Ukuqonda Amalungelo Asemthethweni: Ityala Elingumcimbi Wolwaphulo - mthetho

Amalungelo asemthethweni akha isiseko senkqubo yokulawula eMelika, eqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo enoba umangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ubandakanyekile kwimbambano yangasese. La malungelo ahlukene kakhulu phakathi kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa omabini la maqela axhasa umgaqo ongundoqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo. Kumntu olawula inkqubo engokwasemthethweni (ngokuba ngummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, okanye ummi oxhalabileyo) okwazi amalungelo akho asemthethweni akancedi; kubalulekile. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo lunika uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwamalungelo asemthethweni kwiimeko zobupolisane, imigaqo yemithetho, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye neenkcazelo zenkundla. Siya kuvavanyazisa amalungelo akhoyo kubantu ngabanye, iindlela eziluncedo, kunye nokuphikisana okubalulekileyo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zeemeko.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaLungelo angokwasemthethweni

Isiseko samalungelo asemthethweni eUnited States sisemGaqo-siseko nasekulungiseni kwayo. IBhili yamaLungelo .Isiseko sokulungisa imigaqo elishumi lokuqala, simisela imigaqo emininzi esebenza ngqo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. UMthetho wokuLandli weshumi elinesine udlulisela olu khuselo kumgangatho wenkqubo karhulumente ngemfundiso yokuququzelelwa. Isithintelo siquka uMmiselo weSihlanu (ukukhuselwa ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwala), uHlunyuso lweSinyuso sesihlanu (kuhlala uthulile, ingozi ephindwe kabini, inkqubo efanelekileyo), iSihlalo sokuLandlwa kweSihla (ku-Nkululo sikwayo ukuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokubekwa kwetyala, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwetyala nokukhuselwa komthetho okulinganayo, ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka okufanelekileyo, kwasekunene, nokugqibelela okusesikweni komthetho okusesikweni.

Ukutshona okunzulu kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko, tyelela iCornell Information Institute yocatshulo lomthetho womgaqo-siseko.

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Xa umntu etyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, bajongene namandla amakhulu karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko unika amalungelo apheleleyo alungiselelwe ukucutha ibala lokudlala nokuthintela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo. La malungelo asebenza ukususela kwixesha lokubanjwa ukuvavanywa nangaphaya koko.

Umele Uhlale Uthe Tyaba

Mhlawumbi esona saziwayo silungileyo, uHlaziyo lwesihlanu lukhusela abantu ukuba banganyanzeliswa ukuba babe ngamangqina ngabo ngokwabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba unelungelo lokungaphenduli imibuzo ephuma kumsebenzi womthetho nangaliphi na ixesha. uMenda v. I-Arizona[ ilawula ifuna abaphathi-mthetho ukuba bazise abakrokrele ngalaawo kanye phambi kokuba bancinwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuhlala uthulile akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina bokwenza ityala. Kwanokuba ukhetha ukuthetha ekuqaleni, ungamisa naliphi na ixesha kwaye uthethele ekuthi cwaka. Oku kukhusela ekunyanzeni izenzo zokunyanzelwa kwetyala, njengokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu achazayo, nangona kungagubuyisi ubungqina obuphathekayo obufana noomnwe okanye iisampula.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

IsiHlahlo seSithandathu soHlaziyo siqinisekisa ukuba kuzo zonke iinkundla zamatyala, ummangalelwa uza kufumana uncedo lwesiluleko sokuzikhusela. Ukuba akunalo igqwetha, urhulumente kufuneka anikeze umntu ngaphandle kwexabiso, ```````````'''''''''''. Oku kusebenza kakuhle. Oku kusebenza ukususela kwixesha lokumangalelwa, ukuqukwa kwetyala, kuquka ukubanjwa nokusetyenziswa kwemigxuma yamapolisa. Uncedo olunempumelelo lwesiluleko kumele kwenziwe kakuhle kwaye kuthethelelwe kakuhle ngenxa yakho. Ukuba igqwetha liyayigxeka ngenxa yokuba linokunikela ingcedelelo, ukucenga, nokuqinisekisa amalungelo akho ahlonelwa. Abakhuthazeli bamaphondo badla ngokusetyenziswa, kodwa abaqeqeshiweyo, kodwa abaqeqeshi bakho abaqeshiweyo; abamele baqeqeshelwe kakuhle.

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

ISixth Amendment iqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungakhethi-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------kabilibilibilibiliya-kuthetha ukubaleka ukukuzisa kwakho; ukulibaziseka okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekugxothweni izityholo. “uvavanyo lomthetho” luqinisekisa ukubonakala nokungaqiniseki kweenjongo zokususa ezinye iityala. Ityala kufuneka kuqhutywe kakuhle, kunye nomgwebi osebenza njengelungu-cawal-calu-calu-calu-calu-mngci kufuneka lingqine. Ityala libonise zonke iinkano zolwaphulo-mthetho [[FL:0] [FF:]]]

Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina

Enye yeSithandathu IsiHlalisi-Mbenzo kubuchule bokujamelana noongqina abachasana nawe kunye nabagqeba abachaphazelekayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba (okanye igqwetha lakho) ungawabuza amangqina angalunganga enkundleni, uvavanye ukuthembeka kwawo, kwaye ubonise ukungangqinelani kwawo. U-Claus Ochanekileyo usoloko evalela ukusetyenziswa kwelixa lokungqinelana ngezantsi . /Outription-firentio short enziwe ngumntu ongekhoyo ukuze avavanyeze anqamle, ngaphandle kokuba kusebenza okuko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina buvavanywe phantsi kwesifungo kwaye buvavanyi, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuxhomeke kwiingxelo ezingathembekanganyani.

Ukhuseleko Kwingozi Ephindwe kabini

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikwalela ukuvavanywa kabini kwetyala elifanayo emva kokuba urhulumente egwetyiwe okanye egwetyiwe. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba aphinde amangalele umntu ukuba azivale phantsi okanye afumane ukuthembeka emva kokungaphumeleli kwangaphambili. Ingozi ephindwe kabini ayisebenzi kulawulo olwahlukileyo (umz., urhulumente norhulumente), okanye kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ezivela kwihambo efanayo, ngaphandle kokuba isohlwayo sasekuhlaleni siyagwetywa ngendalo. Kwakhona ayikugwebi emva kokungaphumeleli kwetyala okanye isibheno esinempumelelo.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo, esekelwe kuMphetho-mva wesiHlanu noweshumi elinesine, ifuna ukuba ityala libe lobulungisa kwaye lilandele imithetho emiselweyo. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuquka isaziso sezityholo, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa, ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Inkqubo efunekayo engokomthetho ilawula iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezifana nokubangela ukuva, iinzameko zetyala, neengcebiso eziphezulu (kwimeko zikarhulumente). Isenzo esifanelekileyo sokuvala ityala silinganisela amandla karhulumente olwaphulo-mthetho okungawaphathiseli kwinkululeko yobuqu, njengezigqibo ezinzulu. ISebe leJaji lichaza iimfuno ezifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zeMpaketho [[FOct:] [FUT]

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Kumatyala Aseburhulumenteni

Amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abangabantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho (ngokoko kuthethwa ngemali, impahla, okanye isiqabu esingekho mthethweni). Nangona izibonda zidla ngokuba ngqongqo kunezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho, amalungelo aqukiweyo asafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo silungile.

Ukusuka ekunene ukuya ku-Sue

Nabani na okanye iqumrhu eliye lafumana intlungu esemthethweni . "njengokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukungakhathali, ucalucalulo, okanye umonakalo wempahla" linolungelo lokuzisa ityala enkundleni yasekuhlaleni. Eli lungelo aligqibelelekanga; kufuneka lisekelwe kwingcamango esemthethweni evumelekileyo kwaye i-partiff kufuneka ime (umonakalo ocacileyo obangelwa ngummangalelwa). Imimiselo yokungaqiniseki kwemiqathango enyanzelela ukugcinwa kwemiqathango. Ilungelo lokukhonzisa lilungu elingundoqo lokufikelela ekubagwebeni, ukuvumela abantu ukuba bafune intlawulo, ukunyanzelela izivumelwano, okanye ukumisa ihambo eyingozi.

Ukukwazi Ukuva Ngendlela Entle

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, amaqela anelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni phambi kwejaji engakhethi-cala okanye abachopheli-tyala. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, nokumangalelana ngokusemthethweni. ULawulo lweNyengo yokuHlaziya luqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala letyala labemi apho imali ebambeneyo ingaphaya kwee-R12 (kungokuqhelekileyo, amagunya amaninzi aphakamisa lo mqobo). Kwanakwiimvavanyo zebhedreji (ekugqibelela kuphela), inkqubo kufuneka ikhululeke kwikhethe okanye ikhethe. Imigaqo ye-procedial jmental jmental projectal jains, i-art, kunye nobungqina obubonisa ukuba omabini amacala anethuba elilinganayo lokuviwa. Iinkqubo ezingangenisi.

Ukufumana Ithuba

Ukufumana kuphawu olukhethekileyo nolunamandla lokufumana ingcebiso yamakhaya. Kuvumela amaqela ukufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo omnye komnye phambi kokuvavanywa, ukukhusela iimmangaliso kunye nokuhlala kwindawo ezikhuthazayo. Iindlela zokufumana ziquka ii-axistes (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ukudityaniswa (okanye ukubuza phantsi kwesifungo), izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Umlinganiselo wokufumana ubanzi: nawuphi na umcimbi ongengo onxulumene nento okanye ukhuseleko lweqela. Noko ke, iinkundla zingakulinganisela ukufunyanwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhathazwa okanye ukuncitshiswa okugqithisileyo. Ukufunyanwa kuyimfuneko kokwakha ityala nokutyhila ubungqina obusezandleko ezandleni zeqela labachasangeneyo. Ukufinyelelwa kwemithetho karhulumente, bona [FLD]

Ukufanele Ubhenele

Izibheno eziphulukana netyala zinelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno zisekelwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho ._hayi ukungavumelani neeziphumo ezichanekileyo zabachopheli-mthetho (ngaphandle kokuba ezo zinto zifunyenweyo ziphosakele). Umlawuli kufuneka afake isaziso sesibheno ngexesha elichaziweyo kwaye anikezele ingxengxezo ezichaza isizathu sokuba inkundla echongiweyo iphambuke. Inkundla yetyala ingaqinisekisa, ibuyekeze, ilungise, okanye iphinde ilungise ityala ukwenzela ukuqulutya okuthe ngaphaya. Ezinye izithuba zivumela izibheno zezicelo zetyala elithile langaphambili. Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo ezisemthethweni zingenziwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Iintlobo zoKhuselo lwaMalungelo

Ityala lamakhaya lidla ngokubandakanya izimilo eziphantsi kwemimiselo ezikhusela amalungelo athile.

  • Imithetho yokwahlula-hlula: nemithetho karhulumente yokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, unqulo, nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo emsebenzini, kwindlu, nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. Amaxhoba angamangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo kunye nokukhulula.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Amalungelo ombuso: Imithetho enjenge Fair Price Coorts Practices Act, iNyaniso kuMthetho weLending, nemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yokukhusela abathengi inika abathengi ilungelo lokumangalela amashishini ngenxa yezenzo ezingekho bulungisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo apheleleyo: Ibeka izichasi phezu kobunikazi, imida, ukukhululeka, kunye nolwalamano lwendawo yomnini ndlu lusombululwa ngokumangalelwa kwamakhaya.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Injili yesiqu sakho (ii-torts): abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokufuna imbuyekezo yengozi ebangelwa kukungakhathali okanye izenzo zabanye ngempazamo, ezifana neengozi zemoto, ukutyibilika nokuhlambela, okanye ukunyelisa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IKontrakthi yamalungelo: Imikhosi iyakwazi ukumangalela ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano ezibhaliweyo okanye ezidluliselwa ngomlomo nokufumana kwakhona umonakalo wokwaphula isivumelwano.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawabesaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo asemthethweni ahluke ngayo kwezi nkqubo zimbini kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekudibaniseni.

Indlela Esisijonga Ngayo Ityala

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aziswa ngurhulumente (umtshutshisi) ngokuchasene nomntu wokwaphula umthetho. Injongo kukohlwaywa kwesohlwayo `ukuhlawuliswa, ityala, ukuvavanywa, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Amatyala amakhaya aqaliswa ngamaqela azimeleyo (achaza) efuna imbuyekezo okanye intsebenziswano ekhethekileyo, hayi isohlwayo. Noko ke, amanye amatyala asenokubandakanya iziphumo zokohlwaya ezilungiselelwe ukohlwaya ihambo ephosakeleyo.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeki obusengqiqweni, umgangatho omalunga nomnye. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, i-pasttiff kufuneka ingqine imeko yayo nge ukubhinqisa kobungqina [ (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo) okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ngu ubungqina obucacileyo kunye nobeyiselayo [[ (obenkohliso okanye ezinye izinto ezithile). Olu mahluko lubonisa izijungqu ezingaphezulu kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imiphumo

Iinkolelo zezaphuli-mthetho zingakhokelela ekulahlekelweni yinkululeko (intolongo), ukuphulukana namalungelo athile (ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ukuba nemipu), kunye nengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ehlala ihleli. Iinkundla zamakhaya zidla ngokuphumela kwilahleko yemali okanye kwimiyalelo yenkundla (ukukhulula). Ukugxothwa kwenkundla kunokukhokelela kwintolongo, kodwa iziphumo zoluntu zinokuba luncedo okanye zinokulingana.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente kufuneka anike igqwetha ukuba ummangalelwa akanamali. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, akukho lungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokunika icebiso lenkululeko, nangona kukho amatyala abandakanya ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali.

Ukhuseleko lwengozi oluphindwe kabini

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Umntu unokumangalelwa ngokwendlela efanayo neyakhokelela kwisaphuli-mthetho esigwebayo (umz., ityala likaSimpson alizange livale ityala lokubulawa kwetyala likarhulumente). Noko ke, ukuba ityala eligwetywayo ligwetywa, ityala elilandelayo lingathintelwa ngokuvavanywa kwetyala loluntu elilandelayo linokubekwa umda ngokubekwa ityala lomthetho kwimibandela ethile.

Ukubaluleka Komelo Olusemthethweni

Ngeli xesha unelungelo lokuzimela enkundleni (pro se), kusoloko kungenabulumko. Inkqubo yomthetho intsonkothile, inemithetho engqongqo ecacileyo, imilinganiselo ecacileyo, kunye nemizekelo yemizekelo. Igqwetha elinamava liyakwazi ukuvavanya ityala lakho, ukuqokelela ubungqina, iimpikiswano zomthetho, ukuxoxa, nokukhusela amalungelo akho kwisigaba ngasinye. Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, iingozi zokuzimela ngokwalo ziphezulu, imigaqo engqongqo engqongqo: ummangalelwa osebenza njengegqwetha lawo ngokuphandle angawaphula ngeli okanye aphose ityala. Kwimibango yasekuhlaleni, kwaneempikiswano elula isenokubandakanya imijikelezo enzima, ukufunyanwa, kunye nezibheno. Imibutho emininzi inikela izibonelelo zokufumana uncedo olungeyo olusemthethweni, [[FLD:0].US.A. iinkxaso ezingokwasemthethweni zoncedo [FT.]

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Asemthethweni

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kuxabiseka kuphela ukuba uyawasebenzisa. Nawa amanyathelo aluncedo kwizigwebi nakuluntu:

Ukuba Umangalelwe Ngolwaphulo - mthetho

  • Hlala uthule uze ucele igqwetha ngoko nangoko.
  • Musa ukuvuma ukuphengulula ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso (iimeko ezingachananga zikho).
  • Yibakho kuzo zonke iinkundla; ukuba akunamali yokufumana igqwetha, cela ijaji ukuba imisele elinye.
  • Landela icebiso legqwetha lakho ngokuphathelele izicelo neqhinga lokuvavanya.
  • Yabhala yonke intsebenziswano nabanyanzelisi bomthetho nabatshutshisi.

Ukuba Uyaphulwa Okanye Ucinga Ngemithetho

  • Buza negqwetha ngaphambi kokuba uqulunqa okanye uphendule kwisikhalazo.
  • Gcina onke amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo nothungelwano (ngacimi ii-imeyili okanye tshabalalisa ubungqina).
  • Gcina imibhalo yayo yonke into othelekisa ngayo kwelinye icala.
  • Sabela kwizicelo ozifumeneyo ngokunyanisekileyo nangexesha; ukusilela ukwenjenjalo kunokuphumela kwisigwebo.
  • Ukuba akunalo igqwetha, khangela iikliniki zoncedo okanye amaziko okuzinceda kwindlu yenkundla yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo asemthethweni kumatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asizo zinto zingacacanga qha kwaye zinamandla okukhusela abantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni isebenza kakuhle. Ukusuka kwilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka nelungelo lokuchophela ityala lejaji kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuya kwilungelo lokumangalelwa kunye nelungelo lokufumana ingcebiso kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ezi zikhuselwa zibonisa amaxabiso asisiseko enkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkuselo elinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ukuba ujongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukucombulula impikiswano yangasese, ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho kunokwenza umahluko phakathi kwesiphumo esisesikweni nesonzakalisayo. Ngamaxesha onke funa icebiso elifanelekileyo kwimeko ethile yoluntu, kwaye khumbula ukuba umthetho ukho ukuze ulungiselele nje.