Ukuziswa Kwenkqubo Yenkundla Yamakhaya

Inkqubo yenkundla yamakhaya isisiseko sesigqibo sempikiswano kwimicimbi engeyoyamthetho. Inika indawo ecwangcisiweyo apho abantu, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente angacombulula iingxabano ezisuka kwizivumelwano ezaphukileyo ukuya kwityala lomntu siqu. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezijolise ekusohlwaeni kwamatyala nxamnye nelizwe, iinkundla zamakhaya zizimisele ukucombulula iingxabano nokunika amayeza anokuhlawula imali okanye ukunikela ubuchule obuthile. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ixabiseke nabani na obandakanye na obandakanye na kwimpikiswano engokwasemthethweni, kwanabafundi nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda ngendlela esebenzisekayo yokulungisa ityala ngaphandle kwebala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yenkundla Yamakhaya?

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo yenkundla yamakhaya isingatha ukungavisisani phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Ityala liqala xa elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lifaka isikhalazo nxamnye nelinye (ummangalelwa) lixela impazamo engokwasemthethweni. Injongo asikokuthumela umntu entolongweni kodwa kukulungisa into ephosakeleyo eqwalaselweyo, ukunyanzelisa imbopheleleko, okanye ukukhusela umonakalo wexesha elizayo. Umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugqubuthela uludwe olukhulu lomsebenzi womntu: ukusuka kumnini-ndlu ofaka ukhuseleko kwityala lokulwa nomthetho ochasene ne-ogxampyutha phakathi kwemishina.

Iinkundla zamakhaya zisebenza phantsi kwequmrhu lomthetho oyaziwa njengenkqubo yabemi, edwelisa imithetho yokuqokelela, ukubeka ityala, kunye nemiba enomtsalane. Le mithetho yahluka-hlukene ngokolawulo kodwa yabelana ngemigaqo eqhelekileyo, efana nemfuneko yokuba umchasi makangqine imeko yakhe [ ngokuphandle kobungqina kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba inguqulelo yabo yeziganeko inyaniseke.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yenkundla yamakhaya

Ukusekwa kweenkundla zamakhaya kuxhomekeke ekubeni ityala lichongiwe kwinkundla karhulumente okanye karhulumente. Inkqubo nganye inemigangatho yayo, kodwa zombini ezi zinto ziquka iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi, nenkundla yeendawo zokugqibela.

Iinkundla zetyala (Okuqala Ityeli)

Iinkundla zamatyala asemthethweni zilapho kuqalisa khona. Ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphakamileyo, iinkundla zesithili, okanye iinkundla zesiphaluka, kuxhomekeke kwigunya. Kwinkundla yephondo, iinkundla zetyala ziinkundla zeSithili saseUnited States. Ngolu hlobo, ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bafumana ubungqina, bavavanya amangqina, baze bagqibe izibakala. Amatyala amaninzi abeza kuqulunqisa phambi kwenkundla yejaji, nangona iqela ngalinye linokutyala inkundla yejaji exhasa ityala lebherinqi egqiba ukuba ijaji kuphela.

IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo (Impinda yangaphakathi)

Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba inkundla yetyala yenze impazamo engokwasemthethweni, umzekelo, ukuvumela ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo okanye ukungawusebenzisi kakuhle umthetho .=banokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, le yiNkundla yezibheno yaseUnited States, eyahlulwe yaba ziziphaluka eziyi-13. Iinkundla zezicelo azizichasi izibakala; zihlola ingxelo ngeempazamo zomthetho. Zingaqinisekisa, zibuye zibuyisele, okanye ziphinde zilibuyisele ityala emva kwinkundla yetyala ngenxa yetyala elibheke phambili.

IiNkundla eziPhakamileyo (Izibheno zeNkundla

Inkundla ephakamileyo kwilizwe ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo (indawo yaseNew York ibiza inkundla yayo yamatyala njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo (indawo eqhelekileyo yokudideka). Kwinkqubo karhulumente, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Iva inxalenye encinane kuphela yamatyala angenisiweyo, ikhetha leyo iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko okanye eyomthetho. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi eziphantsi kolawulo lwayo.

Ukuntywila nzulu kwisakhiwo senkundla yequmrhu lesizwe, tyelela i U.S. inkundla esemthethweni yenxuwa.

Inkqubo yeNkundla yaBambi

Ubomi bemeko yelizwe bulandela indlela eqinisekisiweyo, nangona imigca yexesha yahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kuntsonkothe, kulawulo, nokuba amatheko ahlala phantsi kusini na. Ukuqonda inyathelo ngalinye kunceda ababukeli balindele into elandelayo.

Ukukhalaza

Le nkqubo iqala xa iidrafti ze-partiff ziqala kwaye ifakela isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sichaze ngokucacileyo isiseko esisemthethweni sesivumelwano (umz., ulwaphuko lwesivumelwano, ungakhathali) kwaye sichaze isiqabu esifunwayo `njengemali ehlawulwayo okanye umyalelo. Iimali zokubhalisa ziyasebenza, kwaye ummangali kufuneka agqibe ukuba ucela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kusini na.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokuqokelela, ummangalelwa kufuneka amemeze ngokusemthethweni ummangalelwa. Oku kwenziwa ngenkonzo yenkqubo, edla ngokuquka ukuhambisa ikopi yesikhalazo kunye nezicelo ezifuna ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule. Imithetho yenkonzo efanelekileyo ingqongqo; inkonzo engafanelekanga ingakhokelela ekugxothweni. Ngokufuthi inkqubo yomncedisi yobuchule okanye udlulisa lo msebenzi.

Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama- 21-30) ukuyila impendulo. Impendulo iyavuma okanye iyakhanyela ityala ngalinye kwaye ingaphakamisa ukhuselo olufana nomthetho wemiqathango okanye wokuzikhusela. Ummangalelwa angayila intshukumo yokurhoxa (ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba ngumxeli) ephikisa ngokuthi nokuba yonke into ummangaleli uthi inyani, akukho ngxelo esemthethweni.

Umbuzo

Ukufunyaniswa kwengxelo kusoloko kuyinto ende nexabiso elikhulu. Bobabini batshintshisana ngolwazi nobungqina ukuze bakhe iimeko zabo.

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Ukwakhiwa: ubungqina beOrethi obuthathwe phambi kokuvavanywa, ngokufuthi bubhalwe.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, okanye ezinye iirekhodi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zogunyaziso: iingxelo elinye icala ekumele livume okanye likhanye.

Iinkundla zikhuthaza amaqela ukuba asebenzisane xa kufunyaniswa into ethile, yaye iijaji zinokumisela isigwebo sokuxhatshazwa.

Intshukumo neNgqungquthela zangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, naliphi icala lingadala iintshukumo zokuxinanisa okanye ukulahla ityala ngokupheleleyo. Intshukumo yokugweba ngokufutshane iphikisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngezibakala zezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko ijaji kufuneka ilawule njengomthetho ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Iinkundla zikwabamba iingqungquthela zangaphambi kwetyala ukuxubusha ngenkqubo, ukuhlaliswa kwetyala, kunye nokungachani.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alipheli okanye alipheli, liqhubekela phambili kwityala. Ityala liquka iingxelo zokuvula, ezithe ngqo nezihloli ezinqamlezayo zamangqina, ukuboniswa kwemifanekiso, kunye neempikiswano zokuququzelela. Emva kokuba abachopheli-mgwebi (okanye abagwebi) bebom, kunikezelwa isigqibo. Kwityala lebhentshi, ijaji ichaza izinto ezifunyenweyo zenyaniso nezigqibo zomthetho.

Intshukumo yomgwebo neyomva wesiphelo

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo. Iqela elilahlekileyo lingafaka ifayile yentshukumo yasemva kwetyala, njengentshukumo yokuvavanya okutsha okanye intshukumo yokugweba phezu kwesigwebo (JNOV), liphikisa ngelithi akukho mgwebi ulungileyo onokuthi afikelele eso sigqibo.

Isibheno

Ukuba inyathelo lokuphuma emva kwetyala aliphumelelanga, iqela eliphulukana netyala lingabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno zigxininisa kwiimpazamo zomthetho, hayi kwiimeko ezingongqinelani. Inkundla yetyala ihlola ingxelo yokuvavanya nokubhala iingxelo ezifutshane, kwaye isenokuva iimpikiswano zomlomo. Inokuqinisekisa, iphinde iguqule, okanye iphinde ilungise elo tyala.

Kwisikhokelo sesizwe senkqubo yamakhaya, Iziko lolwazi lomthetho eCornell linika umcebo olungileyo.

Iindidi Zomzekelo Wangaphakathi

Amatyala amakhaya ahluke ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo zimela ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo, nangona kuninzi olufipheleyo phakathi kwazo.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Abaxhasi bazizithembiso ezinyanzelekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Xa omnye umntu engakwazi ukwenza uphako, unokuthi jike ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye omnye agwebe ityala lomonakalo okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Imizekelo iquka iimpikiswano ngezivumelwano zeshishini, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla.

Iintlungu Nezitofu Zobuqu

Amathoba ayingozi kumakhaya abangela umonakalo. Amatyala okwenzakala komntu aphantsi komthetho, kuquka iingozi zenqwelo - mafutha, ukungaphili kakuhle kwezonyango, ityala lemveliso, kunye netyala lemali yemali. Ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba ukungakhathali okanye isenzo sommangalelwa ngeqhinga sawenzakala.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Iimeko zempahla zibandakanya ubunikazi, imida, ukukhululeka, kunye nezivumelwano zerente. Ziquka ukungavisisani kweendawo ezihlala umninizo, ityala kunye nemali engalunganga.

Umthetho wentsapho

Iinkundla zentsapho zisingatha uqhawulo - mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa abantwana, ubukho babantwana, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana nogonyamelo lwasekhaya oluthintelwayo.

Iimpikiswano Zomsebenzi

Ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi kuquka ukupheliswa okuphosakeleyo, ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwisini esifana nesobufanasini, umvuzo kunye nokwaphulwa kweeyure, kunye nokwaphulwa kwezivumelwano ezingadibaniyo.

Iintshukumo

Kwisenzo sodidi, omnye okanye angaphezulu amangalela iqela elikhulu elafumana umonakalo ofanayo. Imizekelo iquka ukukhohliswa kwemali, iimveliso ezingalunganga, kunye nokuqhatha kwenani labathengi. Izenzo zodidi zingenza ulungiso olubalulekileyo kodwa zifuna ukuvunywa yinkundla.

Amalungelo e-oyile

Abantu basenokumangalela amagunya karhulumente okanye amagosa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo awo asemthethweni, njengokuphanda ngokungekho mthethweni nokuqhwaywa, ukunyanzelwa ngokugqithiseleyo, okanye ukucalucalulwa ngokulinganayo.

Iingcinga Ezingundoqo Kumthetho Wabemi

Ukulawula inkqubo yenkundla yamakhaya kufuna uqhelane nemigaqo emininzi esisiseko engomthetho.

Ubunzima Nemilinganiselo Ebubungqina

I-paltiff ithwala umthwalo wobungqina. Kwimeko zabemi, umgangatho ngu- uphazamiso lobungqina, ithetha ukuba umxhasi-- qumrhu kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba uguqulelo lwabo lunokuba luyinyaniso kunaleyo ingekho. Lo ngumgangatho osezantsi kunesohlwayo esingenakuthandatyuzwa ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Iindidi Zomonakalo

Iinkundla zomonakalo ohlawulweyo ukuze kuhlawulelwe ummangalelwa ngenxa yezenzo zakhe.

  • [[UMTHLOLO: 0] Umonakalo wokophula: gquma ilahleko yokwenene njengeendleko zonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, kunye nomonakalo wempahla.
  • Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo: Icetyiswe ukusohlwaya ihambo engalunganga kwaye ithintela ububi bexesha elizayo. Zinqabile kwaye zisoloko zisohlwaywa ngumthetho wesizwe.
  • Umonakalo ongaphucukanga: Isixa esincinane esinikiweyo xa i-statiff ingqina ukwaphulwa komthetho kodwa ingalahlekelwanga kakhulu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicwangciso ezingenakulinganiswa: Endaweni yemali, inkundla ingayalela ukuba kwenziwe okuthile (umz., inyanzelisa umntu ukuba agqibe isivumelwano), imiyalelo (ukuyeka umsebenzi oyingozi), okanye ukubuyisela.

Umlinganiselo

Ityala ngalinye lasekuhlaleni kufuneka ligcinwe kwifestile yexesha elithile emiselwe ngumthetho, obizwa njengomthetho wemiqathango. Ixesha lokusebenza liyahluka ngokohlobo lwento kunye negunya. Umzekelo, ityala lomntu ngamnye linokuba nomlinganiselo weminyaka emibini ukuya kwemitha emithathu, ngoxa isivumelwano sisoloko sivumela iminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemithandathu. Ukuba umlahli uphosa ummiselo, ityala livalwa ngonaphakade, ngaphandle koncedo lwalo.

Ukuma KuSue

Kufuneka igosa elithe tye lime, oko kukuthi lafumana inxeba eliqinileyo inkundla enokuthi ilinyange. Awunakummangalela umntu ongaziwayo obenzakele; kufuneka uchaphazeleke ngqo.

Ulungiso kunye nenye iNxaxwaleko yesisombululo (ADR)

Uninzi lwamatyala amakhaya ahlala phambi kwetyala. Iinkundla ezininzi zisenokuthethana naliphi na icandelo, kwaye iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuba amaqela azame ukuzama ukuva okanye ukutyunjwa kwasekuqaleni. Ukuququzelela kubandakanya ummeli ongathathi cala unceda amaqela afikelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. I-Arbitro iyinkqubo ebophelelekileyo okanye engagunyaziyo apho icandelo lesithathu linikela isigqibo. I-ADR igcina ixesha, imali, kunye noxinzelelo lweemvakalelo.

INkundla yezeSigeqe: Umahluko oPhakamileyo

Kuluncedo ukwahlula iinkundla zamakhaya kunye nezaphuli-mthetho ezinxulumene nazo. Kwinkundla yamatyala, urhulumente umangalela umntu ngokophula umthetho. Izibonda zikhululekile/ukukhotyokiswa, zihlawulwe, zigwetywe. Kwinkundla yamakhaya, ummangali-mthetho ngumbutho wabucala ofuna imbuyiselo okanye ukuthotyelwa. Isenzo esifanayo sisenokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho nakumangalelwa kwabantu. Umzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo obangela intlekele angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa ye-DuI kunye netyala loluntu lokutyalwa namaxhoba.

Omnye umahluko: abamangalelwa banelungelo kumkhuseli kawonke-wonke ukuba abanaso isiluleko, kodwa abaxhasi-mthetho jikelele kufuneka baqeshe igqwetha labo. Akukho mGaqo-siseko welungelo lokukhulula imelo elisemthethweni kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, nangona ezinye iinkundla zinikela ubuncwane bokuzinceda. INhlangano yeMelika yeBar inika oovimba kunye nezinto zokufumana uncedo olufanelekileyo lwasemthethweni.

Indlela Yokulungiselela Ukuxelwa Kwabemi

Nokuba ungumphehli okanye ungummangalelwa, ukulungiselelwa kungasichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo isiphumo. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzisekayo omawuwathabathe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uxwebhu oluthe tye: Gcina zonke iimvume ezifanelekileyo, ii-imeyili, ii-lisithi, iifoto, kunye nomqgamshelwano. Yenza umgca wexesha leziganeko.
  • Ikhontethe yeAttorney: Imicimbi emininzi yabemi intsokothile ngokwaneleyo ukuba umelo lwengcali lucebise. Amagqwetha amaninzi anika ukhangelo lokuqala lwasimahla.
  • Ngaphantsi kwexabiso leendleko: Imali ye-athorig ingabiza ixabiso. Iindleko ze-athorney, iindleko zenkundla, iindleko zobuchule bokunikela ubungqina, kunye neendleko zokufumana iindleko zongezelelo. Qwalasela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-media okanye ukuhlaliswa kwemali kuyindlela engcono.
  • [[UMTL:0] Yazi imigca efileyo: Jonga yonke imihla yokucwangcisa neyommiselo wesiphelo sommiselo. Ukungahambi kwexesha elimisiweyo kungayikufa kuwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Gqama Ulungelelanisiweyo: Sebenzisa ifayile yetyala okanye ulawulo lwamanani ukulandelela izingcelo, iimpendulo zokufumana, kunye nemiyalelo yenkundla. Gcina ikhalenda ukwenzela ukuva kunye nommiselo wexesha.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla yamakhaya iyindlela ebalulekileyo yokucombulula iimbambano ngaphandle kogonyamelo okanye urhulumente ophaphanyisiweyo. Ilinganisa amalungelo abantu ngokuchasene nemfuneko yokuphelisa ungquzulwano olulungelelanisiweyo ngenkqubo emisiweyo. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo setyala kunye neenkundla ezilawulayo, inyathelo elilandela inyathelo elilandelanayo lokukhalaza ukuze kubhenwe, iintlobo zamatyala agcwalisa inkundla yebudokisi, kunye neengcamango ezingundoqo ezisemthethweni ezilawula ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yoluntu, uzinika amandla okuqhuba le nkqubo ngokuqiniseka ngakumbi. Ukuba ufunda umthetho, ufundisa abanye, okanye ulungiselela le meko yakho, olu lwazinziso lwesiseko luguqula i-glothe yomthetho enzima ibe yindawo elungele ukugcinwa kuyo isigwebo apho isigwebo sinokulandelwa ngokunempumelelo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwinkqubo yamakhaya kunye noovimba benkqubo yenkundla, kuqwalaselwa i Iziko lesizwe leBhunga leRhulumente , elinika ugcino-lwazi kunye nokhokelo kwimisebenzi yenkundla yenkundla yelizwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States.