Imbali yembali yombono wabaqali

Imigaqo yee-checks kunye nolwahlulo kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya ayizange yenziwe kwikhamandela. Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U. bafumana intlupheko eninzi yentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika namava asebenzisekayo. Ezona mpembelelo zingqalileyo zezobulumko zavela kumntu wenzululwazi yoluvo lwamaFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu, owathi kumsebenzi wakhe we-1748] uMoya woMthetho [ inkululeko elondolozwa ngcono xa amandla karhulumente ahlukene phakathi kweziqu zombini. Oku kwakukukucel ’ umngeni opheleleyo ookumkani ababelawula iYurophu ngexesha.

Abathathi-nxaxheba baseMerika babenamava obuqu obungozi begunya eliphakamileyo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. UKumkani nePalamente babamba amandla angathintelwayo kwirhafu ye-levy, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, kunye neempikiswano ezingquzulanayo ngaphandle kokumela okanye ukuphendula kumathangalathi-tyala. Oku kwenza abaxhasi bakrokraze kakhulu nasiphi na isiko elinye elinegunya elinamandla. Ngaphezu koko, ukuzama kokuqala kweMelika ekwazi ukuzilawula phantsi kolawulo lwerhafuthe [[FLT: 0] ukuzama kwangamandla okulungelelanisa imicimbi yeNko-[[FLT] [781] [18] 889] kungqineke kubuthathaka kakhulu, ngorhulumente osembindini ongenamandla ongenakukwazi ukunyanzekela imithetho okanye ukuqokelela irhafuthelo. IConstitual Consetion ka1787 yayingumzamo wamabhoso olungele ukuqhuba urhulumente omnye onamandla.

Abalawuli bakholelwa ukuba indalo yomntu yayinephulo lemvelo kwaye ityekele ekumoshekeni. Njengoko uJames Madison ebhaliwe ku [[FLT:] Federali No. 51[, "Umdla kufuneka wenziwe ukulwa nephulo. Urhulumente ulwenziwe jikelele kwingcamango yokuba amasebe azakukhuphisana, adala inkqubo ezinzileyo apho kungekho cebo linokulawula lula. Le ntanda-bulumko ichazwa ngobunzulu [[FLT: 4.] uqokelelo lwe-FUFLT. [FLT] olupheleleyo lwe-UFUFLT]

Imfundiso Yomthetho: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwahlula urhulumente wesizwe abe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko zalo ezahlukileyo. Olu lwahlulo lokwakha luthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekusebenziseni umlinganiselo opheleleyo wegunya likarhulumente. Imodeli yesithethe inika iBhunga lowiso-mthetho, amandla alawulayo kuMongameli, namandla okugweba kwiinkundla zesizwe.

  • Amandla alawulayo: Igunya lokwenza, ukutshintsha, kunye nokuphinda-phinda imithetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla asebenzayo: Igunya lokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho.
  • Amandla ombutho: Igunya lokuchaza imithetho nokusombulula iimpikiswano.

Olu lwahlulo luthathu asilolwalo nje olulungele ulawulo. Lubonisa ukuzinikela okunzulu kwentanda-bulumko ekuthinteleni igunya likarhulumente ngokuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingabambe amakhadi onke. Amanqaku amathathu okuqala omGaqo-siseko aseka isebe ngalinye, achaza amandla kunye neziphene zalo ngokuchanekileyo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kusebenza kumgangatho wolawulo nowamazwe, kudala inkqubo enika ulawulo oluneencam ezininzi zokufikelela nokuphendula kowabemi.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu

Inqaku leQumrhu I loMgaqo-siseko limisa isebe lowiso-mthetho njengenqaku lokuqala nelona linenkcukacha, elibonakalisa inkolelo yabalawuli yokuba iKhomishini iza kuba yelona sebe linamandla. Isakhiwo se-bimeral seBhunga yaba luxakeko olubalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Indlu yabameli inika umelo olulinganayo kurhulumente ngamnye, iqinisekisa ukuba amavangaphiyo anelizwi angenamsebenzi.

IBhunga libamba amandla esipaji, okuthetha ukuba lilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nerhafu karhulumente. Olu lolona vavanyo lubalulekileyo indlu yowiso-mthetho enalo phezu kwesebe eliphetheyo. Ingqungquthela ikwanamandla akhethekileyo okuzisa imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye iseka iinkundla zephondo ngezantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Inkqubo yemithetho yesizwe yenzelwe ukuba icothe yayenzele ngabom, ifuna amatyala ukudlula onke amagumbi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli. Le ngxaki yenkcubeko iyenza kube nzima nayiphi na into engundoqo yokuqukuqela ngomthetho ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwemithetho emikhulu.

Ukongeza ekwenzeni umthetho, iBhunga lenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuvelela. Iikomiti zeBhunga ziphanda izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, ukuva amatyala, kunye namaxwebhu afunwayo. Eli gunya liluncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuphendula nokubonakala kobucala kurhulumente. INkonzo yophando loMbutho kunye ne- I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yeGoverment Accounting (GAO) inikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo nokuphicotha nokuxhasa le misebenzi yolawulo.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Amandla kuLawulo

Inqaku II elimisa isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States. Abalawuli babenombono wesikhulu esiphetheyo esinegunya elaneleyo lokunyanzelisa imithetho ngokunempumelelo kodwa hayi ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuba abe ngukumkani. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko karhulumente, intloko-ntloko yemikhosi yezixhobo, kunye nentloko yomphathi-mikhosi. UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amandla okuqulunqa izivumelwano (nemvume yeCante), umisela abagwebi besizwe nabaphathi-ofisi (kwanoqinisekiso lweNtsimbi yeNtsimbi), kwaye uvumela ukuxolelwa kwetyala likarhulumente.

Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo loMongameli kwisebe lowiso-mthetho nguMphathiswa wesebe unegunya . UMongameli angawuchasa nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiKhompathiswa, nangona iNgqungquthela ingawususa umphetho ngeendawo ezizii-3 ezintathu zombini emagumbini. Eli gunya linika uMongameli indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngempumelelo ukwenza ukuba abe ngumphathi-yo i-co-gislator. Umongameli unalo igunya lokukhupha imiyalelo echaphazelekayo [, ekhomba imisebenzi yorhulumente worhulumente.

Isebe elilawulayo liquka amasebe eKhabhinethi, amasebe amaninzi, kunye nesebe lorhulumente. UMongameli umisela iintloko zamasebe, acebisa uMongameli kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza. Eli qumrhu lolawulo lijongene nayo yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Umlinganiselo kunye nokuntsonkotha kwesebe eliphetheyo lale mihla kubangele iingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele umgangatho wamandla olawulo oluphezulu, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinjengeemfazwe nezindululo zongxamiseko.

Isebe Lezeejaji: IGuna leeNkcukacha zomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku III limisa isebe lejaji, neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Abagwebi besakhelo bayila isebe elinobungozi obuncinane, njengoko lingalawuli kwingxowa yemali okanye ikrele. Kodwa ke, ijaji inamandla anzima eejaji [ uhlalutyo ] `igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kwiSigqeba kodwa lamiswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala lomqondiso Mqulurbury v.[FLT]. [iii]]

Abagwebi bamafakelani bamiselwe ubomi, banezikhundla zabo ngexesha "lokuziphatha okuhle". Oku kuphila kwabo kuyawakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye kuqinisekisa inkululeko yokugweba. Ijaji ichaza umthetho kwiimeko ezithile nakwiimbambano ezithile, iinkundla ezithetha intsingiselo ayinakukhupha ityala kwiimbono eziphikisayo. Indima yabo kukucombulula iimpikiswano zokwenene ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yezomgaqo-siseko, umthetho wezomthetho, kunye nemizekelo.

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo iquka iinkundla zesithili, iinkundla zesiphaluka zezobheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla zeSithili ziinkundla zamatyala apho kunikelwa ubungqina kunye namatyala. Iinkundla zezibheno zihlola izigqibo zenkundla yesithili ukwenzela iimpazamo ezisemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo ineesigqibo sokuphendula amatyala, ngokuqhelekileyo ekhetha lawo aphendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokomGaqo-siseko okanye iinkundla ezijongeneyo phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi. Iinkcazelo zeNkundlalelo zeNkundla yeSigqeba ziye zabuguqula ubomi baseMerika ngeendlela ezinzulu, ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kumgaqo oluntu ngamanye.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Ngeli xesha ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwahlula igunya, uhlolo nolungelelwano lunika isebe ngalinye izixhobo zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. Le nkqubo idibanisayo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla akahlukani kuphela kodwa akwalungelelana. Isebe ngalinye linobuchule obuthile bokuhlola amanye, lidala ulungelelwano olunamandla oluye lwaqhubeka ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ingqwalasela yoMthetho kwiSebe eliphetheyo neSikolo

IBhunga linezixhobo ezininzi ezinamandla zokuhlola amanye amasebe. Lingawagqitha ama-vetoes angomongameli ngevoti ezimbini-sithathu, ngokunempumelelo ukunyanzela umthetho kumthetho phezu kwayo nje inkcaso yabalawuli. IBhunga likwanegunya lokungagunyazi, livumele ukuba lisuse uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa esizwe ajonge "ukucinga, ukunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabameli abangekho mthethweni." Indlu yabameli iqalisa ukuqulungela ukuqulungela, kwaye iNxabisi yeNtsibe iqhuba ukuvavanywa nokuvota ekugwetyweni.

IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali kunye neenkqubo, linika inkxaso ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wesebe elilawulayo. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali yesebe. Ngaphandle kwengqungquthela, uMongameli akanakuzalisekisa iinkqubo okanye asebenze abasebenzi bakarhulumente abahlawulayo. INdlu yeNdlu inamandla okuqinisekisa okanye okuchasa ukumiswa koomongameli, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe, kunye neenkonzo zemvume. Eli cebiso kunye nendima yokuvuma kuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuzalisekisa izikhundla eziphambili ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngumthetho.

Kwicala lejaji, iKhonkxane isenokubutshintsha ubungakanani kunye nesakhiwo seenkundla zelifa lesizwe, nangona ingenakususa abagwebi ngabanye ngaphandle kokungagunyaziswanga. IBhunga likwanokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe izigqibo zomgaqo-siseko ukuze kutshintshwe izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ichewu eliye lasetyenziswa izihlandlo eziliqela kwimbali yaseMerika.

Icandelo elilawulayo lihlola iMithetho neSikolo

Amandla kaMongameli yi-veto elona cebo lingqalileyo kwiBhunga. UMongameli angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso eyodwa aze ancomele umthetho, enika umphathi onegunya indima esemthethweni ekulungiseni imimiselo yowiso-mthetho. Njengomphathi-ntloko, uMongameli ulawula umkhosi kwaye angathumela amajoni ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwengqungquthela, nangona iMimiselo yaMandla yeMfazwe izama ukulinganisela eli gunya.

UMongameli uhlola isigwebo ngamandla okumisela. Ngokuchaza abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, uMongameli ubumba intanda-bulumko yenkundla yezizukulwana. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela nokukhupha izigwebo, ezinokudlula kwiimeko zikarhulumente. Oku kubonakalisa ukhuseleko lokulungisa okungekho sikweni okanye ukubonisa inceba.

Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho Nolawulo

Uhlolo oluyintloko lwejaji luhlolo lwezahlulelo, amandla okubetha imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivakalisa umthetho ongekho mgaqo-siseko, loo mthetho uba yize, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkxaso engakanani enayo kwiBhunga okanye kuMongameli. Eli gunya lenza ijaji ibe ngumchasi-siseko opheleleyo.

Iinkundla zikwachaza imimiselo, kunye neenkcazelo zazo zibopha isebe eliphetheyo ekusebenziseni umthetho. Ukuba umbutho wesizwe uchaza umthetho ngendlela iinkundla eziwujonga ngayo ungenangqiqo, inkundla isenokusilela ukuchaza oko. Ngaloo ndlela ijaji isebenza njengengqwalasela kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho nezigqwesi-mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala zingaphakathi kwemida yezomgaqo-siseko.

Impembelelo Esebenzisekayo Kulawulo LwaseMerika

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela incede inkqubela yezobupolitika yaseMelika ngeendlela ezisisiseko. Inyanzela intsebenziswano kunye nokulalanisa phakathi kwamasebe, njengoko kungekho sebe linye elinokuphumeza iinjongo zalo ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukungavumelani kwezinye. Oku kungenza urhulumente acothayo kwaye angabi nampumelelo, kodwa abasebenzi befreyimi bakujonga oku njengophawu, hayi njengesiphene. Badala ngabom inkqubo efuna ukuvumelana okubanzi phambi kokuba iinguqu ezinkulu zingenziwa.

  • Uxanduva lwemali: Isebe ngalinye lingaphanda lize libhence ububi kwezinye, likhuthaza ukubonakala kwimisebenzi karhulumente.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: Inkqubo ithintela nayiphina imo ekunyanzeleni ukuthanda kwayo kulo lonke uhlanga, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.
  • Ubunzima bokwenza utshintsho olukhukulisiweyo bunika inkqubela-phambili kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kokulawula, ukuvumela uhlanga lujongene nemeko yemeko yemeko yezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuwa.

Le nkqubo ikhokelele kwiimfazwe zamaxesha athile phakathi kwamasebe, ingakumbi ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika. Ukuvalwa korhulumente kwenzeka xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngemali. Iimvo zejaji ziba ziindawo ezibonisa amadabi eengcamango. Imiyalelo yegunya ekwandiswa kunye nesivumelwano solawulo oluphezulu njengoko oomongameli bevavanya imida yamandla abo. Ezi zenzo zemfumbano ziyinxalenye yenkqubo eyenzelwe ukukhangela amandla ngamandla.

Ukuziphakamisa Nokuxambulisana Okuqhubekayo

Imigaqo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isekho kwisiziko sentetho yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwabakho iingxoxo ezibalulekileyo malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wamandla olawulo oluphezulu, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye nezindululo zongxamiseko. IBhunga maxa wambi liye lanika isebe eliphetheyo igunya eliphangaleleyo, liphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ulwahlulo lwamagunya luye lwancitshiswa kusini na ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Imithetho yezeejaji iyaqhubeka ibumba inkqubo kawonke-wonke kwimiba esukela kwinkxalabo yempilo ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume ukuya kumgangatho wezentlalo-ntlalo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuqhomfa, uvuma, kunye nenkululeko yonqulo zibangele ukusabela okunzulu kwezobupolitika, igxininisa indima ephambili yejaji kulawulo lwaseMerika. Okwangoku, igalelo lomthetho likhokelele ekufuneni utshintsho kwiNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso kunye nezinye iinkqubo zeNtlanganiso, kunye nabagxeki bephikisa ngelithi inkqubo yangoku yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba iNkondla yesizwe ithethelele iingxaki zesizwe.

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwana ngomnye ummandla wenkxwaleko eqhubekayo. Ugcino lweSihlalo seTenth Somguqulo alunikwanga gunya kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kumazwe, kodwa ulawulo lwegunya lorhulumente luye lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwi-New Defect. Iingxoxo eziphathelele urhulumente zidla ngokubhekiselele kwimibandela enjengokunyamekela impilo, imfundo, kunye nomgaqo wemekobume, kunye namagunya aqinisekisa ulongamo lwawo ngokwendlela enyathelo likarhulumente.

Abo banomdla ekuphandeni ezi ngcamango ngokubhekele phaya, umGaqo-siseko wesizwe oNxulumanisayo weZiko unika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zenqaku ngalinye kunye nentengiselwano. Ukongeza, USA.gov's ushwankathelo lwamasebe amathathu [ [uGaqo] lunikela isishwankathelo esifutshane samandla awo kunye neembopheleleko zawo.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nempembelelo Yamazwe

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yaseMerika iye yanempembelelo ehlabathini lonke, isebenza njengomzekelo kwezinye idemokrasi ezininzi. Noko ke, inkqubo yomongameli wase-U.S. inkqubo yahlula amasebe aphetheyo ne-oventili ngokupheleleyo kunenkqubo yepalamente, apho umphathi-mikhosi otsalwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iziqalelo zohlalutyo lolawulo, kodwa iU.S. inika iinkundla zawo amandla akhethekileyo okuwisa umthetho.

Ezinye idemokhrasi ziye zavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumisela amandla karhulumente. Bambi basebenzisa umGaqo-siseko weenkundla ezisebenza ngaphandle kwejaji eqhelekileyo. Abanye basebenzisa isebe elilawulayo okanye amagunya amalungelo abantu ukuvavanya igunya eliphakamileyo. Ukugxininisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kolawulo lolawulo-moya lubonisa imbono ethile ngendalo yomntu namandla ezobupolitika angenazo zonke iimbono ezikhoyo emhlabeni wonke, kodwa usukelo olusisiseko lokuthintela ulawulo lobuzwilakhe luxhaphakile kuzo zonke iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ozinzileyo

Imigaqo yokusekwa kwemiqathango nolwahlulo lwamagunya isebalulekile namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo ngo1787. Inika isakhiwo esikhusela idemokhrasi yaseMelika ekuxinanisweni ngamandla abo bafaka izixhobo ababemoyika kakhulu. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yeyokucotha ngokudimazekileyo kwaye ithanda ingxabano, iye yangqineka iqinile, ihlala ikho iimfazwe, ingxwabangxwaba yezoqoqosho, kunye nolwahluko olunzulu lwezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Ukwahlula-hlula igunya komGaqo-siseko akusimqobo kurhulumente osebenzayo kodwa kungumkhuseli ekuxhaseni ingcinezelo. Kufuna abemi balapho banikele ingqalelo kwaye babophelele, bafune ukuphendula kwisebe ngalinye. Kwixesha lokutshintsha okukhulu kwezobupolitika kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iyaqhubeka ifeza injongo yayo yantlandlolo: ukukhusela inkululeko ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinokusebenzisa igunya elingathintelekiyo.