Igalelo eliphakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokhuseleko loluntu

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkululeko yabemi kunye nokugcinwa komthetho luyenye yezona zinto zinzima zingapheliyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Olu lungelelwano asilulo imigca emileyo kodwa luyingxoxo etshintshayo nobugcisa, iimvakalelo zoluntu, kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika. Ukugcina ulungelelwano ngaphandle kokuncama inkululeko echaza ibutho labantu elikhululekileyo kufuna uhlolo oluqhubekayo, ingxoxo efundileyo, nokukulungela ukuvumelana. Olu hlalutyo lwandisiweyo luhlolisisa iingcambu zembali, iingcinezelo zale mihla, kunye neenkxaso zexesha elizayo ezithingithayo zoxinelo olubalulekileyo, ukutsala kwiimeko ezingokomthetho, iimfazwe zemithetho, kunye neziganeko zeli hlabathi.

Isiseko Sembali Songquzulwano

Uxanduva phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yobuqu ludala kune-United States ngokwayo. Ukubekwa komGaqo-siseko kunye nokubekwa kweBhili yamaLungelo kwalandela imigaqo ecacileyo kumandla karhulumente, ingakumbi ekukhuseleni koMphengululo wesine nxamnye nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka kunye nesiqinisekiso soMphengululo wesihlanu somgaqo ofanelekileyo. Ezi zinto zawakhuselayo zawachaphazela ngqo amathanga eBritani afana nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-genkrwela kunye noncedo.

Imvukelo YaseMerika Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Abavukeli baqonda ukuba urhulumente onamandla, kwanolowo unyulwe ngabantu, wayenokujika izixhobo zakhe zokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhokelwa ngokuchasene nabaphikisi. IBhili yamaLungelo yayingeyomvume kodwa yayiyimfuneko kodwa yayiyimfuno yokwakha. Yabethelela umgaqo wokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusebenze ngaphakathi kwesiseko solawulo lomntu ngamnye. Oku kusekwa koku kumisela ukulalanisa kwingxoxo nganye elandelayo emalunga nokuchopha, ukubanjwa kwamandla, nemida karhulumente.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Ukulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngo-1960 kwabangela uxanduva olunzulu. Amagosa agunyazisa imithetho kumaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa amandla awo ngokukhutheleyo ukuphelisa ukuqhankqalaza komthetho, ukunyanzelisa ucalucalulo, kunye nokoyikisa abaxhasi. Ukungenelela kukarhulumente worhulumente ngokulandelayo ngoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 kaBonga abonisa ukuba ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi maxa wambi kufuna ukunyanzeleka komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Eli xesha libhenca ingxele: amapolisa angakhusela kwaye asongele inkululeko, kuxhomekeka kuba asebenza kubani.

IPosi-9/11 Umbuso woKhuseleko

Uhlaselo lwabanqolobi lukaSeptemba 11, 2001, lwabangela ukwanda okungathethekiyo kobuchophelo kunye namandla okuqinisekisa. UMthetho we-USA PATRIOT, odluliselwe ngesantya esiphawulekayo, imiqathango epholileyo yokuthunga-thunyelelwa kwemiqathango, uvumela “imvume nokukrola”, kwaye wandisa ukusetyenziswa kweNational Security Letters. Ezi nguqu zagwetyelwa ngemfuneko yesantya kunye nokufihla imfihlo kwimisebenzi echasene nobuphekula bamajoni olwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kwakhona zayila isakhiwo esisemthethweni esiphindiweyo namhlanje, esibangela ukuba kuqokelelwe ulwazi kwizigidi zezigidi zabantu abangengoooooophaka.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kwicalculus Yokhuseleko

Ukugcinwa komthetho okukhoyo namhlanje kuchazwa ngamandla abaseki bencwadi ababengenakuwacinga.

Ukuzala nokunyuka kwento eyimfihlo

Iinkqubo zokhangelo olukhulu, kuquka ezo zatyhilwa nguEdward Snowden ngo-2013, zabonisa ukuba amaqumrhu obulumko kunye namaqumrhu omthetho angaqokelela i-metadata yothungelwano-mintswana yabemi bonke ngaphandle kokukrokra komntu ngamnye. Isiseko esisemthethweni sale nkqubo (I-USA PATRIOTTT).

Imithetho yoLawulo nemithetho-siseko

Izixhobo zobupolisa zogcino-lwazi ezisetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo .ukusuka kwimaphu yolwaphulo-mthetho oluxelwa kwangaphambili ukuya kuqwalaselwa ubuso ngokunempumelelo kunye nenjongo. Ngokuqhelisa, ezi mithetho-manani zisoloko ziphinda-phinda kwaye zinyusa iingcinga ezikhoyo. Ugcino-lwazi lokubanjwa ngokwembali lufakwe kwimodeli yemimandla emincinane ngokungenakulinganiswa, ludala irhintyelo olubangela ukungalingani. Nangona zikhutshwa kobundisho lwezobugcisa, ezi nkqubo zinyusa inkxalabo enzulu yenkululeko yoluntu. Ilungelo lokukhululeka ekuphandisweni okungekhonangqondo lisongelo xa inkqubo yekhompyutha, kungekhona igosa-ofisi engabantu, imisela ukuba ihlale injalo injalo ijongene.

Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi nokuphendula

Ukufa kukaMichael Brown, uEric Garner, uGeorge Floyd, kunye nabanye abaninzi babangela ukuqhankqalaza kwehlabathi lonke ngokuchasene nogonyamelo lwamapolisa. Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuthintelweni kwezifo, ekhusela amagosa ekumangalelweni kwamakhaya ngaphandle kokuba aphule “umthetho owenziwe ngokucacileyo”, iye yagxekwa njengomqobo wokuphendula. Imigudu yokulungisa okanye yokuphelisa ukuthintelwa okufanelekileyo iye yathintelwa kwizindlu ezininzi zamapolisa nakwiBhunga lase-U. Okwangoku, iikhamera zequmrhu kunye neebhodi zabaveleli-mikhosi ziye zasetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuboneleni, ekuqinisekiseni, nasekuthembeni abantu.

Izikhundla zemfazwe zomthetho

Ukwenza imithetho yebala eliyintloko apho ulungelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko nokhuseleko ludityanisiwe khona. Imithetho emikhulu yorhulumente iyaqhubeka ibumba umhlaba.

Umthetho we-USA Othiwa PTRIOT neziHlaziyo zawo

Ngo-2001, uMthetho we-PATRIOT wandisa amandla karhulumente okuqhuba iintambo zocingo ezijikelezayo, ukufumana iirekhodi zeshishini, kunye ne-astveil engeyo-equality. Uninzi lwemiqathango yawo yayingowokwexeshana kodwa iphinde yagunyaziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. USA INFUXIFRAGUM yangonyaka wama-2015 yamela umqulu onqabileyo onqabileyo, ukuphelisa ingqokelela enkulu yeminxeba yeminxeba yeminxeba phantsi kwecandelo 215. Kodwa abagxeki baphawula ukuba isenzo sigcine amanye amagunya amaninzi ahlolayo kwaye sazisa amatsha, njengamandla okuqokelela imetamthemthetho yexesha lokwenene kwicandelo 702 loMthetho we-FISA.

Umthetho wemfihlo wephondo weRhulumente

Ecaphukile yi-inaction, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yawo yokuzimela ngokwawo kunye neyokuguqula amapolisa. I-Electronic Communications Ancy Act (CalCPA) yeKhalifonia ifuna imfuneko yokufumana imvume yokunxibelelana ne-data yendawo. I-Illinois Bimetric Information Ancture Act (BIPA) ithintela ukuqokelelwa kwemiqathango ye-biometrics. Le mithetho yesizwe yenza umsebenzi onzima onokuthi unyanzele ukunyanzeleka komthetho ukuba uhambe uhambe kodwa ukwalungiselela ii-laboradio ukuze uhlole imigaqo engakumbi yokhuseleko. Ukungabikho komthetho obanzi olubanzi lwenkululeko nokhuseleko kuthetha ukuba umlinganiselo oqhubekayo umiselwe kwimo-moredio.

Umthetho Wokwenza Utshintsho Wamapolisa

I-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act yo-2021, eyadlula kwiNdlu kodwa yamiswa kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, yayiya kuvala imida evaliweyo, ukuthintelwa okulinganiselweyo, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olufunekayo ekusetyenzisweni ngamandla. Nangona lungazange lube ngumthetho, amalungiselelo alo aye athathwa njengemiqathango ngumazwe athile noomasipala. Ukusilela kwentlawulo lwezinguquko kugxininisa iiyantlukwano ezinzulu zezobupolitika ezikufutshane indlela yokulungelelanisa imfuneko yokusebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nokukhusela abemi ekuxhatshazweni.

Ukuthenjwa Nguwonke Wonke Nomsantsa Womthetho

Xa abantu bejonga ukugcinwa komthetho njengongekho sikweni, ucalucalulo, okanye ongenakuchazwa, intsebenziswano iyawohloka yaye ukhuseleko luyathinteka.

Izininzi Ezisebenzisanayo kunye Neemboniselo Ezitshintshayo

Umjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 weendaba kunye nezixhobo zokunxibelelana nabantu ezingezizo ezikhoyo zezobupolitiko kunye nemigudu yokulungisa. Iividiyo zokubanjwa kogonyamelo okanye ukudubula zingahamba ngeentsholongwane, zibangela ungquzulwano olukhawulezileyo nokufuna utshintsho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amabali amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho asetyenziswa ukuphikisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho onamandla. Oku kusingqongileyo kwenza kube nzima kubantu ukuba bavakalise iimbono eziphangaleleyo. Ukuthemba komthetho kuye kwehla kwimigca yezopolitiki, kunye namaRiphabliki abonisa intembelo engaphezulu kakhulu kune Democrats okanye abantu abazimeleyo, ngokokuvolwa kweGallup.

Imigaqo-nkqubo Yoluntu Njengesixhobo Sokulungelelanisa

Intanda-bulumko yokwakhiwa komsebenzi wobupolisa .-ukuhlaliswa kwamagosa kunye nabemi ukusingatha izinto ezibangela ulwaphulo-mthetho olungundoqo, kwaye ziye zachazwa njengendlela yokulungelelanisa ukwenziwa komthetho ngokuhlonelwa kwamalungelo. Ubungqina bokusebenza kwawo budityanisiwe, kodwa iinkqubo ezigxininisa ukujikeleza kweenyawo, ukucazululwa kwengxaki, kunye nonxibelelwano olungelulo nyanzelo lungaphucula ingqiqo yokufaneleka komthetho. Isitshixo kukuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni kufuneka abe nyanisekile kunokuba abe kukuqheliselwa koluntu. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela nokuzenzela izigqibo, kwanokwenza iinkqubo ezizinjongo ezifanelekileyo zinokungaphumeleli.

Ukufumaneka okucace gca nogcino-lwazi

Abaxhasi benkululeko yabemi baphikisa ngelithi ukukhanya kwelanga kuyinto ebulala intsholongwane ephambili. Ukufikelela kwabantu kwiingxelo ezibonisa ukunganyaniseki kwamapolisa, ukusetyenziswa kwekhamera yesiqu, nokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi olunyanzelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Amazwe amaninzi aye adlulisela imithetho emisela ukufumaneka koluntu kwiingxelo zoqeqesho, ukucaphula imicimbi yamagosa eyimfihlo. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kokubonakala kwamagosa kunye nokuzimela kwawo ngokwawo amabanjwa kulololunye uhlobo lwengxoxo enkulu. Noko ke, uphando olukhulayo lubonisa ukuba xa amaziko omthetho agunyazisa abonakala ngokucacileyo ngezenzo zawo, izikhalazo ezinxamnye namagosa aphelelwa nokuthemba abantu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kubunzima

Ukuhlolisisa iziganeko ezithile kubonisa indlela imigaqo engokwengcamango ephunyezwa ngayo phantsi kwengcinezelo.

Ukuqhushumba Kwebhombu EBoston

Ngexesha lokufuna abazalwana baseTsarnaev, abanyanzeli bomthetho basebenzisa intsebenziswano yokuhlola iinqwelo-moya, ipleyiti zamalayisense, indawo yokulahlela iiseli zeselula, kunye nemifanekiso evela kubantu abahleli kwimida yokukhangela imoto. Imifanekiso yebhegi yokrokrazo ekupheleni komgxuma yayibalulekile, kodwa abasemagunyeni bacela uluntu ukuba luthumele imifanekiso kunye neevidiyo , qhamshelane noncedo lokuzithandela oluphakamisa inkxalabo encinane kunengqokelela engekho mthethweni. Emva kokuba abakrotiweyo beboshelwe, isixeko sonke saseBosboston saqelwa kangangeyure eziliqela, isigqibo esabangela ukuba ngabaqhutyeki bengafuni na inkululeko yamakhaya. Iklowdowda yaphumelela, kodwa yabeka umzekelo wemiqatha yokhuseleko enokuthi ifumaneke kwiimeko ezincinane.

Iqela Elibalulekileyo Lobomi Obumnyama

Ukususela ngo-2014, ing ngxwabangxwaba yeBLM iye yafuna ukuphenduliswa ngenxa yogonyamelo lwamapolisa kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo esetyenziswayo. Isibongozo sembutho sokukhuthaza “ukugawula amapolisa” siye saqondwa kakubi kakhulu; abaxhasi abaninzi bafuna ukubuyisela inkxaso-mali kwiinkonzo zentlalo kunye neempendulo zempilo yengqondo eziya kunciphisa umthwalo kumagosa axhobileyo. Kwangaxesha linye, abameli bomthetho baphikisa ukuba ukuqhatha kwabo kungadala iingozi zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungqubaniseni nasekumangaleleni okugqithisileyo okungaphaya kwamandla okuchasene needemon. Uxinelo oluphakathi kwamalungelo okuhlanganisa nokugcina ucwangco olufuna ucwangco luhlala lungapheliseki, izixeko ezamkela iindlela zokuzivumela, imiqathangoleko, ekuhambeleni, nasekusebenziseni izixhobo ezingekho ngqini.

Imigaqo yempilo yoluntu ye-COVID-19

Isifo esingubhubhani esinyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba balinganise inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nempilo ehlangeneyo. Ukunyanzeliswa kokuhlala kwimiyalelo yekhaya, izigqumo, nokuvalwa kweshishini ngomahluko ongekho mthethweni, ukusuka koonobumba abalumkisayo ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa iingcali ezininzi zempilo yasekuhlaleni zathi inkululeko yamakhaya mayivelise okomzuzwana ngexesha lengxaki ekhoyo, abachasi bayibona imiqathango njengolwandiso oluyingozi lwamandla karhulumente. Iinkundla zidla ngokuxhasa imiyalelo phantsi “kodwa", kodwa amava atyhile indlela ukulungelela okunokuguquka ngokukhawuleza ngayo kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

Imida Yexesha Elizayo

Njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka, ubugcisa obutsha neengcinezelo zezobupolitika ziya kuqhubeka zilucel ’ umngeni ulungelelwano.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nemithetho Yokumiselwa Kwangaphambili

Ulwamkeleko lwe-aI olune-aidrive-mody, ukuhlolwa kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kokungathobeli komthetho, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kolwazi lukawonke-wonke okanye ulawulo lwemithetho. UMthetho we-Al we-European Union uya kumisela imida engqongqo ekuziboneleni ngexesha lokwenene le-biomical kwindawo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa i-United States ayinayo inkqubo yolawulo olufanayo. Ubungozi kukuba i-algorithsi ye-algoric iza kucalulwa ngokwesilinganiselo, yenza ukuba ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yamakhaya kube nzima ukufumanisa nokuvavanywa. Iimfuno ezinamandla, ii-fie-fietats, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungagunyazisweyo kokusetyenziswa kolawulo lwe-AIP kusenokuba yindawo enkulu yemfazwe elandelayo.

Imbono yehlabathi ngemfihlo v. Ukhuseleko

Ukuthelekisa iindlela zokusebenza kumazwe ngamazwe angawazisa inkqubo ye-U.S. i-European Union’s Theological Protection Reggate (GDPR) inika abantu amalungelo omeleleyo phezu kogcino-lwazi lwabo, ngelixa i-UK’s Investigatoriation Powers (iSicatshulwa se-Snoper's") inika amandla okuhlola apheleleyo kumthetho. Kumazwe oonogalelo-mthetho njengo-Jamani, ukhuseleko olunamandla olusemthethweni oluzimeleyo kunye negunya logcino-lwazi elizimeleyo libambele amapolisa ukuba anyanzele. Ngokuhlolisisa oko kusebenza nokungaphumeleli kwelinye ilizwe, i-U.S. Abenzi benkqubo bangakuphepha ukuphinda iimpazamo nokwenza imisebenzi emihle baze bamkele imiyalelo yokubekwa kwemijelo-mthetho, njengoko kusenziwa yinkundla yezomthetho yezomthetho yezomthetho yaseJamani.

Iimodeli zokhuseleko ezilayishwe ngethala loluntu

Enye indlela ephambili yokulungisa imicimbi yobupolisa yesithethe ziinkqubo zokhuseleko ezixhotyiswe ngabantu ezingaxhomekeki kumagosa axhobileyo kwinkupho nganye. Amaqela okungenelela okuhlasela okuhlasela kwempilo yengqondo, abameli abaqhelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa iinkqubo zokulungisa imigaqo-mthetho anika iindlela zokulungisa umonakalo ngaphandle kokuqinisa imeko yomthetho. Ezi ndlela ziphambili zokuphendula nokunyanga isohlwayo, kwaye ngokusuka ngokwemvelo ziyayihlonela inkululeko yoluntu kuba azingenisi nxaxheba kwingcinezelo karhulumente. Iziphumo zangaphambili ezivela emadolophini afana no-Eugeneon, i-Oregon (CAOTS) kunye neDENSTERR (udweR) icebisa ukuba ukuchezukisa iziganeko eziphantsi ekuqeshweni komthetho kunciphise ukubanjwa nokuphuculwa komthetho woluntu. Iinkqubo ezinjalo ziya kufuna ukunyanzeleka kwezobupolitika nokuzimisela imali emali ephuma kwiindleko zamapolisa, ukushunquzulelo olusayo.

Isiphumo: Intsingiselo Engapheliyo

Akukho mpendulo yokugqibela kumbuzo wenkululeko ekufuneka inikelwe ngenxa yokhuseleko. Ulungelelwaniso asiyondawo ekhoyo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo efuna isizukulwana ngasinye ukujonga ubungozi, amaxabiso, namandla. Imbali ibonisa ukuba xa uloyiko lulawula, inkululeko inikezeka lula; xa ukuthembana komelele, amalungelo anokukhuselwa naxa kukho iingozi. Ucelomngeni lwengingqi yedemokhrasi lukukulwakha amaziko asebenzayo nanetyala, akhusela ukuchanabeka kwawo ngokufanayo noninzi. Ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, ukujongwa kwemithetho-mthetho, ukuhlola, ukugweba, nokukhanyisa kunezixhobisa ezigcina ulungelelwano kukhangelo. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubela phambili nokusongela, ingxoxo phakathi koburhulumente kunye nomthetho womthetho iyakhula ngokungxamisekileyo, kwaye iya kuba yimfuneko ngakumbi ekuzingeniseni kolawulo lwe-demo-demokhrasi.