Izigqibo zikarhulumente zinqabile ukubandakanya iimpendulo ezicacileyo. Abenzi benkqubo basebenza kwindawo apho amaxabiso akhuphisanayo, ubuncwane obulinganiselweyo, kunye neemfuno ezidibeneyo zoonobangela abachaphazelekayo. Ukudibana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke kulapho ezi ngxaki zibonakala khona, zifuna uhlalutyo olungqongqo kunye nokucaca kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imilinganiso engokwendlela yokwenza inkqubo, isiseko sokwenza izigqibo, kunye neengxaki zehlabathi zokwenene eziphakamayo xa kufuneka kwenziwe ukhetho olunzima.

Indima Yemithetho Elawula Umgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho yokuziphatha inika ikhampasi yendlela yokulawula. Ibumba indlela abenzi benkqubo abazichaza ngayo iingxaki, abajonga ezinye iindlela, kwaye bathethelela ukhetho lwabo kuluntu. Ngaphandle kwesiseko sokuziphatha, imigaqo ibeka ingozi yokuba yingcaciso, ukuzilawula, okanye iyingozi kubantu abazalelwe ukuba bakhonze.

Imigaqo yemigaqo-nkqubo esesikweni ekulawuleni

Imigaqo eliqela esisiseko yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ixhasa inkqubo kawonke wonke esengqiqweni:

  • Imithetho esesikweni. Unikezelo olulungileyo lweengenelo nemithwalo kwibutho lonke. I-Pricies akufunekanga ingabi nabungozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kumaqela abuthathaka.
  • Ububenefice: Ukwenza ngeendlela ezikhuthaza intlalo-ntle yabantu kunye noluntu. Lo mgaqo uqhubela inkqubo ejolise ekuphuculeni impilo, imfundo, kunye namathuba oqoqosho.
  • Imali yeNon-main: Ukuphepha umonakalo. Kwanemigaqo ekhunjulwe kakuhle ingadala iziphumo ezingalunganga ezingacwangciswanga, kwaye ulawulo lwendlela yokuziphatha lufuna ukucutha ezi ngxaki.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Imposiso ezenzekelayo: Ukuhlonela inkululeko nokhetho lomntu ngamnye. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka balungelelanise iinjongo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nenkululeko yobuqu, ukuxinezeleka okubonakala kwiingxoxo zezigunyazo zokugoma okanye imimiselo yezogcino-lwazi.

Le migaqo isoloko ingqubana. Umzekelo, inkqubo enyusa impilo kawonke-wonke (imeko-ntle) ingamisela imiqathango yomntu ngamnye (inkululeko). Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo wobugcisa kufuna ukurhwebelana ngocoselelo, ekhokelwa kukuqiqa okucace gca.

Iingxaki Ezinzima Ekwenzeni Umgaqo - siseko Namhlanje

Abachazi beenkqubo bajamelana neengxaki ezimandundu zokungalungelelani kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Izilangazelelo Ezingqubanayo

Abaxhasi basuka kumaqela oshishino kunye nemibutho yorhwebo ukuya kubemi ngabanye, ngokufuthi baneembono eziphikisanayo ngoko kungumgaqo ofanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, imigaqo-nkqubo yokuguqula amayeza idibanise izigulana ezifuna amayeza anokufumaneka ngokuchasene neentshukumisa zengeniso zeenkampani kunye neentshukumisa ezintsha eziqhubela phambili inkqubela yeziyobisi. Abenzi bezomthetho kufuneka bavavanye ezi zilangazelelo ngaphandle kokunikezela kwimilozolo engxolayo.

Ukubekwa kukavimba kwindawo ethile kunye nobunzima benqanawa

Uqingqo-mali olusikelwe umda lunyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima. Ingaba isixeko sifanele sifake ingeniso kwizindlu ezifikelelekayo okanye sikhulise uthutho lukawonke-wonke? Ingaba inkqubo yempilo yesizwe ifanele ixhase unyango olubiza imali eninzi lomhlaza kwabambalwa okanye inyameko yabaninzi? Izixhobo ze-ethemicalsfectism njenge yobungangameli bobungameli[] ngokufuthi ikhokela ezi zigqibileyo, kodwa zingazihoya iimfuno zeqela elincinane. I-COVID-19 iyayibala le ngxaki xa izibhedlele zifuna ukunikezela kwemiqatha yemijelo yenkathalo ne-yo yemeko engundoqo ekhuthaza imigaqo ecacileyo enxulumene nemigaqo engoko yokuziphatha.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nezokwahlukana

Amagosa aqatshelweyo kufuneka alungelelanise iimfanelo zawo zokuziphatha kunye nezokokukhetha kwakhona, ukunyaniseka kweqela, kunye nenkxaso yelizwano. Iingcinezelo zezobupolitika zingakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezicwangcisa iziphumo zexesha elifutshane ezifunyenwe kwinzuzo yexesha elide. Ngokufana nokuncitshiswa kwerhafu okunyusa iintsilelo okanye ukuthintelwa okuphazamisa imeko-bume. Ukugcina ingqibelelo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwimekobume elolo hlobo kufuna inkalipho kunye nemigaqo yezeziko, njengeekhomishini ezizimeleyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke luphikisana

Uluvo lukawonke wonke lunamandla ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, kodwa alusoloko luhambisana neemfuno zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Umthetho okhusela amalungelo amancinane, umzekelo, usenokuba ongathandwa phakathi kwabaninzi. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States unikela umzekelo ocacileyo: abenzi bemithetho kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kokulandela uluvo lukawonke-wonke (osoloko uthanda ulawulo) nokuxhasa umgaqo wendlela yokuziphatha wokulingana. Ukhokelo lweziko maxa wambi lufuna ukuchasene norhoxo.

Ukwenza isakhelo somsebenzi wesigqibo

Ukuze bahambe kakuhle, abaququzeleli bemigaqo-nkqubo basebenzisa iindlela ezimiselwe ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ezi nkqubo zicwangcisa iindlela zokuhlolisisa iingxaki zokuziphatha.

Utilitarianism

Ubunanikazi bugweba izenzo ngeziphumo zabo, ukufuna ngokukhethekileyo ukwandisa ulonwabo okanye intlalo-ntle. Kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, oku kusoloko kuguqulela kuhlalutyo lwexabiso-emali, apho imigaqo-nkqubo ivavanywa ngokusekelwe kwinzuzo yentlalo-ntle yabantu. Umzekelo, umxhasi-mikhosi ungayixhasa irhafu yekharbon kuba iingenelo zexesha elide zotshintsho lwemozulu oluncitshisiweyo zingaphezulu leendleko zexesha elifutshane. Kodwa, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kwemali yorhwebo kunokuzithethelela ukunikezela ngamalungelo abantu abambalwa ngenxa yokulunga okungaphezulu komgangatho ophezulu, kunye nenkxalabo engundoqo kwimimandla efana nemithetho esesikweni yamakhaya.

Imilinganiselo Yokweyisa

UGcino-lwazi ngemiqathango lugxininisa imisebenzi, imithetho, namalungelo kungakhathaliseki iziphumo. Umthetho onyanzelisayo kaImmanuel Kant ukuba sithathe amanyathelo kuphela ngokwemithetho enokuba yi-okside. Kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, oku kuthetha ukunamathela kwimigaqo efana nokunyaniseka, ukuhlonela abantu, nokugcina izithembiso, xa zisophula zivelisa iziphumo ezingcono. Umzekelo, indlela yokuzikhusela ingamkeleki kwimiqathango yangasese, nangona inamandla okukhusela ubugrogrisi. Le nkqubo inika ukhuseleko olunamandla kumalungelo abantu ngabanye kodwa inokuba ngqongqo kwiimeko ezimanqam.

Imilinganiselo Yesidima

Kunokuba ijolise ingqalelo kwimithetho okanye kwimiphumo, isimilo sibuza: "Umntu onesidima uya kwenza ntoni? Igxininisa iimpawu ezifana nokunyaniseka, ububele, inkalipho, nokungagwebi. Ekwenzeni inkqubo yokuziphatha okuhle, ikhuthaza iinkokeli ukuba zihlakulele ubulumko bokuziphatha nokuqwalasela indlela izigqibo zazo ezibonisa ngayo iimpawu zazo. Umzekelo, umenzi wemithetho elungileyo angabeka phambili ukubonakala nokuziphendulela, kwanaxa ubuchule bobunyani bunokusebenza ngokwezobupolitika.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu, esekelwe kumsebenzi we Hobbes, Locke, noRousseau, iiposithi ezithi ulawulo olusemthethweni luvela kwimvume yabalawulwa. Iinkcazelo zale mihla, ezifana noJohn Rawls wezobulungisa, ziphikisa ngelithi izivumelwano zezentlalo maziyilwe ngokusuka "kwindawo yokuqala" apho kungekho mntu waziyo ukuba zikwimeko yakhe yexesha elizayo kwibutho labantu. Oku kucinga kukhokelela kwimigaqo ekhusela okuyingenelo kakhulu. Umgaqo wesidubeko we-radals , umgaqo ongowokuba umahluko ufanele ungenelwe kuphela ukuba ungenelo olubi kwimigaqo yentlalo, irhafuthelo eqhubekayo, kunye neenkqubo zokulwa nolawulo oluphezulu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo WobuPrincincil

I-principlis yaziwa ekuqaleni ngenxa yebhayoloji, i-principism isebenzisa imigaqo emine esemgangathweni `i-autonomy, ingeniso, intlawulo, kunye nokugweba-bulungisa (njengesikhokelo esiluncedo ekwenzeni izigqibo.) Esi sakhiwo siye salungiselelwa inkqubo kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi kwimpilo, nakwimiqathango yobugcisa. Ivumela abenzi benkqubo ukuba bahlole indlela inkqubo ecetyiweyo echaphazelekayo echaphazela ngayo umgaqo ngamnye kwaye benze nenkululeko (ukungahambi ngezakhono). Ngethuba le-COVIID-19, oorhulumente abaninzi basebenzisa i-Principlupris ukuthethelela ukutshixwa kwemiqatha, ilungelela impilo kawonke (iemperance) ngokuchasene nokonakala kwezengqondo (ukungahambisi) nenkululeko yobuqu (ukukhulula).

Uphando lwetyala kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa indlela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha edlala ngayo ekusebenzeni (nendlela engaphumeleli ngayo ngamanye amaxesha.

ISebe linika inkxaso-mali

IACA ejolise ekukhuliseni i-inshorensi yempilo kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika abangakhange bafumane i-inshorensi. Ngokwendlela yokuziphatha, yafuna ukuqhubekisela phambili okusesikweni ngokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwimpilo. Kodwa yajamelana nenkcaso enzima ngenxa yegunya layo lomntu ngamnye, eyayifuna ukuba wonke umntu abe ne-inshorensi okanye ahlawule isohlwayo. I-ACA ibonisa indlela ezinokuyichasa ngayo imigaqo yokuzilawula, ngoxa abaxhasi befuna ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo (ukunganyaniseki) nemfuneko yokuzinziwa kwequmrhu elizinzileyo (ukuqiqamba iingcamango zobugxanduva). Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa irhafuthelwa njengerhafuthelo, kodwa impikiswano yemithetho engokomthetho iyaqhubeka.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu mhlawumbi yeyona nto inzima kakhulu ekukhuleni kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imithetho yezopolitiko ejolise ekunciphiseni iindleko zokukhupha igesi namhlanje ukwenzela iinzuzo eziza kuqhubekeka kumashumi eminyaka kwixesha elizayo. I-Olitian yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwexabiso lwexabiso lemali lunzima ngexabiso eliphantsi, .Nto ke, sibuxabisa kangakanani ubomi bexesha elizayo ngokunxulumene nale ngoku. Imithetho yokuziphatha, kwelinye icala, icebisa umsebenzi kwizizukulwana ezizayo, ngoxa imigaqo elungileyo ifuna ubulumko kunye nobuphathi. Isivumelwano soluntu sibalasemgangathweni wehlabathi lonke, kodwa ubuchule bokuzithandela bayo bubalaselisa uxinzelelo phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe nolawulo olukhoyo. Abaenzi bemithetho kufuneka bavavane impembelelo engalinganiyo kwimozulu ephezulu kumazwe ahlwempungentla (ibulungisa).

Utshintsho Lobulungisa

Iingxaki zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene nesohlwayo, ukubuyiselwa kophicotho-gwenxa, nokungaguquguquki kobuhlanga. Ukubanjwa kwemikhosi eUnited States kuye kwagxekwa ngokuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imimandla yabaNsundu ne-Speyin, kuveliswa imibandela yokurhoxa kobulungisa nokulunga komthetho wesizwe. Imigaqo yezohlwayo ifuna ukuba isohlwayo silungelelaniswe kwaye sihlonelwe. Iingxoxo zobuhlanga zokuphelisa ukuchasa nokuphelisa isigwebo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe kwiingozi zemiqathango ende. Izindululo zakutshanje, ezifana noMthetho wokuqala we-Step, zibonisa ukutshintshwa nokuncitshiswa kwezindululo ezifunekayo ngezantsi, zibangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ulwano olufanelekileyo lokuphatha bonke abantu ngesidima.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yokuphendula kwePandemic kunye neMithetho yokuQuqulwa kwamaLunga

Isifo sonyango se-COVID-19 esinyanzelekileyo sokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokusebenza kwe-triage ukwenzela izinto ezinqabileyo ezifana nezikhuseli-meya kunye neebhedi. Le mithetho ichaza ngokucacileyo imigaqo yokuziphatha equkisiweyo: ukwandisa ubomi (ulawulo lobugqwesi-ntloko), ukwenziwa kwabasebenzi abaphambili (ixabiso lenkcubeko yegazi), kwaye ukuphepha ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala okanye kwisiphene (imithetho yeqhinga). Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ukuba abanye abantu abaswele inkathalo ekwimeko enzima. Amava agxininisa imfuneko yokukhankamisa, imigaqo ecacileyo xa besenza ulwahlulo lobomi kunye nokufa.

Iimbambano Ezidityanisiweyo Kumgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Njengoko ubugcisa nebutho labantu ziguquka, imida emitsha yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ifuna ingqalelo kubenzi bemithetho.

Ubuntlola noLawulo lwemithetho

Iinkqubo ze-AI zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ekugwebeni ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqesha, ukubophelela, kunye nolawulo lwetyala loluntu. Ezi nkqubo zingaqhubekisela phambili zize zandise ucalucalulo olukhoyo ukuba ziqeqeshwe kwi-data ebuthathaka. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka baxabene nemibuzo yokuphendula, yokubonana, nokulunga. I-European Union's Ial AI Act imela ukuzama ukuchaza imigaqo yokuziphatha, ukujonga iziphumo zomngcipheko, kunye nokungaguquguquki komcimbi wemicimbi wenkqubo. Kodwa isantya sokuphuhlisa i-Al i-aspective relationssssss, kunye nesiseko somthetho-siseko kufuneka silungele ukuqhuba imicimbi enjenge-efakey enzulu, izixhobo ezizimeleyo, kunye nokugweba.

Imfihlo yogcino-lwazi kunye nokwanda

Ukuqokelelwa nokusetyenziswa kolwazi lobuqu ngurhulumente kunye neenkampani kuphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa liqatshelwa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho (umz. GDPR, CCPA), kodwa ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko kunye nezempilo kawonke wonke ezifunekayo nxamnye nomntu ngamnye kuhlala kukho impikiswano. Uvavanyo lokunxibelelana ngexesha lesifo, umzekelo, lufuna ukhetho lwendlela yokuziphatha malunga nokugcinwa kogcino-data, ukukhutshwa kolwazi, kunye nokuvunyelwa kwemvumela. Imigaqo yexesha elizayo kufuneka ilungelelanise uxinzelelo phakathi kweenzuzo zolawulo logcino-lwazi kunye neengozi zokuchola.

Ukulungelelanisa Imizila Yemfuza Neenkqubo Zokuyila

I-CRISPR kunye nezinye iteknoloji ezilawula ijini zinika amandla okunyanga izifo zemfuza kodwa ziphakamisa imibuzo engokokuziphatha malunga ne-eugenics, equcty, kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Ukuba abazali bafanele bavunyelwe ukukhetha iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo? Abalawuli benkqubo yokulawula isalathisi esisembumba? Isiseko somthetho esisetyenziswa kuphando lwebhayoloji/ulwazi lwezebhayoloji/ulwazi lwezejiko-yobugrafityo, uphando lwengozi, ulwandiso lwendlela lwengozi olufuna ukunyuselwa kwezi nkcukacha zikhoyo. Iindlela zolawulo zezizwe ngezizwe, njengekomiti yengcali yeWHOV, zamazama njani ukunikezela ngolwalathiso lwezemiqatha, kodwa umgangatho othelekelelekileyo wobugrafiki.

Ukomeleza Ulawulo Olungoorhulumente

Ukwenza inkqubo yezopolitiko asingomthwalo womntu ngamnye owenza izigqibo. Iziko kufuneka zakhe izibonelelo zendlela efanelekileyo yokuxhasa ulawulo olulungileyo.

Uqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kumagosa karhulumente

Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo ngemigaqo yokuziphatha, ukungqubana kwemithetho yomdla, kunye nocwangciso lokwenza izigqibo zinganceda amagosa aqonde aze asebenzise iingxaki zokuziphatha. Oorhulumente abaninzi bafuna uqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yonyaka ngamnye, kodwa ludla ngokuthathwa njengoqeqesho lwe-MCS. Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa ufundo lwetyala, iimfaniso, kunye neengxubusho ezilula ukwakha ubuchule bokwenza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokuzimela geqe

Iikhomishini okanye iiofisi ezinegunya lokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi, ukunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha, nokubonelela ngeembono ezikhuthazayo zibalulekile. Zinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imigaqo yokuziphatha ilungelelaniswa kunokuba ishiyelwe kwisazela somntu ngamnye. I-Ofisi ye-Rhulumente Ethics, ngokomzekelo, inendima ephambili ekuthinteleni inkxwaleko kwisebe elilawulayo. Ngokufanayo, iikomiti zemigaqo-siseko zinokuba negalelo kubenzi-mthetho.

Ubandakanyeko Lwasekuhlaleni Nolawulo-melo Olunesiquphe

Izigqibo zenkqubo ye-othorical akufunekanga zenziwe emva kweminyango evaliweyo. Iinkqubo ezifana nokuvalwa koluntu, amaqumrhu alawula uluntu, kunye nohlolo olungenamdla zivumela abantu ukuba bavakalise amaxabiso abo kwaye bafake igalelo kwingqiqo yabo. I-Oregon Patigative Review, ekhupha iindawo ezingakhethiyo zabavoti bokuvavanya amanyathelo, yenye imodeli. Ezi nkqubo zikhulisa ubungqongqo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ibonisa umiselo olubanzi lwendlela yokuziphatha.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukususela Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kumsebenzi Wayo Yonke imihla

Ukudibana kwemigaqo yokuziphatha nenkqubo kawonke-wonke asiyonto ithethwa yimfundo yemihla ngemihla yomntu ngamnye obandakanyekileyo ekulawuleni. Nokuba kugqitywe kwimithetho yendawo okanye kutshintsho lwezonyango lwesizwe, abaququzeli bemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka babuze: Ngubani ongenelwayo? Ngubani obenzakalisayo? Yiyiphi imigaqo ekhokelayo? Ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha esesikweni? Ngokucwangcisiweyo, ngokufunda kwiizifundo zezematyala, kunye nokuxhasa iziko lokwakha, singaphucula umgangatho wokuziphatha okuhle kwizigqibo zikawonke-wonke. Le mingeni ibalulekile, kodwa ke lithuba lokuyila imigaqo engesebenzi nje kuphela kodwa isebenza kakuhle.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngemigaqo yendlela yokuziphatha kwinkqubo, bona i- Encyclopedia yongeno lwentanda-bulumko kwimilinganiselo yezopolitiko. Brookings imigaqo yeStuation kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke yezophando [ inika uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lweengxaki zehlabathi lokwenene. Ngokuthethyo, [[FLT:]]U.S. U.U.S ofisi yemithetho yemithetho yoRhulumente inika oovimba kwimigangatho yemilinganiselo yesimilo yabasebenzi bakawonke.