Ingcamango yokufaneleka kwezobupolitika isisiseko sokuqonda amandla negunya kwibutho labantu. Ibhekisela kwinkolelo eqhelekileyo yokuba urhulumente okanye urhulumente wezobupolitika unelungelo lokulawula nokuba igunya lakhe lamkeleka kubantu. Ngaphandle kogunyaziso, kwanowona rhulumente uphambili ujongene nokungazinzi, njengoko abemi be-politiki benokuthi ekugqibeleni baxhathise okanye balahle imvume yabo. Ukulawula kwezobupolitika akuyongcamango yentanda-ntanda-bulumko nje; kuyimeko esebenzayo ebangela ulungelelwano lwentlalo, ibangela ulawulo olusebenzayo, kwaye iphucule ulwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli nabalawuli kunye nabalawuli abalawulayo. Eli nqaku lihlola uphandolo lwezopolitiki olusemthethweni, lihlola iinkcazelo zalo, indaleko, imithombo, imingeni, kunye novavanyo yexesha lika-adia.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wezobupolitika

Ukufaneleka kwezobupolitika kungaqondwa njengokuthethelela igunya likarhulumente. Akungokuba negunya nje kuphela kodwa ukwamkelwa kwalo mandla alawulwa ngabalawulwa njengofanelekileyo ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye ngokusesikweni. Umthetho unika abalawuli ilungelo lokukhupha imiyalelo kwaye ulindele ukuthobela, hayi ngenxa yokuba bephethe umpu kodwa ngenxa yokuba abemi bakholelwa ukuba bamele bathobele. Abaphengululi bayahlula phakathi [[FLT: 0] umgaqo osemthethweni (okanye ulawulo lunelungelo lokuziphatha) kunye nokubekwa komthetho okusemthethweni [[FLT]] okusemthethweni [[FLT]] [FLT]] [12] okusemthethweni okusemthethweni [[FLT]]] (abantu abakholelwa ukuba ulawulo lufanelekile).

UMax Weber usazi kakuhle inzululwazi yezobugcisa.

  • ngokomthetho wembali: Isekelwe kumasiko okuma okude kunye nobume belifa. Iinkosi kunye neenkosi zesizwe zisoloko zixhomekeke kolu hlobo, apho umthetho wamkeleka kuba “wawusoloko unjalo."
  • [[FLT: 0] ngokomthetho: Iziphumo zeempawu zobuqu ezingaqhelekanga zenkokeli/i-heroism, imbonakalo, okanye ubungcwele. Imvukelo kunye nentsebenziswano yonqulo zisoloko zivelisa abantu abasebenzisa amandla enceba abalawula ukunyaniseka okugqithisileyo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukwandiswa-mthetho okusemthethweni: okusekelwe kwimithetho ecwangcisiweyo, iinkqubo, kunye nomthetho womthetho. Ulawulo-melo lwale mihla kunye nolawulo-melo lwezikhuseli-mali lubonisa olu hlobo: igunya lihlala kwii-ofisi, hayi kubantu.

Ngaphaya kwe Weber, abalandeli bezobupolitika bexeshana abanjengoDavid Beetham noJürgen Habermas bayicocile le ngcamango. Betham uthi ukufaneleka kuhlala kwintsika ezintathu: ukungqinelana nemithetho emiselweyo (umthetho), ukufezeka kwemithetho ngokwabelana ngeenkolelo (ukuthethelela okungaveli sithethe), kwaye ivakaliswa ngokuvuma kokulawulwa. UHabbermas ugxininisa ukuba ugunyaziso luvela kwiinkqubo zobugqeba--ziqumrhu kunye nengxoxo epheleleyo yokwenza izigqibo ezinika iziphumo abemi bamazwe abanokuyamkela ngokusengqiqweni. Ezi zicwangciso zibonisa ukuba umthetho wobulungisa bungokwabelana okuninzi: okusemthethweni, ukuziphatha, kunye nokupheka kwamaqela.

Kwindlela yonyango enzulu yengcinga, bona i Encyclopedia yeFilosofi ungeno negunya kwezobupolitika.

Iimbono Zembali Ngomthetho Wezobupolitika

Ingcamango yokugunyaziswa kwezobupolitika iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka. Kumaxesha amandulo naphakathi, iingcamango ezifanelekileyo zobuthixo zathethelela ulawulo ngokubhenela kulungelelwano lwendalo okanye lonqulo. Ixesha lanamhlanje latshintshela kwimvume, isivumelwano, kunye notshintsho oluqhelekileyo oluye lwacacisa isiseko sogunya.

Iimbono Zamandulo Nezamandulo

Kwimpucuko emininzi yamandulo, ukufaneleka kwakwamkeleka kwimibutho yakudala. OoFaro baseYiputa babejongwa njengoothixo abaphilayo; imimiselo yabo yayisebenza ngokwamandla kaThixo. EMesopotamia, iKhowudi kaHammurabi ibisithi inikwe nguthixo uMarduk. Ii-dynasties zamandulo zasebenzisa i- “Manuday of Ezulwini,” ingcamango eyayikholelwa ukuba abalawuli babekhethwe nguMzulu ukuze balawule ngokusesikweni. Ukuba umlawuli waba nokonakala okanye akaphumeleli, umyalelo wawunokususwa, uthethelela imvukelo ngokuphawulekayo ukuba inguwo enegunya. intandabulumko yamaGrike, ingakumbi uAristot, ishukumbele kumthetho wendalo nengcamango yokuba urhulumente esemthethweni isebenzisa imbono elungileyo. IRoma yanikela ingcamango esemthethweni esemthethweni: [[FLD:1] [FF] [2]

UTshintsho lweNkangeleko

KuMaXesha Aphakathi, iingcamango zezobupolitika zaseYurophu zadibanisa ubufundisi bobuKristu nomthetho wamaRoma. UThomas Aquinas waphikisa ngelithi umthetho womntu umele uvumelane nomthetho wobuthixo nowendalo; kungenjalo, awubopheleleki kwisazela. Ingcamango yomthetho ophezulu olawulayo olawulayo watyala imbewu yomgaqo-siseko kamva. Impikiswano ye-Phisciponti phakathi koopopu nookumkani yatyhila ukuba ukugunya lingaphikiswa ngamagunya akhuphisanayo. Ngasekupheleni kwamaxesha aphakathi, iindibano ezimele izakhiwo kunye nemimandla .

Abacinga Ngokukhanya

Ukukhanyiselwa kwaphuka ngokunyanisekileyo kwilungelo lobuthixo. UThomas Hobbes, uLeviatan [1651], waphikisa ukuba ukufaneleka kufunyenwe kwisivumelwano sentlalo: abantu banikezela inkululeko ethile kumlawuli oqinisekisa uxolo nokhuseleko. Ukumkani unegunya uxhomekeke ekukhuseleni imibandela; ukungaphumeleli ukwenza isivumelwano. UJohn Locle uqhube phambili, ugxininisa ukuba urhulumente ofanelekileyo umele akhusele amalungelo emvelo (ubomi, impahla) kwaye alawule ngokuvuma. Ukuba uyayichasa le nto, abemi banelungelo lokuvukela. UJean-Jquecques Rouss umele ukulwa kwesivumelwano [Foclast:] [Fect: [Fextenton] [17] kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo lwabantu abaqhelekileyo.[2010]

Kwiimvelaphi ezingundoqo, bona [[FLT: 0] ushwankathelo lweBritannica lobungangamsha bezobupolitika.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wezobupolitika

Umthetho awuveli kwiqula elinye; uqokelelwa kwimithombo emininzi eqinisana. Xa bonke bekho, urhulumente unandipha imvume eqinileyo; xa ezinye zikhukuliswa, kuvela iintanda.

Umthetho

Unyulo olukhululekileyo nolusesikweni, ukwenza imithetho ecacileyo, nokunamathela kwimithetho ecacileyo yomgaqo-siseko kubangela ukuba kubekho ukufaneleka okusemthethweni. Abahlali bangathanda yonke inkqubo, kodwa ukuba bakholelwa ukuba inkqubo ilungile, bayayamkela iziphumo. Oku kungundoqo wegunya elisemthethweni kwidemokhrasi. Ingqibelelo ye-Elector, iinkundla ezizimeleyo, kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano ziyimfuneko.

ISebe

Oorhulumente abazisa ukhuseleko, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, nokusesikweni bafumana ilungelo lokusebenza. Ulawulo lwedemon, ngokomzekelo, luxhomekeke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho nokuzinza kwentlalo ukuze lugcine ulwamkelo oluthandwayo. Noko ke, ukufaneleka komthetho kusenokudodobala: ukuba imeko yezoqoqosho iyawohloka okanye intlekele, imvume iyaphela ngokukhawuleza.

UMthetho Ongagqibeleliyo

Amaxabiso ahlukeneyo ngezantsi. I-Iran, igunya lobuthixo lidibanisa igunya lonqulo kunye neemeko zeriphabliki, elinomtsalane kwiSilamsi nakubuzwe obuneenguquko.

Umthetho Wesithethe

Amasiko namaziko amiselwe ixesha elide asemthethweni kuba ezukiswe ngexesha. Ulawulo lomGaqo-siseko olufana nolobuZwe boMgaqo-siseko okanye iJapan lufumana ukufaneleka ngokwesithethe ngeli xesha luhambana neenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Kumazwe amaninzi asemva kwelizwe lobuRhulumente, izikhulu zesithethe okanye amabhunga esizwe ahlala esemthethweni kumacala asekuhlaleni.

Umthetho Ongokwasemthethweni

Inkokeli ezichaphazelekayo .Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Franklin Roosevelt .* Ingenza ngokomthetho phantse ngokusuka kubuchule bomntu onesitsalane. Kodwa olu hlobo aluzinzanga ngokwemvelo; kufuneka “luyekeleleke". Kusemibutho ukuze lunyamezele. Weber waphawula ukuba emva kokudlula kwenkokeli yempembelelo yegazi, amalandela kufuneka amisele umthetho okanye isithethe.

Iingxaki Zobugqwetha Bezobupolitika

Umthetho awuhlali uhleli. Izinto ezininzi zingaphelisa ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke zize zibangele urhulumente angabi naluxanduva. Ukuqonda ezi zisongelo kubaluleke kakhulu kubenzi benkqubo nakubemi ngokufanayo.

Urhwaphilizo Noxhathiso Lwaseburhulumenteni

Xa amagosa karhulumente ephanga ubuncwane ukuze afumane inzuzo yobuqu, iqhayiya likarhulumente lokusebenzisa ukuwa okuqhelekileyo. umahluko wehlabathi lonke usoloko ubhala indlela urhwaphilizo oluphelisa ngayo ukuthembana kwaye luphembelela ukuqhatha. Umgangatho ophezulu worhwaphilizo unxulumene nokungaqiniseki kolawulo.

Ukuchaswa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Iirhulumente ezithi zithuthumbise, zitshabalalise abachasi, zicinezele ukungavisisani, okanye zicalucalulo ngokucwangcisiweyo zingqubane nesiseko sokuziphatha esisemthethweni. Ukugwetywa kwezizwe ngezizwe nokuchasa kweentsapho kusoloko kulandela. Imvukelo yaseArab yaphenjelelwa ngandlel ’ ithile yinkohlakalo yamapolisa nakukungabikho kokuziphendulela.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokuphela Kwazo

Ukungalingani okugqithisileyo .ingakumbi xa kudibene nokungakwazi ukushukuma kwentlalo, kubangela ukuba abantu bacinge ukuba le nkqubo ilungile. Izakhamuzi eziziva zishiywe ngasemva zingaluchasa ulawulo lwezopolitiko. Iinkokeli zePopulist zisebenzisa ezi zikhalazo, maxa wambi ziphelise izithethe zedemokhrasi eziqhelekileyo kule nkqubo.

Iinkcazelo zomelo

Xa iinkqubo zezobupolitika zisilela ukuquka amaqela ambalwa, amabhinqa, olutsha, okanye imimandla, ilahleko esemthethweni. Ukucinezelwa, ucinezelo, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingevani zinzulu ukwahlukana. Kumazwe amaninzi, umsantsa phakathi kokhetho lwabemi kunye nenkqubo yeziphumo , isiganeko esibizwa ngokuba “kukungasabeli okuqhelekileyo”.

I-Post-Truth kunye nolwazi oluphosakeleyo

Kwixesha lemivo, iingcamango zozungu, kunye nokusingqongileyo okudibeneyo konxibelelwano kunokwenza iziphumo ezikhethekayo, amanyathelo empilo kawonke wonke, kunye nobuchule benzululwazi zingasebenzi. Xa abemi bengenakuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko, ukuqondana okufunekayo ukuze kulawuleke ngokusemthethweni kuba nzima.

Ulawulo Lwehlabathi Lomhlaba Wonke

Njengoko amandla eequmrhu ezizweni zonke njenge-European Union, iWorld Trade Organization, okanye iNkundla yeNtlanganiso yezorhwebo, ukufaneleka kwesizwe okusekelwe kwisithethe sesizwe kuyathandatyuzwa. Abami bangacinga ukuba izigqibo ezenziwe ngabalawuli abakude njengemigqaba-mali, ukudibanisela iiYuro uvavanyo lwe-Euros kunye nokungavumelani kwesizwe. Ityala lobugratya-jimezi kumgangatho womhlaba wonke lihlala likhaliphile, njengokuba kungekho monakalo wehlabathi jikelele kwisivumelwano sasemhlabeni.

Indima Yoluntu

Ibutho labemi ($angeyoe-ogxamenti) imibutho yorhwebo, amaqela onqulo, imibutho yoluntu, amajelo eendaba, kunye namaqumrhu alwayo , zenza indima entlu - mbini ekugunyazisweni kwezobupolitika. Inokomeleza ukubekwa ngokomthetho ngokuba oorhulumente bafune ukuphendula nokukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba, okanye isenokuvavanya kwaye ihlazise urhulumente ongakwaziyo ukufikelela imilinganiselo.

Umbuzo kunye nemisebenzi yokugada

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu, ii-antirdeodocs, kunye namajelo eendaba azimeleyo abhenca ukungalungi komthetho nokufuna ukuba kubekho ingxengxezo. Le mikhosi yoorhulumente abaveleli ifuna ukuthobela imithetho, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza ukuba izithethe zisebenze ngokusemthethweni. Apho ibutho labantu licinezelwe, njengakwimimandla emininzi elawulwayo, igunya lisenokuxhomekeka kwisinyanzelo okanye kwinkohliso kunokuba livume ngokunyanisekileyo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Nenkululeko

Ibutho labemi liququzelela abemi ukuba babandakanyeke kubomi bukawonke-wonke .ukungavumelani noqingqo-mali, iindibano, kunye nokubuzana kwabantu abaqhelekileyo, kukhuthaza imigaqo-siseko nemithetho esesikweni. Imibutho yezentlalo enjengeBlack Live Matter okanye umbutho wamabhinqa oziphetheyo uye wanyanzelisa ukuba uququzelelwe, ekugqibeleni uphelise imithetho nemigaqo.

Ikomkhulu Lentlalo Nokuthembana

URobert Putnam nabanye baye babonisa ukuba amaqumrhu aninzi ebutho loluntu abangela ikomkhulu lentlalo-ntle, ukuthembana nokusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano kwenza ukuba kwenziwe intsebenziswano. Ikomkhulu eliphezulu lixhasa amaziko asemthethweni; ikomkhulu eliphantsi lentlalo, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokungalingani okanye ukwahlukana kweentlanga, lizenza zibe buthathaka. Ibutho labemi lingazahlula-hlula okanye, kwezinye iimeko, lizikhuphele ngokwahlukeneyo (umz., amaqela aneengcungxubakaxaka).

Uluntu lwamanani

Iindawo zoshishino-lwazi kunye nenkqubo ye-intanethi ziguqule ibutho labantu. I-hashtag, ukuxinzelelwa phantsi, kunye nobugcisa babemi bungakhawuleza ukuvavanya iingxelo zolawulo. Noko ke, izixhobo ezifanayo zingasetyenziswa ukusasaza ulwazi okanye intiyo yolungelelaniso. Ukufaneleka kwesixhobo sobugcisa bamanani ngokwaso kuyakhuphisana: ngaba yintetho echanileyo esezantsi okanye esebenzisa ukhuphiswano?

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lomthetho Wezobupolitika

Ukuhlolisisa amazwe athile kubonisa indlela ekwakhiwe ngokusemthethweni ngayo, okugcinwayo, okanye okulahlekayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

I-United States

Umthetho karhulumente wase-U.S. umiselwe kuMgaqo-siseko, kunyulo lwedemokhrasi, kunye nesithethe eside somthetho. Kodwa amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona ukuphelelwa kokuthembana kwamaziko , i-Chorenference, i-jaji. Ukwenziwa kwamatyala, ucelomngeni lokunyulwa, kunye nohlaselo lukaCapitol lutyhile iimfihlelo ezinzulu. Abemi abaninzi bayakuthandabuza ukufaneleka kweziphumo zonyulo, ingakumbi emva konyulo lomongameli wama-202020. Ngoxa inkqubo ithe yasinda, iziseko zayo eziqhelekileyo ziphantsi koxinzelelo.

I-Venezuela

Ngaphantsi kweHugo Chávez kunye neNicolás Maduro, urhulumente waseVenezuela ekuqaleni wafumana ilungelo lokufumana ulawulo olunamandla, iinkqubo zoluntu ezinamagunya e-oyile, kunye neempumelelo zonyulo. Kodwa ke, ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, ukukhutshwa kwemali eninzi, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho ephantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo lolawulo, kunye nonyulo oluphikiswayo luye lwaphelisa uluvolo lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Unyulo luka-2018 lwagwetyelwa ngokuba yi-ham; inkcaso kunye namazwe amaninzi ngoku ayamkela ukuba uJuan Guaidó uthetha ukuba ngumongameli. IVenezuela imela ityala lencwadi yenkqutho-mali esemthethweni: izibhengezo ezithelwe phantsi komthetho, akukho sigqibo sicacileyo, akukho sigqibo sichaso sicacileyo, yaye ukubandezeleka okusasaze ngokubanzileyo.

UMzantsi Afrika

Umthetho we-Pft-partheid yaseMzantsi Afrika wawusekelwe kwigunya lokuziphatha likaNelson Mandela kunye ne-African National Congress (ANC), umgaqo-siseko oquka unyaka-siseko we-1993, kunye neKhomishini yeNyaniso ne-Consolation. Kwiminyaka emibini, i-ANC elawulwa ngemvume ebanzi. Kodwa amahlazo orhwaphilizo akutshanje, urhulumente abamba phantsi koMongameli uJacob Zuma, ukunqongophalala komsebenzi ophezulu, nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kuye kwaphelisa ukuthembana. I-ANC's's ithelekelelo lwe-50% kwi-2024 kuvotio nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni. UMzantsi Afrika ubonisa ukuba imfuneko esemthethweni ifuna ukuhla okuqhubekayo; ukuphumelela kwembali akunakuyithintela ulawulo oluchasene nokungaphumeleli okukhoyo.

I-European Union

Ukufaneleka kwe-EU ngumzekelo oluluxanduva lolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ivela kumazwe angamalungu edemokhrasi, izivumelwano ezamkelwe zipalamente, kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu enyulwe ngqo. Noko ke, i-EU ibandezeleka “ngentlawulo yedemokhrasi”.(displanis phakathi kwamaziko kunye nabemi, ukurhoxa konyulo olusezantsi kumazwe aseYurophu, kwaye ingqiqo yokuba izigqibo zikude. Ingxaki ye-Eurozonican, ingxaki yeembacuba, kunye ne-Brexit yonke imiqobo yayo ebhenqinisiweyo. I-EUNI izame ukunyusa ukufaneleka kwayo ngokukhanya, umgxube-nci, kunye nokubuzana kwabemi, kodwa umbuzo wokuba ngaba ngaba baphathi belizwe baseYurophu banokuhlala bevulekile na.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Uphando logunyaziso lwezobupolitika alumi ngapha nangapha. Imiba emininzi enzima ibumba uphando lwangoku kunye nolawulo lokwenene lwehlabathi.

IPopulism Nomthetho

Iinkokeli zepopulist zidla ngokuthi zimela “abantu bokwenyaniso” kwiiphakamiso ezonakeleyo, amaziko asungulweyo acelw'ucelomngeni njengomthetho-mtshati. Ngelixesha i-pulism inika inxaxheba kwaye ibhenca izikhalazo zokwenene, ikwazenza zingabi nazintsebenziswano iinkundla, amajelo-ndaba, kunye nenkonzo karhulumente. "iii-demokhrasi ne-demokhrasi ekhululekileyo."Ingxwabangxwaba phakathi kolawulo-melo lobugracla siseko libukhali.

Ukudityaniswa Komthetho

Imithetho-mthetho, izalathiso ezincinane, kunye nobunzulu benqanawa kwenza kube nzima kubemi ukwenza izigqibo ezicaciswe ngorhulumente wabo. Imeko-bume ye-"” iphelisa isiseko esiyinyaniso esivumelana ngaso. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngokuthi kufuneka siphinde sicinge ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha lolwazi, sibhekise kwi-epistemic ligqele-asel-/*iiindawo ezivelisa ulwazi oluthembekileyo.

Umthetho Owiswe ehlabathini Lonke

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimandundu nokufuduka kufuna intsebenziswano ehlabathini lonke, kodwa amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe akanatyala lolawulo-mpukane. Ukufaneleka kwamaziko afana neWHO okanye iBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kuyathandatyuzwa ngamagunya oorhulumente kunye nebutho labantu. Iinjongo zokuguqula iquka ukuvakalisa intsingiselo engakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, ukubandakanya uluntu, nokuyila iindlela zokucinga ngabemi kwimida.

Ukuhlalutya ukwenziwa komthetho kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, bona eli nqaku kwi Igosa elinobulungisa okanye umsebenzi we-UN ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni .

Isiphelo

Umthetho wezobupolitika asilophawu oluzinzileyo lokuba urhulumente unesithintelo okanye alunakufumaneka; luxanduva olunamandla, oluphikiswayo phakathi kwabalawuli kwaye lulawulwa. Luxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zomthetho, ukuthethelela ngokokuziphatha, ukwenza okusebenzayo, kunye nokuvuma okusebenzayo kwabemi (ngokuqhelekileyo) ngoluntu kunye namaqumrhu ezobupolitika. Xa igunya linamandla, oorhulumente bayakwazi ukumelana nemeko enzima; xa bephelisa, kwanabona mandla anamandla anokuwohlokayo. Ukuqonda kusinceda sihlole impilo karhulumente we-democralicracy, ukuthoba kwemithetho elawulayo, kunye namathemba okutshintsha kwezobupolitika. Njengoko ihlabathi lijongeneengxaki ezintsha, ukutshintsha koluvoluvo, ukutshintsha kolawulo olusemthethweni kuhlala kungxamisekile njenganini nanini nanini naninina abaphengululi kufuneka baqhubeke bebuza: Ngubani nabani onegunya lokulawula, kwaye kumele kulandele ukufaneleka kwemeko?