Ukuqonda Umanyano Lwezolawulo: Ulawulo lwaseUnited States

Amasebe omanyano angazo izixhobo ezisebenzayo zikarhulumente waseUnited States, ukuguqulela izindululo zomthetho kunye nemiyalelo yezolawulo kwizenzo ezibonakalayo ezibumba ubomi bamaMelika amalunga nezigidi ezingama-330. Ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwamanzi okusela ukuze kulondolozwe ukhuseleko lwesizwe, le mibutho ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobukho banamhlanje. Kubemi, ukuqonda ubukhulu bomsebenzi womaziko akuyomfuneko nje kuphela ukufikelela kwiinkonzo kodwa nokuba nenxaxheba ekuphenduleni idemokhrasi. Olu khokelo lwandileyo luhlola iindidi, iimbopheleleko, iziphumo zemihla ngemihla, kunye nemigaqo yexesha elizayo yabameli besebe, ukuqwalasela oko bakwenzayo nendlela onokudibana ngayo nabo ngokunempumelelo.

Yintoni Ingxamiseko Yomanyano?

Amasebe olawulo azimeleyo amiselwe yiBhunga okanye uMongameli ukuphumeza imisebenzi ethile echazwe ngumthetho. Ngokungafaniyo neendima ezibanzi zokwenziwa kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente, amasebe ajolise ekuzalisekiseni, ekunyanzeleni, nasekudluliseleni inkonzo. Asebenza phantsi kogunya elinikezelweyo, intsingiselo yokuba angenza imimiselo eneenkcukacha ethwala amandla omthetho, ukuba ibone ukuba loo mithetho ihlala kwimida emiselwe yiBhunga. I-ofisi yesebe yelifa lengingqi yale mihla iquka malunga namasebe, amaziko, iikhomishini, kunye nemibutho karhulumente, isebenzisa abasebenzi abangabemi abangabemi abamalunga nezigidi ezi-2.2.

Inkqutyana yequmrhu iwela kwiindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko ezisekelwe kwisakhiwo nonxulumano lwazo nesebe elilawulayo:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] ISebe lezemali: amasebe omgangatho wekhabhinethi, ngalinye likhokelwa ngunobhala omiselwe nguMongameli kwaye eqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNdlu. Imizekelo iquka iSebe lokhuselo (DoD), iSebe lezempilo neSebe lezeMfundo (HS), kunye neSebe lemfundo (ED). Ezi ngowona masebe amakhulu nabonakalo bameli, aneemfuno ezinkulu ezigquma iindawo zemigaqo-nkqubo.
  • Iintlangano ezizimeleyo: ezisebenza ngaphandle kwamasebe aphetheyo, njenge-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Aeronautics kunye noLawulo lwe-Space (NASA), kunye neNtlalo yoKhuselo lobuNtlalo-ntle (SA). Zisoloko zinezikhundla ezingakumbi kulawulo lomongameli, ngamanye amaxesha kunye neekomkhuluntinethi ezisebenza ngokuzinzileyo, ezididekileyo.
  • IiKhomishini zoLawulo: AmaBhunga anikwe amandla okulawula ushishino oluthile okanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho, njengeKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano lweFederal (FCC), iSikolo sobuSekela-Phondo kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC), kunye neKhomishini yeFederal TC (FTC). Ezi zisoloko zinamandla okwenziwa kwe-Ceanti kunye ne-qusi-legislactrities, ukwenza imithetho kunye nempikiswano ediase.

Iimbopheleleko zoManyano

Umsebenzi wamaziko karhulumente uquka phantse yonke imiqathango karhulumente.

Ukuzalisekisa inkqubo kunye nomthetho

Xa iBhunga lidlulisa umthetho, lidla ngokuba likhulu, lifuna ukuba abameli bagqibe iinkcukacha ngako ukwenziwa komthetho. Umzekelo, iCease Air Act yanika i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) igunya lokumisela imilinganiselo engqalileyo yokukhupha izinto ezingcolileyo. I-Atroffationstion ipapasha imithetho ecetyisiweyo kwi- Register[, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kwangoko ikhuphisa imimiselo yokugqibela. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inemithetho esebenzayo, enyanzelekayo. I-Progracramed Active Proced Active Act ilawula lo msebenzi, ifuna ukubonakala nokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke.

Ukulungelelaniswa kunye nonyanzelo

I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ilungiselela uhlolo lwemisebenzi ukuze inyanzelise imilinganiselo yokhuseleko; iFoood neDrug Administration (FDA) inokuthabatha izinto eziyingozi kwiishelufu zevenkile. Izenzo zokunyanzela zisuka kwiileta ezilumkisa iimali ezihlawulweyo ze-pulselselse kunye nezigwebi, zidala isiseko esikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nentengiso ezifanelekileyo.

Unikezelo lwenkonzo ethe ngqo

Amasebe amaninzi ancedisa ekuncediseni kwinkonzo ephambili. ISebe leNtlalo-ntle yoKhuseleko likhulula umhlala-phantsi kwaye linceda abantu baseMerika abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70. ISebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi liqhuba inkqubo yezonyango edityanisiweyo yelizwe. INkonzo yePosi yase-U.Inkonzo ye-U.S. ithumela iileta kwidilesi nganye yelizwe, iintsuku ezintandathu ngeveki. Le nkonzo idla ngokuba yeyona mbono ibonakalayo karhulumente wabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Uphando, Ugcino-lwazi Nolwazi

I-NaSA iqhubela phambili ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka kunye nenzululwazi yomhlaba. INational Institutes of Health Safemical ingcali yezamayeza ekhokelela kuphando olutsha. I-Bureau of Labor Statistics ishiya ukungasebenzi, ukunyuka kwentengo, nemveliso, inika inkcazelo engachananga elawula inkqubo yezoqoqosho. Le misebenzi ikhuthaza iinguqu ezininzi kwicandelo loluntu nakwizikolo.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nokhuseleko loluntu

Ukukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo zoomatiloshe nabemi bomzi wolwandle luxanduva oluneembopheleleko ezixhaswe ngamaqumrhu amaninzi. ISebe Lokhuseleko Lokhuseleko Lomhlaba (DHS) lijonge ukhuseleko lomda, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo, kunye nokusabela kongxamiseko. ISebe loKhuseleko loMkhosi lihlola ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe kunye nezisongelo ezichaphazelekayo. ISebe loKhuselo loMkhosi lilondoloza ezona mkhosi unamandla ehlabathini.

Indlela Imicimbi Yomanyano Ebuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Ukuqonda olu nxulumano kunceda abemi babone ukubaluleka kweenkonzo zikarhulumente nokuxabiseka kokuvelela.

Ukhuseleko Nezorhwebo

Qho xa utya ukutya okupakishiweyo, usebenzisa iyeza eligunyazisiweyo, okanye usebenzisa isixhobo sonyango, iFDA iye yahlola ukhuseleko lwayo. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ihamba ngezifo ezihlaselayo kwaye ihambele phambili. ISebe le-Agriculture (USDA) lihlola inyama kunye nezityalo zokulungisa iinkukhu. Le migudu ikhusela izifo ezininzi kwaye isindise ubomi, nangona inqabile ukwenza imixholo yemicimbi xa isebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Okusingqongileyo kunye noovimba bendalo

I-Ndevironmental Protection Agency ilawula umoya nongcoliso lwamanzi, ibeka imida ekukhutshweni kwemizi - mveliso kunye nezithuthi. INkonzo yeSizwe sasePakini ilawula iindawo ezingaphezu kwama-400, igcina ubuncwane bendalo kunye nenkcubeko ukuze abantu bayinandipheke. Inkonzo yeNtengo ye-U.U.S. ijonge iihektare ezizizigidi ezili-193 zamahlathi ezweni, ilinganisela imveliso yemithi kunye nokulondolozwa. Umoya ococekileyo, imilambo edadayo, kunye namazwe afikelelekayo axhomekeke ngqo kumsebenzi woshishino.

Imfundo nomsebenzi

ISebe lezemfundo lihambisa uncedo lwabafundi, lijonge ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu ezikolweni, liqokelele inkcazelo echaphazela ukuphumelela kwabafundi. ISebe leMisebenzi liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yemivuzo, iingozi emsebenzini, nokusetyenziswa kwe-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa. I-Unime Accomplic Opportoctive Commission (EOC) iphengulula izikhalazo zocalucalulo. Le misebenzi ibumba amathuba avulekele izigidi zabasebenzi nabafundi.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Ulawulo loLawulo loMbutho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle (FAA) lulawula indawo yomoya yesizwe, uphaphazamiso lwabaqhubi benqwelo-moya kunye nokuhlola inqwelo-moya. Ulawulo lweNqaqo leNqanawa ephakamileyo lumisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwiindlela neebhulorho. Ulawulo lweNational Highway Traffy Ukhuseleko lobugqeba (NHTSA) uvavanyo lwengozi neengxaki zokukhumbula iindawo ezinesiphene. Xa uqhuba, ubhabha okanye uthatha uloliwe, uxhomekeke kukhuseleko kunye nemithetho yokuyila. [[FLT: 1]

Ukhuseleko Lwemali Nokhuseleko Lwabathengi

ISebe lezentengiselwano neKhomishini ye-Exchange yenzelwe ukuphatha iimarike zokuthengisa amasheya ukuze kuthintelwe ubuqhophololo kunye nokurhwebisana ngaphakathi. I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) iyalawula ukugcinwa kwezindlu zemali, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kunye nemali-mboleko yabafundi. I-Federal Deposit Inishuwarensidensis (FDIC) i-IS i-artmentssvorance Corporation (iress) igcina imali efikelela kwii-R30,000 (R150 000). La masebe agcina ukuzinzileyo kwaye athemba kwinkqubo yemali egcina imali exhasa imali kunye nokwanda kwezoqoqosho.

Indlela Yokudibana Nezongxamiseko

Abemi baneendlela ezininzi zokunxibelelana namaqumrhu karhulumente, ukufikelela iingenelo zokuphembelela inkqubo.

Inkxaso-mali

Inkoliso yamasebe agcina ii-portals ze-intanethi ezisebenzisana nomsebenzisi. USA.gov yewebhsayithi esebenzayo, enxulumanisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko lweNtlalo, ukuvuselelwa kwemitshato, iMedicare formation, kunye nemali-mboleko yeshishini encinane. Amasebe amaninzi anee-lorive zoncedo olukhululekileyo kunye nee-ofisi zentsimi yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, i-SSA ineeofisi zentsimi ezingaphezu kwe-1, apho unokufaka khona isicelo sekhadi leNyunzi lezentlalo okanye ubhenele kwisigqibo semali yenzuzo.

Ukunika amagalelo kunye nolondolozo

Xa amasebe ekhupha imimiselo ecetyiweyo, kufuneka amkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngaphambi kokugqiba. Ungangenisa amagqabaza ngoncedo lwe .gov, apho amasebe apapasha khona ulawulo lwezikhuseli. Le yindlela enamandla kubantu ngabanye, amashishini, namaqela olwaphulo-mthetho alungele ukubumba inkqubo. Umzekelo, i-FCC ifumene izigidi zamagqabaza ngemithetho ye-nethili. Ukuya kwintlanganiso yamava kawonke-wonke, ukudibanisa iikomiti ze-advisory, nokuphendula kuyindlela eyongezelekayo yokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ukuxela Iingxaki Nokufuna Ukunciphisa

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umbutho othile wenze ngendlela engafanelekanga, ungafaka isikhalazo nge-ofisi ka-Inspector General, ephanda ngobuqhetseba, inkunkuma, kunye nokuxhatshazwa. I-Ofisi yeSicebisi Esikhethekileyo ikhusela abafunyanisi bempempe. Amaqumrhu amaninzi ayakwazi ukuchaza izikhalo zabathengi ngemveliso yemali, kwaye i-FDA ivumela iingxelo zokusabela okungalunganga kweziyobisi. Ezi nkqubo zinika ingqwalaselo kwaye zinceda ekuphuculeni ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo.

Ubuchule Nempembelelo

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente, urhwebo, kunye namaqela abami asoloko ekhupha amasebe alungele iinguqu zenkqubo. Phantsi koMthetho weKomiti yeFederal Advisory, abameli kufuneka baquke abaxhasi beemathiriyeli abahlukeneyo kwiipali zokhuphiswano. Ukunikezela uwonke-wonke, ukudibana namagosa amaqumrhu, nokubandakanyeka kwilixa lokunika ingcebiso zizinto ezisetyenziswa ukuchaphazela ezona ziphambili zoshishino. Inkululeko Yolwazi ivumela abemi ukuba bacele iirekhodi zeziko, bakhuphele ukukhanya kwisigqibo sangaphakathi.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nezoorhulumente

Phezu kwayo nje indima yabo enzima, abameli bajamelana nemiqobo engapheliyo enokuthintela ukusebenza nokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu.

Imisebenzi yemali

Izicelo ezisebenza kwizicelo zonyaka ezisuka kwiBhunga. Xa uqingqo-mali lusicaba okanye lusikiwe, abameli bangaqabaza ukuqesha, banciphise iinkonzo, okanye bagcine ixesha elifutshane. Umzekelo, i-IRS ixhathise ukuphucula ubugcisa bayo kunye nokuphendula iminxeba yerhafu ngenxa yokufumana iimali ezincinane. I-Automicsting shortumtics ezithe zasikwa nguMthetho woLawulo lwebhalithi-mali ka-2011/16.

Umahluko Nokwenziwa Kwezinto Zezobupolitika

Ingcinezelo yezobupolitika evela kwiWhite House, Congress, okanye amaqela abantu abanomdla angagqwetha ezona ziphambili kwimibutho. Maxa wambi oomongameli bamisela amagosa asebenzayo ukuba angayithobeli inkcazo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, anciphise ukuphendula. Abasebenzi bemisebenzi yoorhulumente bangajongana nempindezelo yokunyanzelisa imithetho engqubana neenjongo zobupolitika. Ukwenziwa kwenzululwazi //Ngokomzekelo, ukutshintsha iingxelo ze-EPA ngokutshintsha kwemozulu `undermines' nokuthembeka kwemigaqo esekelwe kubungqina.

Ukungaphumeleli kweBofisi

Imibutho emikhulu, elawulayo inokuba nesantya sokutshintsha. Itepe ebomvu, imimandla egqithiseleyo, kunye neenkqubo eziphelelwe lixesha ziyabaphazamisa abasebenzi kunye noluntu. I-ofisi ye-Akhawuntication (GAO) isoloko ibalaselisa “inkqubo eziphezulu” ezinokulahlwa okanye zisetyenziswe kakubi, ezifana neenkqubo zeSebe lokhuselo lokulinganisela izinto kunye nentlawulo engafanelekanga yeMedicare. Imigudu yokuqukuqela ngolawulo lukaMongameli Agenda iye yavelisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo.

Ukuthenjwa Nguwonke Wonke Nokuthenjwa

Ukuthemba amaqumrhu karhulumente kunciphile kangangamashumi eminyaka. NgokweZiko lophando lwePew, malunga nama-20% kuphela amaMelika athi athemba urhulumente waseWashington ukwenza okulungileyo ixesha elininzi. Ukukhutshelwa kwamajelo eendaba okungalunganga, ukungaphumeleli okuphezulu kwe-profile (umz., ukuhlasela kwe-2014 kweVa-a ngexesha elilindisiweyo), kunye nokuhlasela okukhutshwa yi-inguqu. Ukukholosa okusezantsi kunciphisa ukuthobela ngokuzithandela ngemithetho kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuba abameli baphumeze kwimisebenzi yabo.

Ucelomngeni Lomsebenzi

Abasebenzi bamazwe abalupheleyo, abasebenzi abaninzi abafanele ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi, basongela ulwazi lwamaqumrhu. Ukhuphiswano necandelo loburhulumente ukuze babe netalente elinobuchule . Ingakumbi kwi-IT, ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha, kunye nenzululwazi-. Iinkqubo zobundlobongela zicotha kwaye zidimaza, zidinisa abafaneleki. I-Ofisi yoLawulo lwabasebenzi iphuhlise utshintsho ukuze ikhawuleze ifumane uqesho, kodwa inkqubela ayitshintshi.

Ikamva Lemibandela Yomanyano

Ukuze ahlale ephumelela kwihlabathi elitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, abameli kufuneka bazenze indaleko. Izimo ezininzi ziyakubumba indlela abacinga ngayo kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye ne-Al

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezinamandla zokuphucula ubuchule nokufumaneka. Amasebe amaninzi afaka imali kwiinkonzo zamanani (ngomzekelo, iNkonzo yamanani yase-U.S. kunye namaqela ali-18F afakwe kumaqumrhu asebenza kwii-website kunye neenkqubo ze-IF. Ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule bungahlalutya iinzuzo ezifunwayo, ukufumanisa ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuhlola umgaqo-nkqubo osetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, amaqumrhu kufuneka alawule iingozi ngokubhekiselele kwikhethe, ukuzifihla, nangokubonisa ngaphaya kwangaphandle. I-AIS i-A kumthetho ka-202020 ifuna amaziko ahlole ukusetyenziswa kwawo nokufumana ezona zinto zilungileyo.

Ukwanda kokubonisa ngaphaya kombane nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

UMthetho woLawulo loRhulumente we-OPEN ugunyazisa ukuba abameli abangachaphazeliyo bapapashe ugcino-lwazi kwiifomati zomatshini ezinokufundwa. Ugcino-lwazi. Abaququzeleli bamalunga nama-250,000 ogcino-lwazi olusuka kumasebe amaninzi, benza abaphandi, intatheli, kunye noosomashishini bahlolisise yonke into ukusuka kwiingxelo zemozulu ukuya kumgangatho wesibhedlele. Inyathelo lokulinganisa okulula njenge Freedom of Information Act yalect yale mihla kunye nokwenza ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lweziko loluntu lwenze lubonakale ngakumbi, lukhuthaza ukuphendula koxanduva.

Ucalucalulo lomanyano kunye nomanyano loluntu

Ingxaki entsonkothileyo .Iingxaki ezidibeneyo , ukuguquka kwekhompyutha, ukuphazanyiswa kwezifo ezimandundu, ukuchaphazeleka kwentsebenziswano kwemibutho edibeneyo kunye namaqabane angaphandle. ISibonelelo seSizwe sibandakanya iDHS, i-NSA, kunye nee-Internet ezincedisa abantu abasebenza ngekhompyutha. I-U.S. Ukuphengululwa kwamanani kudibanisa amatsha - ntliziyo namaqumrhu nezixhobo ezingaphaya kweendongangezo zikarhulumente, kodwa kwakhona bafuna ulawulo olucothayo lwenkxalabo kunye nolwano logcino-data.

Ukunikela ingqalelo Kulungelelwano Nokulingana

UMthetho oLawulweyo woLawulo oluPhezulu u-1685 (2021) olathisiweyo ukuze kuqhutywe intsebenziswano yohlanga kunye nenkxaso ekhoyo phantsi koluntu. Kufuneka ngoku ukuqhuba uhlolo olusesikweni, ukususa imiqobo ekufumaneni iinkqubo, nokuqokelela iinkcukacha zabemi. Imizekelo iquka imigudu yeSebe lezolimo yokulungisa ucalucalulo phakathi kwabalimi abamnyama kunye neSebe lezeMpilo neSebe lezezezempilo ukunciphisa ukuqhekeka kwempilo. Le migudu ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zoshishino zifikelele abo bazifuna kakhulu kuzo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokuzivumelanisa

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, iindyikitya zokungalungelelani kwemozulu, kunye nokungazinzi kwemeko-bume kufuna ukuba amaqumrhu amelane nokusebenza ngokulula kwe-Arhente (FEMA) ahlaziya iimaphu zempumlo kunye nemithetho elandelwayo yokusabela kwintlekele. ISebe Lezembane lityale imali ekwakheni iingxube zokuhlahlela nokunika amandla angakumbi. Imigudu kwakhona iphuhliswa ngokuhambelana nokuhlasela ngekhompyutha kunye nokuphazamisana namatyathanga. Ukuzilungisa ezi zisongelo kuya kuba lucelomngeni olucacileyo kwisizukulwana esilandelayo seenkokeli zorhulumente.

Isiphelo

Amaziko asebenza ngomanyano akangoorhulumente abakhoyo eWashington; bayi-injini eguqula imithetho ibe ngamava aphilayo. Ukusukela kukhuseleko lokutya kwakho ukuya kukhuseleko lomhlala-phantsi, umsebenzi wabo uphothiswe kwibala lobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda oko amaqumrhu akwenzayo . kwaye indlela yokusebenzisana nabo (amandla abemi abahlala kuwo ukuze bagcine urhulumente enoxanduva, ukufumana iinkonzo ezichaphazelekayo, kunye nemigaqo yemigaqo yezonyango. Njengoko amaziko elawula iingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali, iingxaki zezobupolitika, kunye nobugcisa bokuguqula izinto, amandla awo okuzitshintsha azakugqiba indlela abasebenzela ngayo uluntu kumashumi eminyaka angaphambili. Ukuhlala benolwazi nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zoshishino akulungile nje; luxandumiso lobuhlanga lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi.