Impikiswano engokwasemthethweni inqabile ukuqalisa ngenkundla ephawulekayo. Endaweni yoko, iqala njengesivumelwano esophukileyo senkundla, ityala lomntu, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elingunozalal-mthetho, elilelokuba amaqela awakwazi ukuqulunqwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-mthetho iyalungelelana, ilungelelaniswa, imigaqo-nkqubo yenkundla yokulungisa: inkqubo yomthetho. Indlela yenkundla yokuchophela inkqubo. Ukuqonda eli tyala ilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo yenkundla, kodwa naliphi na igosammi osebenza ngosuku, ocetyiweyo, owenzelwe ukunikezela ngethuba elifanelekileyo lokuviwa. Olu hambo, ukusuka ekuxanini kwesigqibo, ibandakanya ukuquququzelela inkundla, ukuququzelelwa kwemithetho engqalileyo. Ukuqonda eli candelo aliyodwa kwimigaqo-mthetho, kodwa nangaphi naliphi naliphi na elinye ilungu elinolwazi elisebenza kwinkundla lenkundla somthetho, lizifumana igosalelo lonke. Imbono yenkundla yenkundla (i-ea) ingulo liquququququze ityala (iiiiiice-'i

Isiseko Sobomi Somthetho

Nangona nayiphi na imeko ingaqhelekanga, ityala elivela kurhulumente okanye kwityala lolwaphulo - mthetho lilandela imilinganiselo eqingqiweyo, nganye yenzelwe ukushwankathela le mbambano, iqokelele inkcazelo ize ekugqibeleni igqibe ityala okanye ityala.

Isikhokelo Neziqhubi Zokuqala

[[16] Isiqalo esisesikweni setyala yinqanaba lokucela. [Indlela yoluntu, iqala ngesixhobo sokulungisa i-[FUT] [FUMT:] ingcaciso yenkundla efanelekileyo. [FF] ichaza uxwebhu olusemthethweni oluchaza iimpikiswano nezityholo ezisemthethweni ngokuchasene nommangalelwa. [Nkqubela: [Njengoko ingcebiso] iinqobo ilandela inkqubo [[FF] [F] [uluntu:] [umthetho] [umthetho] [umthetho], ityala linento enzima, elithi lingene iprojelo lingene inqathethe iintsuku ezingama-30 ze-i.[FF] [F] [infe] [in egosahlulo].[10]

Ukufunyanwa: Utshintshiselwano Lolwazi

Xa ukuncenga kuseke ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwempikiswano, ityala lingena kwisigaba se sokwamkelwa. Eli lelona qondo lide nelininzi kwaye elininzi lovimba welixa lonikezelo. Umgaqo ongundoqo osemva kokufunyanwa kukuba mhlophe: akukho qela limele libekwe phambi kovavanyo. Omabini amacala anelungelo lokufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo, olungaluthabathiyo kumaqela amaqela alandelayo nawathathu. Umanyano lwemithetho ye-Politiki ye Procedture kunye norhulumente wawo unika amaqela amaninzi anamandla okusebenzisa le njongo:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, esoloko isetyenziselwa ukuqokelela ulwazi olungundoqo nophawu lwamangqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zelinye icala ukwenza amaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, izivumelwano, iifoto, kunye nolwazi olugcinwe nge-electly (ESI). Le yisiseko solwazi olugciniweyo lwangoku, olusoloko lubhekiswa kulo njenge intelekelelo--mfihleko.
  • Imimiselo:[ Imibuzo engoomlomo yobungqina okanye yeqela eliphantsi kwesifungo, eqhutyelwa phambi komcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. Amagqwetha avumela amagqwetha ukuba ahlole ukuthembeka nokutshixa kobungqina. Zisona sixhobo sinamandla sokufumana.
  • Izicelo ze-Actives: iingxelo ezithunyelwe kwelinye icala licela ukuba bavume okanye baphikise iinkcukacha ezithile. Ukuba iyavunywa, ezo zibakala zimiselwe ngokupheleleyo ukuvavanywa kwaye akufuneki ukuba ziqiniseki.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imiyalelo yasemthethweni enyanzela i-oyile engeyoyantlukwano ukuvelisa amaxwebhu okanye ibonakale ukwenzela ufako.

Umlinganiselo wokufumana ubanzi, ulawulwa yimithetho yolungelelwano kunye nomsebenzi. Iingxaki ngexesha lokufunyanwa, njengokuzibanga kwelungelo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuvelisa amaxwebhu aceliweyo, ziziswa kwingqalelo yomgwebi nge iingcamango zokunyanzela. Ijaji isebenza njengomgcini-sango, ilawula kwezi mpikiswano kwaye ibeka izivumo zokufumana ukuxhatshazwa.

Intshukumo zangaphambili kunye nomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Phambi kokuvavanywa, naliphi na iqela lingayifaka ifayile yokuqukumbela ugwebo olucacileyo, ukuba luphumelele, lungaphelisa imeko ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokulingwa. Okona kubalulekileyo koku yimeko yomgwebo wesishwankathelo [[FLT: 0]. Iqela linelungelo lokushwankathela umgwebo xa linokubonakalisa ukuba "akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ncam ngento ethile" kwaye banelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokukhangela ubungqina ekukhanyeni okulungileyo kwiqela elingahambiyo, akukho mgwebi wobulungisa onobuchule obunokufumaneka kwinkolelo lwabo. Isishwankathelo sisixhobo esigxekayo sokuzichaza ngaphandle kwesizathu nokuphepha iimvavanyo ezingeyo.

Ukongeza kwintshukumo zokuphelisa ukugqibezela, amaqela afaka uninzi lweminye imisebenzi yangaphambili. icela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwisiqinisekiso sobungqina obubodwa phambi kokuvavanywa, ithintele abachopheli-mthetho ekuveni ulwazi olunokwenzeka. Inkundla iyakubamba iingqungquthela ze-line ukuxubusha ngemiyalelo yejaji, uluhlu lwamangqina, uluhlu lomboniso, kunye nocwangciso lokuvavanya.

Enye iNkxaso

Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, inkundla izakufuna okanye iyawakhuthaza ngokunamandla amaqela ukuba ahlole enye impikiswano soluvo. Oku kuqhutywa lixabiso eliphezulu nokungaqiniseki kwetyala. Ezintlobo zimbini eziqhelekileyo ze ADR zi [[FLT: 0] ukuququzelela kunye no-'actribitation[].

  • [[NTL:0] Intsingiselo: Yinxenye yesithathu engondilele (umlamleli) enceda unxibelelwano kunye nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo. Umlamleli akenzi sigqibo; endaweni yoko, anceda amaqela afikelele umnqophiso wawo wokuzithandela, owamkelekileyo. I-Media ayibokubophelela nokufihla.
  • I-Arbitation: Alungu lesithathu lobundilele (umququzeleli) uva ubungqina kunye nempikiswano kumacala omabini kwaye anikezele isigqibo. I-Arbittion ingabophelela (isigqibo sisokugqibelela kwaye sibhenelwe kwimiqathango elinganiselweyo) okanye engabopheleliyo (amaqela angasichasa isigqibo kwaye aqhubeke ekuvavanyweni). Izivumelwano ezininzi ziquka i-dictritions ezidityanisiweyo.

Ukuzinziswa kwezivumelwano ezifikelelweyo ngomlomo okanye ngokuthethana ngokungqalileyo kuphelisa uninzi lwamatyala asekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba afike kwinkundla yabachopheli - tyala.

Ityala: Iphulo Lokufuna Iinyaniso

Ukuba ityala lisinda ekuncendezeni, ekufumaneni, nakumanqanaba okuhamba ngaphandle kokuzinzisa, liqhubekeka livavanywa. Ityala liyincopho yenkqubo ye-adversarial, apho icala ngalinye libonisa imeko yalo kwingingqi efunyenweyo engondilele.

Ukhetho

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha ijaji. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njenge [[FLT: 0] iquka ukuncitshiswa kwezizathu ezinokubakho kurhoqo-jikelezo olukhoyo kumacala omabini. Actorneys kumacala, kunye nomgwebi, iqhuba umbuzo. Bangakhupha inani elithile lejaji kwizizathu ezingezo ngxaki ([[FLT: 2]] ukukhuphisa imingeni ) kunye nenani elingenamda lokwenza ityala (umz., ucalulo lokwenene, ulwalamano lweqela). Iimeko ezifana nezwe [FLTLT:] Bson b.[FFFF:5]

Ingxelo Evulayo Nobungqina

Xa iavaluneli ibekwe kwindawo yokuhlala, omabini amacala anikela iintetho ezivulayo[. Le asiyompikiswano, kodwa yimephu yendlela yejaji, echaza oko kuya kuboniswa bubungqina. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [okanye ingxwaba yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho] ihlala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kuqala [[[FLT:]] iphuma ngobungqina obukhoyo, [FLT] ngaphandlel'a], ibiza amangqina nokuzisa imiqondiso. [[FLT:] [5] [umba], umba othe ngaphaya kwetyala, umbangobungqina obuthe kokugqibela, obungakho kubungqina obungakholeleneyo.[10]

Idigingx Zavalwa Nesigwebo

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe, kwicala ngalinye likhupha impikiswano ecacileyo, enzima ukushwankathela ubungqina kwaye izama ukunyanzela abachopheli-tyala ukuba babubuyisele kwisigqibo ngokukholisa kwabo. Ijaji ngoko ifunda [[[FLT:]] imiyalelo [[FLT:]], echaza imilinganiselo esemthethweni kufuneka isetyenziswe ngabachopheli-mthetho. Ijaji ithatha umhlala-phantsi ukuze ibuyele kwisigqibo esifihlakeleyo, kwaye xa ifikelela kwisigqibo, ibuyela kwinkundla yetyala ukuze ivakalise [[FLT] isifungo . Inkundla ingena ugwebo lokugqibela olusekelwe kwisigqibo.

Intshukumo yeposi

Ityala aliyomfuneko isiphelo sendlela. Iqela eliphulukana nalo lingafaka ifayile yasemva kovavanyo lungasicikida isiphumo. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zasemva kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[NTLA:0] Intshukumo evuselelweyo yomgwebo njengeManute yoMthetho (JMOL):[ I-Agues ukuba isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala sasingaxhaswanga bubungqina nokuba inkundla mayingene kugwebo lweqela elilahlekileyo endaweni yoko.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungavumelani kwetyala elitsha: Iingcebiso ezithi iimpazamo zekhethe zenzeka ngexesha lokuvavanywa (umz., ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji) ezahlutha ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni.

Ezi zithulelo mazigcinwe kwifestile emfutshane, eqheleke kwiintsuku ezingama-28 emva kokungena komgwebo, kwaye ijaji inobuchule obuphangaleleyo ekuzigqibeni.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Ukuba inyathelo lasemva kwetyala alivunywa, ukucela uncedo lokugqibela kusisibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ayilotyala elitsha. Inkundla ye-applette ayiwaphulanga amangqina okanye amkele ubungqina obutsha. Endaweni yoko, ihlola ingxelo yenkundla evavanyiweyo ukuze igqibe ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenziwe ukuba zichaphazele isiphumo.

Indima yenkundla yeziphumo zedinga ijijwe kakhulu [[FLT: 0] udidi lophindo

  • I-De Novo: ngemibuzo yomthetho (umz., ukutolikwa komthetho okanye isivumelwano), inkundla yezakhono ayisokuze inikezele kwisigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo kwaye igqibe umba omtsha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokucacileyo: Kwimibuzo yento egqitywe yijaji (hayi i-avareji), inkundla yezamephulo-mthetho iza kubhukuqa ukufunyanwa ukuba kuphosakele.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kobulumko: Ngemithetho ecacileyo necacileyo, inkundla egwebayo inika ityala elikhulu kumgwebi ovavanyayo, ibhukuqa kuphela ukuba ijaji yenza ngendlela engekho ngqiqweni okanye engekho ngqiqweni.

Iqela elinomtsalane ([[FLT: 0]] ifakela ifayile ezibhaliweyo [[[FLT:]] +] ichaza iimpazamo ezichaziweyo nesizathu sokuba zivumela ukutshintsha. Intlanganiso (i [[FLT:]4]] i-appel [[FLT:]]] ifaka impikiswano emfutshane [[FLT:]] [FLT]]] [iiiphepha]]) ithetha ngokuchanekileyo ityala. Imeko igqibeke ngokuba liqela labagwebi abathathu emva [[FLT:] [FLT:] [12] impikiswano [FT] [12], okanye uqikelelo oluninzi.[FT] [ern, umbathi oluthe k'uthe k'. umba oluthe k'umbi.]

Iinkundla Neentlobo Zeenkundla

I-United States iqhuba inkqubo yenkundla ezimbini, ithetha ukuba kukho iinkqubo zenkundla yorhulumente neyorhulumente eyahlukeneyo. Inkqubo nganye inegunya layo, isakhiwo, kunye nemithetho yayo. Ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo elityala elimeleyo lelokuqala nako nawuphi na uhlaziyo olusemthethweni.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Inkundla yenkundla yephondo yiwo owenziwe wantlupheko oluthathu. Iinkundla zamatyala ziyinkundla yeSithili U.S., apho kukho iziqithi ezingama-99. Ezi nkundla zinegunya lokuqala kumatyala abandakanya umthetho kazwelonke, iU.S., okanye iimbambano phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo (ulawulo lommandla) apho umthamo wempikiswano ungaphezu kwama-$75,000. Ngaphaya kwe-mali ziinkundla zesithilithili zingu [[FFOT:].[FFU]].[5] Iinkundla zenkundla eziquluvolu ngaphaya kwezigwebo [FT] ezizenteko zelizwe] [FFT], ezifumana izigwebo ezipheleleyo.] [FU.FU.Nkunye iNkuphelo yeNkupho yoMkhosi] [FU.][10]

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkqubo zenkundla yephondo zisingatha iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni, kuquka amatyala esivumelwano, izibhengezo zokwenzakala kobuqu, imicimbi yomthetho wentsapho, kunye nokumangalelwa ngamatyala phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Njengenkqubo karhulumente, zidla ngokucwangciselwa kwithala leencwadi:

  • Ityala leMiqathango eMiliselweyo: Ezi ziinkundla zamatyala ezikhethekileyo ezisingatha imicimbi emincinane, njengenkundla yeenqwelo-moya, inkundla yetyala encinane (ngemali encinane yedola), kunye neenkundla zikamasipala. Izigqibo ezivela kwezi ntena zinokubhenela kwinkundla egwetywayo yegunya jikelele.
  • Inkundla yeNkqutyana Jikelele yeSityholo: Ezi ziinkundla eziphambili zamatyala anzulu angoonorhulumente nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla eziPhezulu, iiNkundla zesiphaluka, okanye iiNkundla zeSithili, kuxhomekeke kurhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla eziphakathi: Amazwe amaninzi anenkundla ephakathi eva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zokuchophela icala njengomcimbi wasekunene.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeSigqeba: Inkundla yamathanda okugqibela kwiphondo. Inengqwalasela ecacileyo kuninzi lwezibheno ezivela kwinkundla ephakathi (okanye ukusuka ngqo kwinkundla evavanyiweyo kumazwe amancinci).

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yesiluleko Esisemthethweni

Ukumisela ukudideka okuntsonkothileyo kwenkqubo yenkundla kunzima kakhulu kumntu ongomnye. Ukumela umthetho akuthethi nje ngokuphikisana enkundleni; kubandakanya ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo, uhlolo lomngcipheko, nokuthobela imithetho.

Ingcebiso ecwangcisiweyo kunye noLawulo lwetyala

Ii-attorney zisebenza njengeechule. Zinceda abaxhasi bagqibe oko bazibanga ukuzisa okanye ukuba ziziphi izikhuselo ezimele zisebenze. Balawula inkqubo yokufumana, bachonga ubungqina obungundoqo kwaye bakhusele unxibelelwano lwabo oluyimfihlo olungaphaya kwelungelo elibalulekileyo -athorney-cleney[. Bavavanya amandla nobuthathaka bomzekelo ukwenza izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo malunga nokuzinzisa nokuvavanya. Uthengiselwano lwe-Melika Bar (ABA)[FLT] umisela imilinganiselo esesikweni yolu melo, kuquka umsebenzi womanyano nokunyaniseka.

Ukukhuthuza kwinkqubo yotshaba

Kwinkundla yenkundla, amagqwetha asebenza njengabameli abakhutheleyo. Kufuneka balawule imithetho yobungqina bokunikela intelekelelo yomxhasi wabo ngokunempumelelo ngelixesha bechasa. Baqhuba iingxelo ezinyanzelisayo ekuvuleni nasekuvaleni iimpikiswano kwaye basebenzise ukunqamleza ukubhenela kwimeko yelinye icala. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ilungelo lokucebisa liyisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko esisisiseko phantsi kweMphetho-siseko . Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kwanabo bangenayo igqwetha i-gracter [[FLT:]Gideon v. Wainright[FLT:] [[FLT1]] [ult:]

Ucelomngeni Lokupheliswa Kwezinto Ezithile

Abantu abakhetha ukuzimela ( ipro pro) bajongene nemiqobo enzima. Bagcinwe kwimigangatho efanayo ecacileyo necacileyo njengeegqwetha ezigunyazisiweyo. Oku kuquka ukuhambisana nemiqathango entsonkothileyo yexesha lokugcina, iimfuno zokulungiselela, kunye nemithetho yokufumana. Ngoxa iinkundla zisoloko ziqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni kwi-sethiligi, uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba amaqela amele izinto ezingcono, ingakumbi kwimibango entsonkothile. Isigqibo sokuqhubeka sinobungozi obuninzi.

Isiphelo

Umendo wetyala ngenkqubo yenkundla luhambo oluyilwe ngenyameko, olwakhiwe ngemigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo, ukuvavanya okusesikweni okuqhelekileyo. Ukusuka kwisakhelo sokuqala sesikhalazo ukuya kwisibheno sokugqibela, iqonga ngalinye lisebenza injongo ekhethekileyo ekufuneni isigqibo esisesikweni. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yeyokucotha kwaye ibe nentsonkothile, inkqubo yayo iqinisekisa ukuba iingxabano ziconjululwe ngabaxhasi bobundilele abasekelwe kumthetho nakubungqina obungamandla okanye inkanuko. Kubami bakhona, ukuqonda olu ludwe kungaphezulu kokwenza umsebenzi wemfundo yemfundo; kusisiseko sokufunda nokukhusela ukukhukulibala komthetho. Inkqubo yenkundla ayiso sisixhobo somthetho esingunobuchule obunamandla obusekelwe kwi-o-monthe-yo, kodwa i-injini ebanzi egcina i-enjini elungileyo yobulungisa xa iqonda injongo yalo.