Kuluntu lwanamhlanje lwedemokhrasi, uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye lumele enye yeengxoxo ezizingisileyo nezineziphumo. Mihla le, oorhulumente benza izigqibo ezithi zifake isikali kukhuseleko oluphezulu okanye inkululeko engakumbi, ngokufuthi ezineziphumo ezinzulu kubomi babemi. Ukusuka kwiikhamera ezisezitratweni ukuya kwimiyalelo yokugonya izifo ezimandundu, umbuzo ushiyeka: sizimisele kangakanani ukurhweba ngesithembiso sokhuseleko? Eli nqaku lihlola iingcambulo zembali, iingqinipho zangoku, kunye neziphumo zexesha elizayo zolu lungelelwano olunenkcenkcenkce, ukutsala kwimimiselo engokwasemthethweni, izicwangciso zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nohlolisiso lwehlabathi lokwenene.

Imeko

Imfazwe phakathi kokhuseleko olumanyeneyo nenkululeko yobuqu idala njengeemeko zorhulumente ezilungelelanisiweyo. Ngelixesha inqaku lokuqala likhankanye iMagna Carta (1215), ukuhlasela, kunye nentsebenziswano yamalungelo abantu, ukuqikelelwa kwembali kutyebile kwaye kuyafundisa. Imizekelo yokuqala iquka umgaqo wemithetho wamaRoma u-salus supuli su pulture lex esto[125] [FLT] [125] (ukhuseleko lwabantu ngumthetho ophakamileyo), oye udla ngokucenganyelelwa ukuthethelela amanyathelo akhethekileyo. EUnited States, iAluen and Sédtion of 1798 Croutection Countmentstions Ingustment, ikhokelela ekuvalelweni ngomhleli wephephandaba kunye noomva wesizwe. Ngemfazwe Yokuqala, i-univernverset, i-Foctive Union, i-Unik) ekwayinyanze i-e.[3]

Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa imizekelo ecacileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweminye imiqathango ecacileyo kwamaJaphani ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, egunyaziswe nguMthetho olawulayo wama-906, ngokunyanzelisa abantu abangaphezu kwe-110 000 besekelwe kwimvelaphi yabo kuphela. Emashumini eminyaka kamva, urhulumente wase-U.S. wacela uxolo kwaye wanika iiyantlukwano, ukuvuma ukuba umlinganiselo wawukukungalungisi okunzulu okubangelwa kukungalungisi okubangelwa likhethe lobuhlanga kunokuba kufuneke ngokusemthethweni. Ngexesha lemfazwe yoMkhosi, uMcCalthyism kunye neNd House-American Active Committee Comments Com ikhupha izifungo zokunyaniseka kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho ezimnyama, ukuchasana kwezobupolitika egameni lokhuseleko lobuzwe. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa umlinganiselo ophindaphindixesha: ngexesha likaxakeka, oorhulumente abagculi, kunye nomonakalo kwinkululeko emva kwexesha elide emva kokuba kuphelile.

Isithuba sasemva kwe-9/11 somtya ophoswe ngelinye ixesha. Umthetho we USA PARIYOTT, wadlula iiveki ezimbalwa emva kohlaselo, amandla olawulo akhuliswe ngokuphawulekayo, kuquka ukufumaneka kweengxelo zeshishini, kunye "sneak kunye nokukhangela". Izityhilo ezilandelayo ngabavuli-mpempeli njengoEdward Snowden zabonisa ukuba la magunya aye asetyenziswa kude ngaphaya kweemeko zobugrogrisi, ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwizigidi zamaMelika aqhelekileyo. Ipendululo i-enjini iphethuza elijikayo ngandlel'umthetho we USA Freedom ka 2015, eliphelisa ukuqokelelwa kweminxeka kweminxeba yeminxeba, kodwa ukuxinana kwento engundoqo kuhlala. Njengokuba iBrenan Center Trecter iphawula, "Ucelomngeni lokuyila imigaqo eluncedo ngaphandle kokwenza ulawulo lwe-ograccutmentalism echaza ulawulo lwethu.[FS]

Ubalo Lwangoku

Namhlanje, ukurhwebelana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko kubonakala kwimimandla emithathu emikhulu: ukujongwa nokuzimela wedwa, umgaqo womthetho, namanyathelo empilo kawonke wonke.

Imfundo Nento Efihlakeleyo

Inkqubela yobugcisa ithe yanika impumelelo enkulu kumsebenzi wobudala wokujonga abemi. Ubuchule bokukhangela, ukuqaphela ipleyiti yelayisensi esetyenziswa ngumntu ozimeleyo, ukuhlola, kunye nemithetho-algorithm exeliweyo ngoku yenza ukuba kuhlale kuqwalaselwe. ETshayina, inkqubo yokutyala idibanisa urhulumente nezixhobo zobugcisa zabucala zolawulo lwamaqabane obuqu ukubeka umda wokufikelela kubemi ekuhambeni, ukuthintela ukufikelela kwabo babhatala, ukuboleka iimali-mali, kunye neenkonzo zabo babonwa benganyanisekanga. Ngoxa i-democrafication iye yazinzisa iindlela ezibanzi ezibonakalayo, umzekelo, umkhosi womda usebenzisa ii-dron nezigulo-mfo, ngoxa imibutho yamapolisa yasekuhlaleni ikhupha ukubhaqa ukudubula nokudubula komzimba.

Abaxhasi bobucala baphikisa ngelithi ukujongwa kwabantu abaninzi kubanda kwaye kuququzelela ukuma ngokukhululekileyo kunye nentlangano. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ibhale amatyala amaninzi apho iinkqubo zokuhlola zihlala zijoliswe kumaqela emibala, ezopolitiko, ezoludidi lobugrogrisi, kunye neenkonzo ezincinane. (: Aspenly & Surveillance) Ngaphezu koko, xa kukho isakhiwo sophatho-liso siyaqhubeka sikhula, sithanda ukuqhubekeka nokukhula, into eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumsebenzi othengwa." umzekelo, abafundi bephepha-layiselo-mali ngoku isetyenziswa rhoqo ngabagcici bophando-msi bezophando lwabagcipheli.

Kwelinye icala, abaxhasi bophando oluphambili kwincopho ecacileyo yokuphumelela: ukukhusela amaqhinga abagrogrisi, ukuhlangula abantwana abaqweqwedisiweyo, nokucombulula amatyala abakhahlayo. Baphikisa ngelithi abantu abanolwazelelelo bamkela iikhamera zokhuseleko ezibonakalayo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke njengendawo yokurhwebelana. Isitshixo, bazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba, kukubonakala nokungathinteli okucacileyo. Amanye amazwe aseYurophu aye amkela imithetho engqongqo yokukhusela ulwazi, kuquka i-General Data Protection Regration (GDPR), enika abantu ukuba balawule ulwazi lwabo lobuqu kunye nemiqathango karhulumente. Ukuba lo mzekelo wokusebenza ngokusemthethweni uyakwazi ukuthunyelwa ku-U.S. kunye nezinye iimeko zihlala zingumbuzo ovulekile.

Imikhwa Yokunyanzeliswa Komthetho

Ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa, ukumisa imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokunqanda umthetho, kunye nokulwa komthetho kuyaqhubeka kubangela impikiswano enzulu. Inqaku lokuqala elikhankanyiweyo linquma-furisk kunye neekhamera zomzimba; singanweba ngokuphawulekayo. KwisiXeko saseNew York, simisa kwaye-frisk samiselwa njengesixhobo sokuphendula, sivelise iziphumo ezidibeneyo: ngoxa benobungqina obubonisa ukuba i-Black kunye ne-Latinx, eneziphene ezingaphezulu kwama-90% zokuma okungabanjwa. Kodwa iindlela ezifanayo ziyaqhubeka zisendleleni ezizolileyo ngaphaya kwelizwe. Iikhamera zomzimba, ekuqaleni zinconywa njengesixhobo sokuphendula, zivelise iziphumo ezidityaniweyo: ngexa benokunciphisa izikhala nokusebenzisa amandla kwezinye iindawo, zinyusa iinkxakezo zobuqu zamaxhoba kunye neenkupho ezifanelekileyo, iingcukaliso ezitheneyo, ezithe zisuka kwimiba ekulandeleni ukubulala abantu abaqhelekileyo, iintambo eziphakathi, ezithenjiswe kwiminzi ezitheneyo, ezilandela iin ezitheneyo, ezitheneyo, ezi

IBlack Lives Matter, eyathi yabalaselisa ukuqhankqalaza kwemibhiyozo yoluntu lonke ngowe-2020, yabalaselisa ingxaki enzulu: inkqubo yobulungisa isoloko iphatha abantu abamnyama nabamdaka njengabakrokrelelweyo kunokuba babe ngabemi abafuna ukhuseleko. Ukutsalela "eqeshiweyo amapolisa" kwizicelo ezithe zaphuculwa ngakumbi zokuthumela inkxaso-mali kwiinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, izindlu, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntlalo. Ezinye izixeko, njengoAustin, Texas, kunye noLos Angeles, ziye zazama ukuphendula amanqam ngezakhono angenazigwebo-zi-mfa-mfa-----mfo. Iziphumo zisekho ukusetyenziswa, kodwa ukutshintsha kolwazi olukhulayo lokuba ukhuseleko lungenakufikelele ngokupheleleyo ngomsebenzi womthetho omthetho omthetho olawulayo.

Utshintsho olufana nemithetho evunyelwayo, iibhodi zongameli abangaburhulumente, kunye nokuvalwa kwemida yemida kuphunyezwe kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa inkxalabo ekhoyo iyaqhubeka. Njengoko iNational Institute of Justice iphawula, "Ucelomngeni kukugcina ucwangco logama uhlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abo bonke abantu" (NJ]: Law Enfoctive Tries[[FLT: 1]]])

Iindlela Zezempilo Zoluntu

Isifo se-COVID-19 sazisa ukuthengiselana ngokhuseleko kwindlu nganye. Ukubophelela amaza, izigqubuthelo zemaski, amapass, kunye nokuvalwa komqhaphu kwezamashishini kunyanzelisa abantu kunye noorhulumente ukuba balinganisele inkululeko yabo siqu nxamnye nempilo ehlangeneyo. Inqaku lantlandlolo lidwelise oku njengesifundo, kodwa lifanelwe lunyango lwalo olwandisiweyo. Ekuqaleni kobhubhaneko, amazwe amaninzi abeka imiqathango engqongqo yokuhamba, kunye namaqondo ahlukeneyo empumelelo. I-New Zealand kunye ne-South Korea yasebenzisa ukuvavanyanisa kunye nokulandelela ukulinganisela okunzima ukulondoloza ityala ngaphandle kokuzibophelela okungapheliyo, kanti abanye oorhulumente be-U. bachaza imingeni esemthethweni ephakathi kwempilo ephantsi kwe-Rhost . [FLDice ku-Rhost:] i-Rhost Cooce yase-an of sym.[Fod]

Imiyalelo yetyala yabasebenzi bezonyango, abantwana besikolo, nabasebenzi besizwe baqhwaba amatyala kunye namadabi ezobupolitika. Iziko loLawulo lwezifo kunye nothintelo (CDC) zaphikisa ngelithi imiyalelo iyimfuneko ukufikelela ekukhuseleni umhlambi nokukhusela abantu abangakhuselekanga. (CD]CD: Izicelo ze-CD: Abagxeki bakhankanye [) abachazi abathathi ncam yokuzilawula, imvume ephakanyisiweyo, kunye nomngcipheko weziphumo ezisecaleni. Umgaqo wesiko we-"harm""" .[[[FLTLT:0] Inkululeko yomntu iphela apho ukhuseleko lomnye luqala khona, kodwa isicwangciso sokwenene sehlabathi lunento eyingozi. Ngexesha lomgaqo wokuzigqumathelo, kodwa umgaqo olungileyo, kodwa ogwetyelweyo, kodwa ogwetyelweyo xa kunqawa ukuba kuthintelwe izibhedro ezibhedro.

Iimeko zongxamiseko zempilo kawonke-wonke zikwabonisa ukwahluka kwimpembelelo yemiqathango. Abasebenzi abaphantsi bemali badla ngokufumana umngcipheko omkhulu, ngelixesha abasebenzi abakude benokukhetha. Inkululeko yokuhlala ekhaya ayifumaneki ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Oku kudibana kobulungisa bezoqoqosho nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni kongeza ukuntsonkotha kuyo nayiphi na impikiswano. Ukukhangela phambili, umbuzo awungokuba iza kubakho iindyikitya zokufa ezizayo, kodwa enoba siza kumisela iziseko ezikhanyayo, ezisekelwe kubungqina obulungelelanisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokhuseleko loluntu ngaphandle kokuphinda iimpazamo zowama-202020.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Uhlolisiso olunenkcukacha lubonisa indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni esetyenziswa ngayo.

Umthetho we-USA Othiwa PTRIOT noMphumo wawo

Umthetho watyikitywa ngo-Oktobha 26, 2001, uMthetho we-USA PATRIOT wanika amagunya amatsha aphengulula ubugrogrisi. Phakathi kwemiqathango yayo ephikisayo: ICandelo 215 livumele iFBI ukuba ifumane "yona nto ibonakalayo" enxulumene nophando lweencwadi, kuquka iingxelo zethala leencwadi, amaxwebhu eshishini, kunye nemifanekiso yefowuni yefowuni. Kwiminyaka emininzi, abantu babengazi nto ingako malunga nendlela la magunya awayesetyenziswa ngayo. Ngo-2013, u-Edwa, u-Edward Snowton wakhupha amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba i-Friver Security Agement (NA) ibiqokelela i-micity yezigidi zama-America ngezambungulu, phantsi kokucaciswa kweCandelo-Roktrovi. Ukuvuzwa kwemin-omstiki kwakhokelela ekukhuselweni kwe-R.

Iqela Elingunomngcipheko Namapolisa Aguqula Ubomi Bawo

NgoMeyi 25, 2020, uGeorge Floyd wabulawa lipolisa lamapolisa laseMinneapolis elaguqa entanyeni yakhe imizuzu elithoba. Isiganeko, sabanjwa kwividiyo, sabangela umbutho omkhulu woqhankqalazo kwimbali yase-United States, ngoqikelelo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abali-15 ukuya kuma-26 ezigidi. Ngokungafaniyo nolu hlolo lwangaphambili, eli galelo lakhokelela kutshintsho olucacileyo: iBhunga lesiXeko leMinneapolis City lavota ukugxotha isebe lamapolisa (nakuba umlinganiselo webhola yamva wasilela), kwaye imithetho emininzi inqanda ukuvalw'ilwa kwemiza, ifuna iikhamera zequmrhuluko, kwaye ifuna uphando oluzimeleyo lwezelo lwezezemfundo yezemfundo enyanze i-Calcipolicle Active kodwa iqeding. Ngokunjalo, amanye amapolisa amapolisa arhwebi arhorhorho arho arho azama ukuqhuba i-ofisi yeze i-ofisi yeze i-Aracculkn, kwaye abiza i

Imiqathango ye-COVID-19: Imeko elungelelanisiweyo

Imimandla eyahlukeneyo yasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa imiqathango yokufakela imiqathango ecacileyo, isenza uvavanyo lwendalo ekuthengeni kwenkululeko ekhuselekileyo. I-China namanye amazwe alawulayo asebenzisa ukhuthuzo olungqongqo, ukuvalwa kwemiqathango, kunye nokulandelelwa kwemiqathango yamanani ukucinezela le ntsholongwane, ngokufuthi ngokusikelwe umda nokuzinziswa kwemeko. Iimeko zedemokhrasi ezifana neJamani ne-South Korea zakwazi ukuthoba unxibelelwano olucacileyo ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo yendalo ethembekileyo. EUnited States, inkqubo yesizwe eyahlukeneyo yavelisa umsebenzi wemiqathango yemithetho karhulumente, ekhokelela ekudideni nasekuzinziweni kwemiqathango ye-yo. Imfuno ye-projectivestion:[1] i-Plance:[1]

Icala

Njengoko ubugcisa nezixhobo ezisebenza ngokumanyeneyo zitshintsha, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye zinokujamelana neengxaki ezintsha.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobuchule Bokuxela Ikamva

Amasebe amapolisa asebenzisa i-algorithm ngokuqhubekayo ukuxela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luya kwenzeka phi okanye luphi na umngcipheko wokukhubekisa. Ngelixesha abaxhasi bema ngelithi ezi zixhobo zingabalula ubuncwane, abagxeki balumkisa ukuba bangabathathi-nxaxheba bembali/ukungalawuleki kweengingqi zeBlack . Iinkqubo ze-Al Union ezicet ze-Albha yolu mngcipheko ziya kukhetha ezinye izixhobo zovavanyo zomngcipheko njenge "umngcipheko ophezulu," ezifuna ukubonakala kakuhle kunye nolawulo lwabantu. EUnited States, uMthetho we-alkholimolic Arentity we-2022 uya kufuna ukuba inkampani zihlole iziphumo zenkqubo ezizimodyweyo zamalungelo abantu. Ikamva liya kubandakanye imigaqo engakumbi, kodwa uxinezeleko olungundoqo luhlala luhleli: indlela yokusebenzisa ulwazi olukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokwenza inkqubela kunye nolawulo

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Namandla eengxamiseko

IPost-9/11 yotshintsho lokhangelo lwabonisa ukuba amandla ongxamiseko asisigxina anokuqina. Isifo solawulo lwe-COVID-19 sabona imiyalelo efanayo esetyenziselwa ukumisela imiqathango ehlala iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Ukuya phambili, kukho ulwahlulelwano olukhulayo lokuba amandla ongxamiseko afanele aquke iireyibhini ezizenzekelayo zokutshona kwelanga, uhlolo lolwamkelo lomthetho oluqinileyo, kunye nokuqukwa kwemithetho-mthetho yexesha ngalinye. IKhomishoni yezizwe ngezizwe ye-Jurgraf:1 imeme iinkqubo zendalo zendalo ezisilungelelanisiswe kumgangatho ophezulu wamalungelo abantu ngokokuyimfuneko nokulungelelanisa. ( IKhomishini yemidayongameli yemidanganiso yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesizwe yesizwe yesizwe ye-JURG.[FLT]]]])

Uqeqesho lwempilo yoluntu nokuzilungiselela

Ukuveliswa kweemali kwinkqubo yonyango lukawonke-wonke ."ingxaki yokungajoli, ukusetyenziswa konxibelelwano, ukuphuhliswa kwemichiza yokugonya-gonyo-goma.) Imeko enzima nokuthemba amagunya empilo ayifuni kuphosa ityala njengelingqongqo okanye elide. Ubeko lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lugxininise ulwakhiwo lwentsebenziswano lokuzithandela ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nezikhuthazo kunokuba lunyanzelise. Ukurhweba phakathi kwenkululeko kunye nokhuseleko lwamaqumrhu akuyozerom; imigaqo emiselwe kakuhle isenokunciphisa iingozi kunye nokungawafuni amalungelo.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye akuyongxaki ukuconjululwa kanye, kodwa uxinezeleko olumele luphethwe ngokuqhubekayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye sijamelana nobugcisa obutsha, izisongelo ezintsha, kunye neempembelelo ezintsha zezobupolitika eziguqula umda. Imbali ibonisa ukuba uloyiko lungaqhuba ingxwabangxwaba, kwaye ukungakhathali kunokubangela umonakalo ongenakuthintelwa. Iinkqubo zolawulo-moya ezilawula impilo-moya zizinto ezigcina iingxoxo zikawonke wonke eziqinile, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye nokuzinikela okunzulu kumalungelo angundoqo kwanawo namaxesha engxaki. Iintsebenzi kufuneka zihlale zinolwazi, zithathe inxaxheba kwingxoxo yemithetho, zize zigcine amagosa ekwiNkundla uLouis Breans abhala, "Iingozi ezinkulu zokuzimela ngokufihlakeleyo, ukungenelela okungaqondangaqondangako kodwa ngaphandle kokuqonda."