Ukuqonda Ukulingana Phantsi Komthetho

Ukulingana phantsi komthetho kungumgaqo osisiseko woluntu lwedemokhrasi, ugxininisa ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana amalungelo asemthethweni, ukhuseleko, kunye neembopheleleko kungakhathaliseki iimpawu zobuqu okanye ubume bentlalo. Le ngcamango ayiyomfuneko nje ecacileyo kodwa iyimfuneko esebenzisekayo kwiinkqubo zobulungisa ehlabathini lonke. Ifuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu, ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho, kwaye izenzo zikarhulumente ziphatha wonke umntu ngokumhlonela. Umgaqo usekelwe kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu kunye nomgaqo-siseko wohlanga, ubumba indlela iinkundla zemithetho-mthetho eziwachaza ngayo amalungelo abantu kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo phantsi komthetho. Ngaphandle kokulingana kwemithetho, ibutho labantu alinakuzibanga ukuba linike ilungelo lokugweba elipheleleyo, njengoko ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lugcine iziqinisekiso zembali, imigaqo engundoqo, imigaqo engomthetho, indima eqhubekayo, phantsi kokulungelena ukulungele ukulungelelanisa kwemithetho yemithetho, kunye nokulungele ulungelenisa imigaqo-mthetho.

Isiseko Sembali Nemfundiso

Imvelaphi yokulingana ngokusemthethweni ibuyela kwingcamango yamandulo yezobupolitika. Ingcamango ka-Aristotle yokusesikweni njengokuphatha okulinganayo nokungalinganiyo ngokulinganayo ngokulinganayo nokwahlukileyo ngokulinganayo ngokomahluko wabo yanika isiseko sangaphambili. Kodwa ubuchule bezi mini bavela ngexesha lokhanyiselo, xa iingcali ezinjengoJohn Locke zathi bonke abantu banamalungelo emvelo urhulumente amele ahlonelwe ngokufanayo. IMagna Carta ye1215, esoloko icatshulwe njengencomela, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho ```aaa' sinomntu ongenakuba nako ukuphendula okusemthethweni. Noko ke, ekuqaleni yasebenzisa kuphela ekuhlonizisweni okuphezulu nokunyuswayo kancinane kancinane.

Iinguqu zenkulungwane ye-18 eMelika naseFransi zangqinelana ngokulinganayo kumaxwebhu okuseka. ISindululo se-U.S. senkululeko savakalisa ukuba “wonke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo,” nangona esi sithembiso saphikiswa bubukhoboka nokuncinwa kwamalungelo amabhinqa. Isindululo saseFrentshi samaLungelo omntu nowamaMonitize (1789) ngokufanayo sathi“ amadoda azalwa kwaye ahlala ekhululekile kwaye elingana kumalungelo abantu.”

Inkulungwane yama-20 yangqinelana emhlabeni wonke ngokulinganayo Isibhengezo esingangqinelaniyo samalungelo abantu [[FT:1] (1948). Inqaku 1 lithi: “Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngamalungelo.” Imiqathango 2 ne7 iyakulwalela ngokukhethekileyo ucalucalulo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulingana komthetho. Olu xwebhu lwakhuthaza izivumelwano ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo, njenge sivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe esizimeleyo kunye ne-PCCPR neSivumelo sezizwe ngeMimiselo yonke ye-ICICR ye-ICICR (ICD). Imithetho yesizwe efana ne-US. Umthetho ka-Onke i-U.U.Umthetho woMgaqo-mthetho woMgaqo-mthetho ka-onke ka-onke-onke-mthetho ka-onke-onke ka-U.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yokulingana Phantsi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phantsi komthetho kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi ekhokelayo ekutolikeni okungokwasemthethweni, ekwenzeni inkqubo, nokuhlola isigwebo. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayilunganga nje kuphela kwiindinyana zayo kodwa ikwanokusetyenziswa kwayo ngendlela efanelekileyo.

1. Okungaguquguqukiyo

Ukungaguquguquki kukwalela ukwabelana nabantu ngokwahlukileyo ngenxa yeempawu ezikhuselweyo ezifana nohlanga, ubufanasini, indlela ebonakala ngayo ngokwesini, ukukhubazeka, unqulo, ubudala, okanye esinye isimo. Ucalucalulo lungangqala ngqo (ngokulula liqela) okanye ngokungangqalanga (ukusebenzisa umthetho wobundindindi obuyingozi ngokungenakulinganiswa nto eyingozi kwiqela elikhuselweyo). Umzekelo, umsebenzi ofunekayo ukuze usebenze kodwa ukhuphe amabhinqa amaninzi kunokuba amadoda abe nolwahlulo oluthe ngqo. Iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni zifuna uthethelelwa ngamandla naluphi na unyango olwahlukileyo, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa “uvavanyo olucacileyo” olubangela ukukrokrexezwa kweqela elikhuselweyo njengesizwe okanye unqulo. Ukungabikho kohlanga oluneenzalo olufanelekileyo kukwalulwanento ekwalubangela ukuhlasela, ukuphindisa, ukungaphumeleli ukubonakalisa ukulwanisa, ukubonakalisa ukubonakalisa okufanelekileyo.

2. Ukukhuselwa kwemithetho ngendlela elinganayo

Imiyalelo elinganayo yokuba urhulumente aphathe abantu ngendlela efanayo abami ngendlela efanayo. Lo mgaqo uyaziwa kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kuMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine we-U.S., ovakalisa ukuba akukho rhulumente “oya kufumana namnye umntu ekugunyazisweni kwakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola izenzo zikarhulumente. Imigaqo yohlanga iphantsi kohlolo olungqongqo, ngoxa imigaqo esekelwe kwilungu ngalinye ifuna uhlolo oluphakathi. Imigaqo yezoqoqosho isoloko ifumana isiseko esifanelekileyo kuphela, ithetha ukuba umthetho umele unxulunyane ncam nomdla ofanelekileyo kurhulumente.

3. Ukufikelela Kubulungisa

Ukufikelela kobulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokusebenzisa ngokunempumelelo inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ukuthethelela amalungelo abo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokumela umelo olusemthethweni, ukukwazi ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho, ukukhululeka kwiindleko ezigqithisileyo okanye ekulibaziseni, nokususwa kwemiqobo engokwasemzimbeni okanye yeelwimi. Ngaphandle kokufikelela okunentsingiselo, ukulingana okusemthethweni kuyacaciswa. Amazwe amaninzi anika abamangalelwa boluntu abagwebi abanobugxwayiba kunye noncedo olusemthethweni kwimicimbi yamalungelo abantu esisiseko. Noko ke, ukunqongophala kwemali, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, kunye nemiqobo yolwimi kuyaqhubeka, kubangela ukufikelela kwabantu abahlali becala. Ubugcisa, njengolwezisombululo lwezigwebo lwe-intanethi, lunika amaza amatsha kodwa lukwabeka amathuba okungasetyenziswa ngaphandle kolwazi oluluvoluvo lwamanani.

4. Ulawulo loMthetho Nesiqinisekiso Esisemthethweni

Ukulingana phantsi komthetho kumisela inkqubo yomthetho ecace gca, exeliweyo, nesetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo. Umthetho ufuna ukuba imithetho ibekwe esidlangalaleni, icace, ilindele, imendu ezinzileyo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye imithetho efihlakeleyo kuchasene nokulingana ngenxa yokuba abantu abanakwazi okanye bacel ’ umngeni imilinganiselo abagwetywa ngayo. Iinkundla ze-ependent, abagwebi abangakhethi cala, kunye neenkqubo ezisesikweni ziyimfuneko. Xa ulawulo lomthetho luthe lwabuthathaka, njengakulawulo lwe-demorive okanye kwimimandla enobuqhetseba, ukulingana okusemthethweni kuyawa.

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni Oluxhasa ukulingana

Izixhobo ezinkulu zemithetho, imigaqo, kunye nezokunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo elinganayo.

1. Imithetho echasene nolwahlulo kwimisebenzi, kwizindlu, nakwimfundo

Imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho yale mihla ijolise kwicandelo elingundoqo apho ukungalingani ngokwembali kuxhaphakile. Emsebenzini, imithetho enjengeSihloko se-VII samaLungelo aMasipala ase-U.S. iyakulwalela ucalucalulo ekuqeshweni, ekudubuleni, ekunyuseni, ekunyuseni, ekuhlawuleni, nasekusebenzeni. UMthetho woDidi oluthintelayo noMgaqo-siseko (ADA) wongeza imigaqo ekhethekileyo. Imithetho efanayo kwi-European Union, efana nomgangatho olungelelanisayo, ekwalela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kunqulo, ubulwelwe, ubudala, kunye nembonakalo yesini kuwo onke amalungu.

Ucalucalulo lwezindlu luvalwe nguMthetho weFair House in the United States, olwalela ukwala ukuqesha okanye ukuthengisa ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini, isikhundla sobufazi, okanye isiphene. Kwimfundo, iSihloko seSiphendu semfundo sowe-1971 sokuvalwa kocalucalulo olusekelwe kumthetho olusekelwe kucalulo olusekelwe kumthetho, kuquka imidlalo kunye nokukhathazwa ngokwesini. Le mithetho idala amalungelo azimeleyo, ivumela amaxhoba ukuba agwetyelwe ityala kunye nokukhutshwa kwetyala.

2. Isenzo sokuqinisekisa kunye namanyathelo afanelekileyo

Isenzo esiqinisekisiweyo sibhekisele kwimigaqo efuna ukwandisa ukumelelwa kwamaqela angenalwazi ngokwembali kwimfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokuthatha. E-United States, iinkqubo ezinjalo ziye zacelw'elwa kwiinkundla, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisela imida engqongqo ekulawulweni ngokungekho mva kodwa isavumela ukuqwalaselwa kohlanga njengento enye phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi (njengoko ku i-Britecher [). Amazwe amaninzi ayamkela “inyathelo elibalulekileyo” okanye“ amanyathelo akhethekileyo" phantsi kweNgqungquthela ye-Rosethi ye-Rlubala, ivuma ukuba ukulingana okusesikweni kunganelisileyo ekulungiseni okunzulu. Abagxeki-omisholo abanokuphikisa oko kusenokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okanye ukuchasana nokuchasana; ukuchana okufanelekileyo kwinkqubo elungele ukuchasanayo.

3. Amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Amasebe akhethekileyo aphanda izikhalazo zocalulo, afundisa uluntu, kunye namatyala ahlaziyiweyo. IKhomishini elinganayo ye-U.S. i-Aumente Yomsebenzi Obekiweyo (EOC) ilungiselela iindleko ezingaphezu kwama-60 000 ngonyaka, ilungiselela umsebenzi wokugcina amasango phambi kokumangalelwa kwabantu. ISebe leJaji leSizwe lamaLungelo lisoloko linyanzela ukuba imithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho inyanzeliswe ekuvoti, endlu, ekwakheni, kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaqumrhu afanayo aquka iU. Ukulingana kwamalungelo kunye neKhomishini yamalungelo abantu kunye neKhomishini yamalungelo abantu yase-Australia. La masebe asoloko anikela ukhokelo olumicimbini noqheliso olumisela uqheliselo lwezo zenzo zikarhulumente, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomekeke ekuvotekweni, ekusebenzeni, kwimicimbi yezo ezopolitiko, nakwizimo zezobupolitika.

4. Izakhelo zesakhelo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe

Ngaphezu komthetho wasekhaya, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zifuna iingxelo zokusayina ukuqinisekisa ukulingana. Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe sokuphelisa iMibango yeeNkalo Zohlanga sibophelele ukuba kugwetywe kwaye kupheliswe ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke iintlobo. Isivumelwano sokupheliswa kweentlobo zocalucalulo nxamnye namabhinqa (CEDAW) simisela uludwe olubanzi lobufana. IKomiti yamaLungelo loLuntu ingqinela ukuthobela i-ICCPR kunye neengxelo eziqhelekileyo ezichaza amalungiselelo okulingana. Nangona imibutho yezizwe ingenawo amandla okulawula ngokuthe ngqo, isebenzisa uxinzelelo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo, kwaye izigqibo zayo zinokuphembele inkundla zelizwe.

Indima Yecudia

Iinkundla zingowona aphambili ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana phantsi komthetho. Ngokutolika komGaqo-siseko, ukwakhiwa komthetho, kunye nokuphuhliswa komthetho oqhelekileyo, abagwebi bagqiba intsingiselo kunye nokufikelela kwimigaqo yokulingana. Izigqibo zabo zingaqhubela phambili okanye zithintele inkqubela.

Izigqibo Zokugweba Ezibalaseleyo

Amatyala aliqela ngokusisiseko aye alungisa ukulingana okusemthethweni:

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yavumelana ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo lwe-Manimal Claus, lujijelanisa imfundiso ye Phonsolv. Ferguson. Isigqibo sadibanisa amalungelo abantu saza samisela ukuba ulwahlulo lobuhlanga olulinganayo nolulo lwesizwe alufani.
  • Roe v. . Ngelinye icala ngamalungelo okuzala, iNkundla yaqonda ukuba ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha liyinxalenye yenkululeko ekhuselwe yi-Curreate Programme Claus, kwaye imiqathango ayinako ukubeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga kumabhinqa, ithetha ngokugqibeleleyo ukulingana kwesini phantsi komthetho. (Note: Ngo-20222, Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Amen’s Commond ekulawuleni, ukubuyisela ummiselo wokuqhomfa kumazwe nokubala i-fraye.).
  • [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) : INkundla yavakalisa umtshato olinganayo wobudlelane ubungumgaqo-siseko wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko phantsi kwayo yomibini iNkqubo ePhakathi neSikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Claus. Isigqibo savuma ukuba ukungavumi kwemvume yomtshato kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwasexesheni kwazithoba isidima sazo kwaye kwanyanzelela ukungalingani ezintsatsheni zazo.
  • Egatyiwe v. Reed (1971): Ityala lokuqala apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho osekelwe kucalulo lwesondo phantsi koKhuselo lwe-Act Claus elinganayo, imisela ukuba ulwahlulo oluzenzekelayo lwe-intshi lwe-Prevention ye-14.

La matyala abonisa ukuba utoliko lwetyala luguqula, lubonakalisa izithethe ezitshintshayo zentlalo kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kokulingana. Noko ke, iinkundla zinyanzelwa ngeli nyathelo kwaye maxa wambi zingayiguqula inkqubela phambili, njengokuba ibonwa kwisigqibo samaDobbs .

Iingxaki Zokugweba

Iinkundla zanamhlanje zibambana nemibuzo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya ubukrelekrele obungalinganiyo, ucalucalulo lwe-algorith, kunye nentetho eyinti. Xa ukuqeshwa kwemithetho-algorithm kucalucalulwa namabhinqa okanye amancinane esizwe, okukhoyo okuchasene nolwahlulo-mthetho kusenokungalungiswa kakuhle ukusingatha inkqubo yokungaqondani nokwenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo. Ngokufanayo, isenzo soko sihlala sikho: iNkugqiba kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ye-2023 [FLT:] izicalucalucagotho ze-algoritys ze-algority [[0] ezikwizingangendlela ze-oglom] ezithiwe-ok'a, njengoko injalo ibhinqa elingumBlalk' elingu lisenokuzi ukuba likhethe phakathi kwemilo-om, okanye i-ekhohlo.

Ucelomngeni Lokulingana Phantsi KoMthetho

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo ezisemthethweni, ukulingana okungathethekiyo kusenokungabikho ngenxa yemiqobo eqhubekayo yesakhiwo, yezoqoqosho neyezobupolitika.

1. Ucalucalulo olusisigxina kunye neBhayi

Ucalucalulo olunxulumene nokungalungi okuzinzileyo okuye kwakhiwa kwiinkqubo neenkqubo. Akusoloko kubangelwa lucalucalulo olugqithisileyo kodwa kubangelwa yimizekelo yembali, izithethe zoorhulumente, kunye neenkcubeko ezipheleleyo. Umzekelo, ukugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwabamangalelwa abamnyama nabamhlophe ngenxa yezo zenzo ezifanayo kubonisa ubuhlanga kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, iqhutywa ziimeko ezifana nochokotho olungalinganiyo, iqhinga lomqeshi, kunye nentluphelo lwejaji. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi efana nokuxhomekeka kwigama elinomlomo we-enobumba-beth-ne isenokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kohlanga nokwelo. Ucalucalucalulo olufanayo lwenkqubo lungafuni nje kuphela unyango oluqhelekileyo kodwa lufuna utshintsho, ugcino-lwazi, ukuqokelelwa kwemithetho kunye neenko.

2. Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nomsantsa Wokusesikweni

Ukwahlulwa kobutyebi okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufikelela kobulungisa. Ixabiso lomelo olusemthethweni lingathintelwa; abantu abafumana imali ephantsi basoloko bengenazo izinto zokulwa nocalucalulo okanye ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni isoloko iphantsi, ishiya abaninzi bengenaluncedo. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ii-ligigion amahlwempu zidla ngokubonakala zi-se se (ngaphandle kwegqwetha), ukujamelana nemiqobo eluncedo kumaqela ahamba lula. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kukwachaphazela amandla ezobupolitika, njengoko izilangazelelo ezityebileyo zinokungenelela imithetho ekhusela amalungelo abo nokuthoba anokungamele abanye. Ukuhlawula irhafuthelo nokukhuselwa kweminyanisa iminatha eluncedo zentlalo kuxhasa ulungelelwano olusemthethweni ngokunciphisa umahluko wamandla.

3. Ukungavisisani Kwezobupolitika Nocinezelo Lobuvangeli

Ukuba nenxaxheba ngokulinganayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonisa ukuthanda kwabo bonke abantu. Kodwa ukucinezela iindlela zokuvota . njengokucinezela imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukukhutshwa kweerolokhwe ezivotayo, ukugada, nokuthintela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kwaye ukuthintela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni / ngokungenakulinganiswa kwamaqela amancinane, amahlwempu, kunye nabantu abaselula. Ukungathobeki kwemithetho echaphazelekayo, ekwakungakho imfuno yezigidi zabemi ekuvoti, ngokufuthi ineziphumo ezingafaniyo ngenxa yokungalingani kwembali, ngaphandle komelo olufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lommiselo wokulingana, lungancitshiswa okanye luvale ngokupheleleyo.

Ukudibana Nokuqhwaba Ngokugqithiseleyo Kokungalingani

Abantu basoloko becalucalulwe ngaxeshanye, ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba kukudibana kwemida. Umzekelo, ibhinqa elingumlwelwe elingumlwelwe lingajongana nemiqobo engabanjwayo ngokuthetha nohlanga, ubufana, okanye ukukhubazeka ngokwahlukileyo. Izakhiwo zomthetho zidla ngokuphatha iimpawu ezikhuselweyo ngokuzikhetha, zinyanzelisa ii-pointstiki ukuba zivumelane neemfuno zazo kwiindidi enye. Iinkundla ziyawamkela ngokuqhubekayo amatyala okudibana, kodwa inkqubela iyacotha. Kumsebenzi, ukukhathazwa okusekelwe kwintlalo-luvo lohlanga nelwesini kunokuba nzima ukungqina ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ukuvumela uphazamiso olucacileyo. Ukuchasana nokudityaniswa komthetho kungumthetho okucacileyo kubangela ukuba kungenelele umgaqo obalulekileyo.

5. Ubugcisa, imfihlo nokwahlula kwamanani

Ukutshintsha kwamanani kudala ukungalingani okutsha. Ukwenza isigqibo semithetho-mthetho ekuqeshweni, ekutsalweni kwetyala, kunye nohlolo lolwaphulo-mthetho lungavelisa iingcinga zembali ukuba uqeqesho lubonisa ucalucalulo oludlulileyo. “ulwahlulo-calulo olukhoyo” luthetha ukuba abantu abafumana intsebenziswano kunye nemimandla yasemaphandleni ayinayo i-Internet enesantya esiphezulu okanye izixhobo zamanani, ukulinganisela unikezelo lwezibonelelo lwenkundla yezomthetho, iindlebe ezikude, kunye nezicelo zomsebenzi. Inkxalabo yobuqu zikwalingana nomlinganiselo womthetho: ukujongwa ngokugqithisileyo kwemibutho elincinane lemibutho, ukuvala intetho yezobupolitika kunye nokungathemba. Imithetho enjenge-General Consume Active Actal Devition kunye ne-IM ye-EUS iqala ukusetyenziswa kwe-evigatection Reglivel kwidilesi yomthetho yomthetho eyimfihlo, kodwa i-odiadio-occul ecacileyo isengu-ance

Ukukhuthaza Ukulingana Phantsi KoMthetho

Ukulingana okuthe kratya kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo kwiimeko ezininzi, / ukuchophela ityala, ukulawula, nokulawula abantu.

1. Ukubhaliswa kwasemthethweni

I-NaACP LGAVIAN Treaunce and Educational Law zinokumisela imizekelo edityanisiweyo ekwandiseni ukhuseleko lwazo zonke iindidi zabantu. Iintlangano ezifana ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), iNaACP Legastial Defence kunye neNgxowa-mali yemfundo, kunye neZiko loMthetho woLuntu laseMazantsi eMazantsi woLuhlweni zisebenzise ilithamsanqathe-lulo ukuvavanya imithetho yokukhupha ii-partherica, uqheliselo lwamapolisa, imiqathango kunye nemiqathango yokuvo yokuvota abantu. Amagqwetha amalungelo ehlabathi azimeleyo asebenza kakhulu xa edityaniswe neembono zonxibelelwano ezitshintsha uluntu.

2. Umthetho noHlaziyo loMgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho emitsha ingavala izithuba kwimigaqo ekhoyo. Imizekelo iquka uMthetho we-Eunity Act eUnited States, onokuthi wongezelele imigaqo ecacileyo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kwimisebenzi, nakwezinye iindawo; iPacheck Fairness Act yomeleza ukunyanzeliswa kwemiqathango ehlawulwayo; kunye neMithetho yeMpilo-ntle yabesifazane yokulondoloza ukuqhomfa. Kumgangatho karhulumente, amatyala afuna ikhamera yequmrhu lamapolisa, ukuvala i-profini, kunye nokuphelisa ukuchatshaza okungachatshazelwa ngokucacileyo kwemiqathango yemiba yemithetho elawulayo. Utshintsho lubandakanya iinguqu-mthetho, njengemimiselo yokukhuthaza ukunyuka imicimbi yezoshishino-mali ekufuneni ukuqeshwa nokuboleka, ukuqinisekisa ukubonelela ulawulo.

3. Imfundo nolwazi lukawonke-wonke

Ukwazi amalungelo asemthethweni kuyimfuneko ekuwafumaneni. Izifundo ezingokwasemthethweni zifuneka . /ekuthatheni amanyathelo emfundo engokwasemthethweni ezikolweni, kumaziko oluntu, nakumaqonga e-intanethi `entlalo-ntle'] zinceda abantu baqonde indlela abakhuselwa ngayo nendlela yokuzinyanzela. Amaphulo okunika ubulumko anokulwa nocalucalucalulo oluphelisayo. Umzekelo, amajelo eendaba abonisa impembelelo yokungacaluli kakuhle ekunyamekeleni impilo empilweni anokunyanzela amaziko ezonyango ukuba amkele iinkqubo zokuqeqesha. Ukungavumelani nokungena exesheni abandakanya ii-racracism kunye nokungena eqelekweni, aqinisekisa ukuba amagqwetha namajaji abazayo axhotyiswe ngokuqonda ukulingana.

4. Ukuququzelela uluntu neNkqutyana ePhakamileyo

Ngokwembali, eyona nkqubela inzulu ekulinganani phantsi komthetho ivela kubantu abaqhelekileyo abafuna iinguqulelo. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho wamabhinqa owehlisa ityala, umbutho wamalungelo oluntu, kunye neLGBTQ + umbutho wamalungelo oluntu zonke zixhomekeke ekuqhankqalazeni, ekungathobelini kwesizwe, nasekulungiseni uluntu. Amaqela amaqela akwamaqumrhu anokubeka amagosa anyuliweyo anokuphendula, acebisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kwaye akhe imibutho yoncedo oluxhasa apho iinkqubo zomthetho zipholile. Namhlanje, imibutho enjengeBlack Lives Matter nemfazwe ye-R15 iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza ukukhuthaza ubuhlanga nobulungisa bezoqoqosho, esebenzisa izixhobo zobugcisa zobugcisa ukukhuthaza isigidi.

5. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukutshintshisana ngehlabathi ngemisebenzi engcono kuqinisa umgangatho wesizwe. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njenge-Ofisi ye-UN yoMphathiswa Ophezulu waMalungelo Oluntu inikela uncedo lobugcisa koorhulumente abahlola imithetho yokuthobela imigaqo yokulingana. IiNkqutyana, njengeNdibano yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, imisela izigqubuthelo zokufumaneka nokungaguquguquki okusetyenziswa ngamazwe ngomthetho wamakhaya. Uxinzelelo loontanga oluvela kwamanye amazwe lungakhuthaza utshintsho, njengoko kubonwa xa uphando lwezizwe ngezizwe lukhokelele kutshintsho kwimithetho echasene nogonyamelo olusekelwe kwisini nakumabhinqa. Ngaphezu koko, izivumelwano zorhwebo ziquka ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi kunye namalungiselelo angengawo angengoohlanga, ukukhuthaza iinzuzo zezoqoqosho ukuze zihlonelne ngokulingana.

Isiphelo

Ukulingana phantsi komthetho asiyompumelelo emileyo kodwa ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Ngoxa imigaqo yesiseko kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni ziye zakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, iingxaki eziqhubekayo zenkqubo, umahluko ngokwezoqoqosho, ukwahlukana kwezobupolitika, kunye nezisongelo ezintsha zezobugcisa, kwaye ukulungelelanisa. ($requarterrial, imigaqo-siseko, amaqumrhu okuqinisekisa, kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni konke kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni intsingiselo yokulingana ngokwenyani ngokwenyani. Wonke umntu unomthi kulo mgudu, ukungalingani, ukucalucalulwa kwezopolitiki, kunye neziso ezintsha zobugcisa, nto leyo iqinisa isivumelwano soluntu esilawula ulawulo-demokhrasi ngokwaso. Ukuqonda imigaqo engundoqo nenkuselo kunyathelo lokuqala; ukubophelela okusebenzayo ekuguquleni imfundo, nokulungisa indlela phambili.