala abangela ezi zimkhetheko zikhathazo, kodwa utshintsho olunentsingiselo lufuna umgudu oqhubekayo kwimigangatho emininzi: utshintsho lomthetho, ukuphendula kolawulo lwezekomiti, ukulungelelaniso lwezezentlalo-ntle, kunye nemfundo yomntu ngamnye. Kuba abaqeqeqeshi nabafundi, baqonda le nyathelo lokuqala lokudibana kwemithetho kunye nezenzo zomthetho. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luzama ukumelana namatyala alo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ephambili ihlala ingumfamangenye yezona ngxaki zethu ezingxamisekileyo.