Ukuqonda Isiseko Se-Arhente Karhulumente

Ingcamango yokuthintelwa kwemibutho yorhulumente ikwindawo ephambili ekuhlaziyweni kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni eMelika, ebumba indlela abachaphazelekayo abasukela ngayo ngokuchasene namaqumrhu karhulumente nendlela azimele ngayo. Ngoxa imigaqo yantlandlolo ithe yabhalwa kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, izicelo zale mihla zifuna ukumiselwa kakuhle kwemithetho yesiseko, imizekelo yokugweba, kunye nokucazululwa kwemigaqo kawonke-wonke. Kubenzi bezomthetho, amacebiso equlunqe, nabafundi bomthetho ngokufanayo, ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo kwale mfundiso kuyimfuneko xa kuvavanywa ukuqulungela ukufaneleka, ukuqulungela izibongozo, okanye ukucebisa abaxhasi borhulumente.

Ukhuseleko lombutho wezorhulumente luxhomekeke kwisiseko sokuba amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kosongelo oluzingisileyo lokumangalelwa okunokukhupha ubuncwane boluntu okanye ukwenza izigqibo ezidinisayo. Kwangaxeshanye, umthetho uyaqonda ukuba ukukhusela okungathintelekiyo kunokushiya amaqela onzakalayo ngaphandle kokucela uncedo, ukwenza uxinzelelo lokuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye neenkundla zifune ukulinganisa ngokuchasene nemithetho egqwethiweyo kunye neemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olunzulu lwemfundiso, ukuxilonga-lwazi lwayo lwembali, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezithatha, iimfatho ezizi ezizinzileyo ezithi zithintela ukufikelela kwawo, kunye nobuchule obuluncedo bokusetyenziswa ukudlula kule ndawo entsokothile.

Imvelaphi Nenkqubo Yendaleko Ye-Arhente Karhulumente

Imvelaphi Yembali Ekungavisisani Okulawulayo

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni ngokusemthethweni ilandela umnombo wayo ukuya kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho imonarchy ingenakumangalelwa kwiinkundla zayo ngaphandle kwemvume. Lo mgaqo wanqamleza iAtlantiki kwaye wamkelwa ngumazwe aseMerika, ekuqaleni okhusela oorhulumente kumsebenzi omninzi wasekuhlaleni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuqina kokhuseleko olupheleleyo oluphembelelayo oluphembelelayo oluphembelelayo, kunye nokumisela amaphondo ukuba asebenzise izenzo zokuzikhusela ezimeleyo kwiindidi ezithile. Urhulumente wesizwe walandela isuntswana noMthetho kaFederal Tort Torences ka- 1946, owavula umnyango wokuzihluza ngokuchasene neUnited States phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Ukhuseleko lombutho wezokhuselo lwesizwe lusisizukulwana esithe ngqo semigaqo yokuzikhusela kwimizi - siseko elawulayo. Xa urhulumente edala amasebe okuqhuba ulawulo, ulawulo, okanye umsebenzi wenkonzo, loo masebe adla ngokuwudla ilifa ukhuseleko lorhulumente. Ingqiqo icacile: amaqumrhu asebenza njengezixhobo zikarhulumente, kwaye awabeka phantsi kwemiqathango engathintelekiyo ayakuyinciphisa injongo yawo. Noko ke, umhlaba wale mihla usuka kude kwiyunifomu, njengoko urhulumente ngamnye eye waphuhlisa iye yayila iyeza le cebo lakhe lokulinganisa umgangatho wokhuseleko kunye neemeko apho ungayifuni.

Umanyano Nezimvo Zale Mihla

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, uninzi lwamazwe lwaye lwamisela umthetho wokuba mhlawumbi ukwenziwa okanye ukutshintshwa komthetho oqhelekileyo wokuzikhusela. Le mithetho idla ngokudala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho, namanye amazwe agcina ukukhusela ukhuseleko olubanzi ngelinye ixesha amanye athatyathwa ngokungenamsebenzi. Umzekelo, iiMpawulo zikaRhulumente zeKhalifoni zimisele iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokunikela izityholo ngokuchasene nezinto ezikhoyo zikawonke wonke, ngelixa iNkundla ye-Anti yeNew York inika umxhasi wesithintelo kumthetho othile kodwa igcine imidangalo engqongqo. Isiphumo sikwimeko esemthethweni apho ukuthintelwa kokhuseleko lungajika kwiindlela ezichuliweyo kulwimi oluqhelekileyo okanye kwimibutho ethile yemisebenzi ethile.

Ukongeza kumgangatho karhulumente, umthetho wesizwe unyanzelisa isakhelo sawo. Umthetho weFederal Tort Apentiers Act (FTCA) uthintelo lwezolawulo lwezitopi ezingoomatshini abasebenza ngequmrhu labasebenzi besizwe abasebenza kumsebenzi wabo, kodwa uqulethe iindidi ezininzi, eziquka izityholo ezivela kwimisebenzi yeqhinga, ii-torts, kunye nemisebenzi yamazwe asemzini. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zibonelelo zikarhulumente ezisebenzisana ngayo neemfundiso zokhuseleko zikarhulumente kuyingozi kwiimeko ezibandakanya iinkqubo okanye imibutho efumana inkxaso yemali karhulumente.

Iintlobo Zokungahambelani

Ulawulo

Ukhuseleko lolawulo lolawulo luluhlobo olubanzi lokhuseleko, ukukhusela urhulumente ngokwawo, kwaye ngokuyandisa abameli bawo basemacaleni ngaphandle kokuba kunikwe imvume. Ukuvuma kungathatha iindlela eziliqela: ummiselo ogunyazisa ngokukhethekileyo isuti, i-asciomsner, okanye isigqibo sikarhulumente sokubandakanyeka kumsebenzi wepropritio olawulwa yingxaki efanayo nabadlali babucala. Kwimimandla emininzi, urhulumente kufuneka avume ngokuphandle ukukhokelwa kwetyala; irhanelwa ukuba ii-agimpliti zikhonelwe kwaye zithathwe ngokumngcingo ziinkundla.

Kumaziko, ukukhusela ulawulo oluzimeleyo kusebenza kwimisebenzi engundoqo karhulumente enjengeyokunyanzelisa umthetho, imfundo kawonke-wonke, ulawulo lwerhafu, kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo. Xa umbutho usebenza kule mimandla, amaqumrhu ajongene nemiqobo ephezulu ekumiseleni ukuba isebe linokumangalelwa. Noko ke, kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje intsingiselo iye yajongwa kwityala elikhulu, yaye amazwe amaninzi andisa izicelo zawo zokuthenga okanye ukumisela abaxhasi abasebenzi bemibutho kwimimandla efana neengozi zemoto, ityala, izakhiwo, kunye nemisebenzi yezonyango ezibhedlele.

I-Immunithi ePhakamileyo

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lokhuseleko lwamagosa orhulumente nabasebenzi ngabanye lukhusela amatyala abo xa besenza imisebenzi yabo yobuqu engokobulumko bekwigunya labo. Isizathu sikukuba amagosa kufuneka akhululeke ukugweba ngaphandle koloyiko lomonakalo ongokwasezimalini, ingakumbi xa izigqibo zawo zibandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo okanye imibuzo engoonobumba. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichaze izigaba ezibini zokhuseleko olusemthethweni: ukukhusela okungaxhomekekiyo, okusebenza kwimisebenzi ethile efana nezenzo zogwebo kunye nezigqibo zomtshutshisi, kunye nezo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo, ezikhusela amagosa asebenza ngokholo nangohlobo olulungileyo olungawaphulangachazi kakuhle amalungelo asemthethweni okanye asemthethweni.

Kubasebenzi besebe lengingqi eligunyazisiweyo, ukukhusela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Kwizenzo zamalungelo abantu eziziswa ngaphantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo1948, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba ihambo yegosa yaphula umthetho yala lungelo elalimiselwe ngokucacileyo ngexesha lokwaphulwa. Ukuba ilungelo alimiswanga ngokucacileyo, okanye ukuba igosa elinobuchule bezomthetho likholelwa ukuba ihambo isemthethweni isemthethweni //i-immunity iza kudibanisa. Lo mlinganiselo ubangele ukudityaniswa okugqithisileyo kwaye uhlala usoloko usisibalo olushushu, nabagxeki besithi likhusela amagosa ekuphenduleni nasekulondolozeni ukulawulwa nokugcinwa kwayo okunempumelelo.

Comment

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekumnyangweni wombutho wokhuseleko lwezorhulumente ngumahluko phakathi korhulumente kunye nombutho wesiXhosa. Umsebenzi karhulumente ngulowo wenzelwe okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo kwaye ngokusisiseko ungowoluntu ngokubanzi kwindalo, njengokhuseleko lwamapolisa, ukulwa umlilo, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. Xa umbutho ubandakanyeka kumsebenzi karhulumente wokhuselo, ugcina umgangatho ochasene nenkqubo ethile yomthetho. Ngokungafaniyo, umsebenzi we-proprietary ngulowo onokuba ````and' kwaye ngooonolwazi oluqhelekileyo lungasetyenziswa zizinto ezizimeleyo, njengokusebenza, njengokusebenza kwe-garaji, okanye ukuqhuba inkqubo yokupaka igalelo.

Umahluko karhulumente unokuba nzima ukusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, isixeko esiqhuba iqula lokuqubha likawonke-wonke sinokubandakanyeka kumsebenzi wobungcali kwelinye icala kodwa umsebenzi karhulumente kwelinye, kuxhomekeke kwindlela iinkundla zikarhulumente eziphawule ngayo imisebenzi enjalo. Oogqirha abasemthethweni kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko umthetho wolawulo olunxulumeneyo kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, basebenzise iziganeko zangaphambili eziye zathetha ngemisebenzi efanayo. Olu hlalutyo lusoloko luneziphumo ezithethsithethsi kwisenzo sangaphambili, njengoko kufunyaniswa ukuba umsebenzi urhulumente unokuba neziphumo zokuxolelwa ekuthintelweni okusekelwe ekukhuseleni ipropiretary, ngexa imvume ivumela imeko ukuba iqhubeke.

Imithetho Elawulayo Esemthethweni

Umahluko woBuzwe

Ngenxa yokuba i-United States inenkqubo ephindwe kabini yolawulo, uhlalutyo lokhuseleko lufuna ingqalelo kumthetho wesizwe nowaserhulumenteni. Amasebe omanyano adla ngokukhuselwa ngukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lwe-United States, olunokupheliswa kuphela yisenzo soBhunga. IFTCA sisithuthiso esiphambili sokulwa namaqumrhu karhulumente, kodwa abeka imiqobo ebalulekileyo enyanzelisayo, kuquka nemfuneko yokusebenza ngokudinwa kwemiqathango yeminyaka emibini. Ngaphezu koko, amaqumrhu athile orhulumente anommiselo wawo okhethekileyo: umzekelo, iGunya leNtlanganiso yaseTennessee linokunyuselwa kwi-ntervectora efana nemibutho yabucala, ngoxa i-Federalleaviorfit Corporation inguevel inguevel elawula imithetho ekhethekileyo echasene nayo.

Umthetho wesizwe wahluka kakhulu. Amanye amaphondo, njenge Texas neGeorgia, aye agcina ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo ngokwembali kunye nabaxhaphazi abalinganiselweyo, lo gama amanye, njengoWashington noFlorida, emisele izenzo ezibanzi zokuzibanga ze-tort ezithi zibangele ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango emininzi yokungakhathali. Amazwe ambalwa athe akuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukukhuselwa kwezobuso-mthetho, nangona anokugcina ukulondolozwa kwezenzo ezithile zeqhinga okanye ukuqhatha kwimisebenzi ethile yequmrhu. Kulo lwama aligigo, inyathelo lokuqala kulo nakweyiphi na imeko echasene nesixhobo solawulo lwemithetho ye-statiod agqibe ukuba ubuchule bokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yento ethile exelwayo.

Imbali yembali

Kwanakwilizwe elinokhuseleko olubanzi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zimisele izithinteli-mthetho ezithile ukwenzela iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zoqhatho. Ezona zixhaphakileyo i-raveter zibandakanya iingozi zemoto ezibandakanya izithuthi zikarhulumente. Amazwana amaninzi avumela isuntswana xa ukungabikho komqeshwa kwemoto karhulumente kubangela umonakalo okanye umonakalo wempahla, eqonda ukuba olu didi lwengxelo lunika umdla ocacileyo kuwonke-wonke ekuphenduleni. Olunye udidi lwe-raver luzigquma ityala lezakhiwo zikarhulumente, luvumela abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo bafumaneke kwingozi yokuqhuba imoto etyibilikayo okanye ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezinokufuneka ukuba abe ngumnini-fako.

Amanye amaphondo akwanokuwathintela amatyala okuthintelwa kwezonyango ezibhedlele okanye kwiikliniki zikawonke-wonke, ukuyila okanye ukulungisa iindlela kunye neebhulorho, kunye nokuhlola okanye ukuvala izinto. Noko ke, la matyala asoloko equlathe iikepisi kwingozi, iimfuno zesaziso ezifutshane, kunye nemiqathango engokwamkelekileyo kwimiqathango yokonzakalisa okunokubuyiselwa. Umzekelo, urhulumente angaphazamisa ukukhusela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezamayeza kodwa anciphise umonakalo ongengoqoqosho olingana ne-R340 000 okanye afune ukuba isambatho sifakwe kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokulimala. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kuyimfuneko ekuhloleni ixabiso lokwenene lomonakalo nokucwangcisa iprojective.

Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kwi-arhente yeRhulumente

Ingxelo Ye - negligente Neyokudlala

Ngeli xesha abaxhasi bemithetho bevulile ucango lwezenzo ezininzi zobungakhathali, ezibalulekileyo ezishiyekileyo. Kwanaphantsi kwe-tort ye-ort yesenzo, umbutho ungagcina ukhuseleko lwezibhengezo ezivela kwimisebenzi ezenzekelayo . Ngokwahlukileyo, abo babandakanya ukhetho lwenkqubo okanye izigwebo malunga nendlela yokunikezela ubuncwane boluntu. Umzekelo, isigqibo malunga nendawo apho ukhanyisa isibane senqwelo-moya okanye indlela yokuyila ipaki yoluntu ithathwa njengendlela ecacileyo neyokukhusela ukukhusela ukubekwa kwengozi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukugcinwa kokungakhathalelwa kokukhanya okukhoyo kwendlela okanye ukusilela ukulumkisa ngengozi yempahla yopaki kusenokugqalwa njengolungiselelo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kujongwe njengomntu obalulekileyo.

Enye into ephawulekayo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho esetyenziswa ngabom. Kumaphondo amaninzi, umxhaphazi wokhuselo akaqhubeki ekufuneni ukuhlaselwa, ibhetri, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye ukuchaswa ngempazamo kwemvakalelo xa kusenziwa ngabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Ezi zicelo zisenokuziswa kumqeshwa ngamnye ukuba umqeshwa usebenza ngaphandle komkhamo wempangelo okanye wobubi, kodwa iqumrhu ngokwalo ngokwalo lihlala lisomelele. Kubantu abakhathalayo abaye baziphatha kakubi ngamabomu ngabadlali bakarhulumente, indlela yokuchachacha isoloko ifuna ukusukela umGaqo-siseko phantsi kweCandelo lo1998 okanye umxhasi wephondo ofanayo kunokuba libambele nje intengo elula.

Ukwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezichaseneyo nokhuseleko lombutho worhulumente inokubakho xa isaziso sibandakanya ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Phantsi kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Ex with Young[, ummangalelwa angamangalela urhulumente osemthethweni kumandla akhe okufumana uncedo lokuphelisa ukuphulwa komthetho karhulumente okuqhubekayo, kuquka ukungqubana nomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuchasene akukuchasi ukuthintelwa kweminxanxanxaka kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kuvumela iinkundla ukuba ziqhube ihambo olungenaziphathi-mthetho, zinika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kurhulumente.

Ngeengxelo zomonakalo, iCandelo 1983 linikela unobangela wesenzo ngokuchasene norhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni aphula amalungelo karhulumente ngeli xesha esebenza phantsi kombala womthetho wesizwe. Nangona lo mthetho ungawakhuphi amandla okuzikhusela, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi oomasipala namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente akunelungelo lokuzikhusela kwimicimbi yokwakheka kwaye anokugwetywa ngqo ngenxa yokuphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, amaqumrhu karhulumente ahlala ekhuselwe yiMphengululo weSizwe seshumi elinesi-11 loMphengululo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente evume ukuba ukhuseleko okanye iBhunga lomthetho linegunya elisemthethweni. Lo mahluko wenza ukhetho lomXhobelo .

I-Ultra Virus Yezenzo

Iqumrhu lingaphulukana nokhuseleko xa abasebenzi balo besebenza ngaphandle kwegunya labo okanye xa umbutho ngokwawo ubandakanyeka kwihambo egqithisileyo − oko kukuthi, ngaphaya kwamandla anikwe ngumthetho. Ukuba umqeshwa karhulumente wenza isenzo esinganxibelelaniyo nemisebenzi yabo yasemthethweni, isenzo sisenokuthathwa njengesobuqu kunokuba siphethwe ngurhulumente, kwaye umqeshwa kunye nomzi-maziko angabekwa ityala. Umzekelo, igosa lamapolisa elisebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo ngexesha lokusebenza ngaphandle komthetho wokunyanzelisa ukuqeshwa komsebenzi, lisenokususa nayiphi na umbutho ozibanga ukhuselekile kwizenzo zabaqeshwa.

Ngokufanayo, ukuba umbutho uthatha inyathelo eliye lalelwe ngokucacileyo ngomthetho okanye eligqitha igunya lawo elinikiweyo, iinkundla zingafumana ukuba ukukhuselwa komzimba akusebenzi. Lo mgaqo udla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya izenzo ezichasene nemithetho ethile ekhethekileyo, okanye kwiimeko apho umbutho uzama ukusebenzisa igunya kwimicimbi ebekwe kwelinye iqumrhu likarhulumente. Ukuqhatha kakhulu kudla ngokufuna uhlalutyo olusondeleyo lokhuseleko oluwenza umthetho kunye nogunyaziso olungqalileyo lwesenzo esicetyiweyo.

Iziganeko Zophawu Lwasezweni Nempembelelo Yazo

Harlow v. Fitzgerald kunye nomgangatho wenjongo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1982 [[FLT: 0]] uGcino-mthetho olukwindawo ephezulu, amagosa karhulumente anelungelo lokukhusela imfuno ngaphandle kokuba ihambo yawo imiselwe ngokucacileyo okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko okhuseleko ngokususa umgangatho wokholo olulungileyo nolunenjongo enye. Phantsi .Harlow[, amagosa karhulumente anelungelo lokuzikhusela ngaphandle kokuba ihambo yawo ibekwe kakuhle kwimithetho emiselweyo okanye emiselwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba umntu onengqondo uyakwazi oku. Ukushicingela lo tshintsho kwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuba aphumele umgwebo oshwankathwini, njengoko bengenakuphinda baxhomekeke kubungqina benjongo yegosa okanye ubungendawo bokwahluli. Endaweni, ukuqwalal'ukubekuchana kwanele ekunene ngexesha lokuchasana kwetyala.

Isigqibo siye saba neziphumo ezibanzi zokufumana amalungelo asekuhlaleni ngokuchasene namaziko karhulumente kunye nabasebenzi bawo. Kunye, sikhuthaza ukuthatha inyathelo lokuqala lokuchasa, njengoko abamangalelwa besoloko befuna ukuseka ukukhusela ukhuseleko ngaphambi kokufunyanwa. Sikwabeka imfuneko yokuchaza ngokucacileyo amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nezigqibo ze-appelte, sishiya iinkundla ezisezantsi zingenandawo zifumana ilungelo elicacileyo elisekelwe kwimigaqo jikelele. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba [[FLT: 0] HArlow uvelise indlela evalelwe kakhulu kwisigwebo samaxhoba eemeko engekho mthethweni karhulumente, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi likhusela abasemalungwini ekulweleni ngokuchasene nomthetho, ngoxa abameli besithi bakhusele abasemagunyeni abalawulini ekukhuseleni ukukhusela imicimbi ngokuchasene nomthetho.

Westfall v. Erwin kunye noMphetho weFederal Immony

Ku Westill v. Erwin [1988], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha ngomqathango wokhuseleko lwabasebenzi besizwe abasebenza kumda womsebenzi wabo. INkundla yathi abasebenzi bephondo banelungelo lokuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo kumthetho oqhelekileyo ukuba batshate kuphela xa ihambo yabo ikwindawo yomsebenzi kwaye ibandakanya ukusebenzisa ingqiqo. Oku kwandisa ngokunempumelelo ukhuseleko olukhoyo kubasebenzi belizwe, lwenze kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo bathethele abasebenzi ngabanye abasemagunyeni. Ekuphenduleni, iBhunga le komiti yawisa umthetho i-Puderal Grounievease Liasetives Leaceties kunye noMgalelo-Reformation Active Comption (urageence) ka-1988, eyandisa ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwemisebenzi ye-omatiko yolawulo, nokuba ngabasebenzi benziswa ngobulungiseleli.

Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo se- Sineziphumo ezibalulekileyo kunye nomthetho olandelayo ngowokuba abasebenzi abafuna ukunyuselwa kwequmrhu lorhulumente ngenxa yehambo enxulumene nomsebenzi kufuneka phantse basoloko besukela iinjongo zabo phantsi kweFTCA eUnited States kunokuchasene nomqeshwa ngamnye. Olu tshintsho luneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kulawulo lomntu, njengokuba i-FCA ifuna ukudinwa kolawulo, imisela ummiselo omfutshane wemiqathango, kwaye ilinganisela iintlobo zelahleko ezikhoyo. Ukhuseleko lombuso, u-West fast unika umfuziselo oluncedo, nangona imithetho eyahlukeneyo.

Izigwebo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo Yakutshanje

Kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhubekile icombulula iimfundiso zokhuseleko lwezomthetho ngeendlela ezichaphazela umbutho wombuso. SANTton v. Sims (2013]), iNkundla yaphinda yaphinda yaphinda yathi amagosa afanelekileyo akhusela amajoni akhusele iimpazamo ezifanelekileyo awenza iimpazamo zomthetho kwikhondo lokwenza imisebenzi yawo. [[FLT:]] iMotuty of Escodito v. [FLTM [[FLT:]] (20]), iNkuvunywa iinkundla ezisezantsi ngokucacileyo ngokubhekiselele ekuchazeni amalungelo aphezulu kakhulu, igxininisa ukuba ifanele ihlelwe kwiziphumo ezithenwayo. [FLT] kuleyo: [flor] [2020]

Ezi zigqibo zibonisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kokuziphendulela kunye nokhuseleko olubonisa umthetho wokhuseleko. Kuyo, ukuhlala ngoku kumthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo kubalulekile, njengoko isigqibo esinye sinokuthi sitshintshe isakhiwo senkcaso kwaye sitshintshe iziphumo zamatyala asele ekho. Oogqirha abasemthethweni kufuneka baqwalasele inkqubela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente ukuchonga iziphumo ezinokuvela okanye zivume ukufumaneka kokhuseleko lwamaziko karhulumente kunye nabaqeshwa babo.

Iinkxalabo Ezisebenzisekayo Kwababenzi Bomgunyathi

Ubuchule Bokwenza Amatyala

Kumatyala ajonge ukumangalelwa kombutho karhulumente, inyathelo lokuqala kukuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo enoba ukhuseleko luyasebenza kusini na, ukuba kunjalo, ukuba ukhona na, umgaqo-nkqubo olawulayo. Olu hlalutyo kufuneka luqale ngemeko efanelekileyo yetort ezithi zisebenza, ezithi ngokuqhelekileyo ziqulathe inkxaso epheleleyo kwiintlobo zeentengiso ezigqunywe, izinto ezikhoyo ezifaneleke njengesebe, kunye neenkqubo ezimele zilandelwe phambi kwesuti. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna ii-pacteffs ukunikezela isaziso sokuzichaza ngexesha elifutshane qhotyo. Ngokufuthi 30 ukuya kumashumi amabini eentsuku ezingamashumi amathathu (e-90) emva kokuba kusenzeke umonakalo, kwaye ukungaphumeleli ukubulawa kwemeko.

Xa imibandela yokuzikhusela nokukhusela inqanawe isisombululwe, abasebenzi kufuneka baqwalasele ukuwabiza amagama amaqumrhu kunye nabasebenzi ngabanye njengabamangalelwa. Ngoxa umbutho usenokuba ukhuselekile kumonakalo, abasebenzi ngabanye basenokujongana netyala phantsi komthetho karhulumente okanye iCandelo lowe-1998 ukuba bangaphandle komqathango wempangelo okanye inkohlakalo. Kwanokuba umqeshwa uyakwazi ukuphumelela ekukhuseleni inkxaso efanelekileyo, ukunqandelwa kokukhuselwa kwabamangalelwa yaye kusenokunyusa amathuba okuba kuhlawulwe. Abasebenzi ngabanye bafanele bahlole iingcamango ezichasene nomthetho, njengamathuba okungawaqululekiyo omthetho obangela amalungelo omququququzelelo okanye azimeleyo ngokophulwa kwesivumelwano somgunyaziso okanye okusekelwe ekuphumeleni kwesivumelwano xa inkqubo ingeni kwisivumelwano esigunyaziweyo.

Ukukhusela Iimeko zikarhulumente

Kumagqwetha amela amasebe karhulumente, injongo kukukhusela ukugxothwa kwelizwe kwasekuqaleni okunokwenzeka. Esona sixhobo sisebenzayo kukuhamba ngokusekelwe kukhuseleko lobukhosi, olunokugcinwa nanini na kufunyenwe. Ukuze aphumelele, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba akukho mithetho elawulayo esebenzisa ukupheliswa kwenkonzo karhulumente kwaye eli qumrhu libandakanyeke kumsebenzi karhulumente ngexesha lomonakalo otyholwayo. Ekuxhaseni ukuhamba, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka sinikezele ii-fanti okanye izibhengezo ezisuka kumagosa equluntwini achaza indlela esebenza ngayo kunye nezenzo ezithile ezithatyathweyo.

Xa ukukhusela ukukhusela ukunqongophala kokhuseleko okupheleleyo, amagqwetha esebe kufuneka ajolise ingqalelo kumahluko ocacileyo, osoloko uthetha ngemiqathango ebandakanya izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo, ukwabiwa koovimba, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kolawulo. Ubungqina obuchaphazelekayo bungafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihambo ecelwe umngeni ebandakanya ukuthelekiswa kolawulo, intlalo-ntle, okanye inkcazo yezobupolitika. Isiluleko sokhuselo kufuneka siphaphele kwimfuno yemiqathango yezonyango, kuquka imimiselo yesaziso, imimiselo yemiqathango, kunye nemimiselo yemingxube ephantsi yomonakalo. Ukusilela kwe-atho yezobugcisa ekungavumelani ukuvumelana nezi mfuneko kunika isiseko esizimeleyo sokuzinziwa kolawulo, ukuxhomekeka nokungasetyenziswa kwemiqathango.

Ukungahambelani kwimiba yangaphakathi: Utyekelo lwexesha elizayo

Umhlaba wokhuselo lombutho worhulumente awumi ngamaxesha athile. Izimo ezininzi zisenokuyitshintsha inkqubela yawo yexesha elizayo. Okokuqala, kukho umdla okhulayo wemithetho ekwandiseni ukunqanda ukuhlaselwa kwemikhwa ebandakanya ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, kunye nezinye ihambo ezingalunganga. Kutshanje kumiselwe imithetho emininzi ephelisa ukuthintelwa kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kwabasebenzi bakarhulumente okanye ukwenzakala okubangelwa kukuqeshwa okanye ukulawulwa ngabasebenzi abanjalo. Ezi nguqu zibonisa ukunyanzeleka okugqithisileyo kokungakhathalelwa kwemithetho yezobudlelane kwimicimbi ephambili ekhusini ekhuselwe kwizixhobo eziye zakhuselwa kwisuthwini.

Okwesibini, iinkundla zikulungele ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlolisisa umahluko phakathi kwemisebenzi karhulumente neyoburhulumente, ingakumbi njengoko abameli bakarhulumente bethathe imisebenzi engakumbi yorhwebo. Ngokwanda kobudlelane boluntu, iinkqubo ze-inshorensi ezikhutshelwe urhulumente, kunye nomahluko wengeniso kwiiyunivesithi zikarhulumente, kuya kuba nzima ukuwugcina. Abameli banokulindela ukuba iinkundla zisebenzise uhlalutyo oluthe chatha kwiimeko, lunciphisa umgangatho wokuzikhusela kwimisebenzi evelisa ingeniso okanye ukukhuphisana namashishini azimeleyo.

Okwesithathu, ubugcisa budala imibuzo emitsha ngokukhusela imfuno-majoni kwimimandla enjengeyokwaphula ugcino-lwazi, ukwenza izigqibo ze-algorithm, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa koomatshini. Xa umbutho wesizwe ufumana uhlaselo lwekhompyutha olubhenca ulwazi lobuqu, ngaba ukhuselekile kwisuntswana? Xa urhulumente ephosakele ukuchasa iingenelo okanye ukukhupha itikiti lenqwelo-moya, ingaba le nkampani ibekelwe ityala ngenxa yengozi? Le mibuzo ayiphenduli, kwaye iimpendulo ziya kuxhomekeka kwindlela iinkundla ezichaza ngayo umlinganiselo wabarhwebi abakhoyo kunye neemeko zezibalo ezibhaliweyo.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko lombutho wezorhulumente luhlala lungenye yezona mfundiso zinamandla nezinesiphumo esiphambili kwilixa lokuzithethelela kwabemi. Imvelaphi yalo ekukhuseleni ulawulo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngobuchule obuvela kwiinkundla zolawulo kunye neenkundla zorhulumente, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkundla zorhulumente kunye nezomthetho zonke zinikela kwisakhiwo esintsonkothileyo esifuna ingqalelo enzulu kubahlali kunye nesiluleko sabo. Ngoxa ukukhusela ukukhusela kukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi karhulumente, akulokhathamsha, kwaye inani elandayo labachasi-mthetho kunye nento engaphandle kwayo ibonisa umgwebo obalulekileyo omele ujonge ulawulo olumele ulandelwe liqulunqe.

Kubenzi bemithetho, isitshixo sempumelelo kukwazi umthetho okhethekileyo kunye nomthetho wolawulo, ukuchaza uhlobo oluchanekileyo lomsebenzi wombutho okhoyo embambanweni, kunye nokuphuhlisa indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokulungisa ethetha nokukhusela ukurhoxiswa kwemeko nganye. Kubenzi bemithetho kunye nabenzi bemithetho, indaleko eqhubekayo yomthetho wokukhusela ukukhusela izifo inika ithuba lokulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo okulawula okunempumelelo kunye nokusesikweni. Njengoko ummandla osemthethweni uqhubeka utshintsha, ukuhlala ngolwazi nokulungelelanisa izinto kuya kuba yimfuneko kuye nabani na osebenza okanye ofunda lo mgaqo-mthetho obalulekileyo.

Kubongezelelwe koovimba bokhuselo lweziko lorhulumente, oogqirha bangajonga kuMthetho weSiko loLwimi lokwamkeleka komthetho we-, i- i-FAQ's yeJaji kwiFeactal Tort Antitions, kunye nohlalutyo olukhoyo lwemfundo olukhoyo ngaphaya kolawulo lwezikomkhulu lwenkundla. Ukuqonda la maxwebhu esiseko kunye neenkcazelo zesiseko ze-litroges kungayinyusa ngokubalulekileyo impumelelo impumelelo i-litroges.