Isiseko Soluntu Olunemisebenzi: Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwe Yaze Yanyanzelwa Ngayo

Imithetho isisiseko salo naliphi na ibutho elilungelelanisiweyo, lilungiselela isakhiwo, ucwangco, kunye nesiseko sobulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo kwaye enyanzeliswa ngayo imithetho asingomxholo nje wodidi lwamafama `````ilwazi olubalulekileyo kumntu ngamnye ofundileyo. Eli nqaku liqwalasela ngokunzulu ukwenziwa komthetho kunye neenkqubo zokugcinwa komthetho, ukuhlolisisa iimbono zabo, abadlali abaphambili ababandakanyekileyo, kunye neengxaki eziphakamayo. Enoba ungumfundi ofunda urhulumente okanye umfundisi-fundisi ofuna inkcazelo ecacileyo, lo khokelo lunikela incophotho epheleleyo, enegunya.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Ukusa Kwimithetho

Inkqubo yokuyila imithetho iyahluka ngokwelizwe nesithethe somthetho, kodwa ulawulo-melo oluninzi olumela abameli lulandela indlela efanayo ukusuka kwizicelo ukuya ekumisweni. Ngasezantsi siyawaphula amaqondo aqhelekileyo, sisebenzisa inkqubo yorhulumente waseUnited States njengomzekelo oyintloko ngoxa siphawula umahluko kwinkqubo yepalamente.

1. Isindululo kunye nodrafti

Umthetho uqala njengengcamango . "Ngokufuthi usuka kumthetho, kummisi-mthetho, kumbutho karhulumente, kumaqela ajongene nemithetho-mthetho, okanye kwanabemi abaqhelekileyo. KwiKhomishini yase-U.S., umthetho nguwokuqala ukudityaniswa [ kulwimi olusemthethweni nge-Ofisi yeNdlutho yeSigqibo okanye ngenani lelungu. Le drafthi mayibe ngqo, njengokuba ingakhokelela kwimpikiswano yamva esemthethweni. Ityala likwandula ke [[FLT:] ifakwe ngelungu lendlu okanye i-S. H.R. okanye 1.S.

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Umthetho uthe tye [[NTL: 0] ukhutshwe kwigumbi lemvelaphi. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, oku kulandelwa kufundo lokuqala(a inyathelo leprocedfostol) apho isiqu setyala sifundwa khona ngokuvakalayo kwaye sabelwe ikomiti. Kweli qonga, irejithi iyashicilelwa kwaye ifumaneka kumalungu nakuwonke-wonke.

INgxelo yeKomiti

Inkoliso yamatyala ifa kwikomiti. Kulapho ihamba khona uhlolo oludityanisiweyo. Ikomiti `iqokelelwe yeengcali zesihloko ezisuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho(examinimine umgca wephepha ngomgca.] Zinokubamba [ ukuva ii-asethi ezikhoyo ukuhlanganisa ubungqina kwiingcali, abagcini-mathi, namagosa karhulumente. Emva kokuva, ikomiti isenokuthi “iphawule”, i-propostingstings. Ukuba iyavunywa, iretwa kwigumbi elipheleleyo (g.g., “ugqithisa okanye“ udlulise-''''''''."

4. Ingxoxo Ehambayo Nofundo Lwesibini

Xa sele ixeliwe, ityala lisiya kumgangatho wegumbi ukwenzela udebate. Kwindlu yabameli, impikiswano isoloko ilinganiselwa ngemithetho; kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMalanga, i-monicbuster ingalibazisa ingxoxo ngokungenasiphelo. Ngexesha lokufundwa kwesibini, amalungu axubusha injongo yemali kunye neziphumo zayo, kwaye acebisa ukuba kulungiswe iziphumo ezibhekele phambili. Ingxoxo ibhalwe kwaye ibe yinxalenye yembali yomthetho, ezithi iinkundla kamva zifune ingxubusho.

Ukuqhamisa

Emva kwengxoxo, igumbi elikwingxelo. KwiBhunga lase-U.S., uninzi olulula luyafuneka ukuze ludlule kwiimeko ezininzi (ngaphandle kweminye imibandela efana nesivumelwano sokudityaniswa okanye ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko). Ukuba umba womthetho-siseko udlula, ngu-“engrose". kwaye uthunyelwa kwenye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda khona.

6. IKomiti yeNgqungquthela kunye neNdlela yokugqibela

Ukuba amagumbi amabini adlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yokudibana ]. [namalungu avela kuzo zombini izindlu] .Ingxelo yesivumelwano" imele ivunywe ngawo omabini amaqela afanayo. Eli nyathelo lichanabeke kumthetho ontsonkothileyo njengeendleko zoqingqo-mali zonyaka.

7. Isenzo solawulo: Ukunconywa okanye

Uhlobo lokugqibela lwemali luthunyelwa kwisebe eliphetheyo ``uMongameli kumgangatho worhulumente, okanye iRhuluneli kumgangatho worhulumente. angasayi [ ummiselo womthetho, uthambeko , okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kwexesha elimiselweyo (ukuba iBhunga lisakwintlanganiso). Aveto angahlaliswa ngobuninzi obubini besithathu kumagumbi omabini, kodwa kunzima ukukhangela amandla olawulo oluphezulu.

8. Ubuchule nomanyano

Xa sele ityikitywe (okanye ivetoNoul), ityala liba ngumthetho ocetyiweyo , obizwa njengomthetho. Inikwe inani loMthetho kawonke-wonke (umz., Pub. L. 118-1) ze ifakwe kwi Code yeUnited States, ingqokelela esemthethweni yayo yonke imithetho yorhulumente. Umthetho usebenza kwangoko, ngomhla ochaziweyo wexesha elizayo, okanye ekuzalisekeni kweemeko ezithile.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yeekomiti

IiKomiti ngamagumbi e-injini enkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngaphandle kwazo, bekungayi kuba nzima ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yamalungu angamakhulu inike ityala ngalinye ifanele iqwalaselwe ngenyameko. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sekomiti kuyanceda kucacise ukuba kutheni ezinye iindleko zihamba phambili ngoxa ezinye zithe tha.

Iindidi zeeKomiti

  • Imisa iiKomiti : iikomiti ezisisigxina eziphatha umthetho kwiindawo ezibanzi zemixholo (umz., iKomiti yendlu Yomdindo, iKomiti yeMali yeNdlu yeQela). Zikhona kuzo zonke iintlanganiso kwaye zinegunya kumaziko athile eenkqubo.
  • Ikomiti zekontimenti: Ulwahlulo lwahlulo lweekomiti ezimileyo ezijonge kwimixholo emincinane (umz., Ikomiti engaphantsi ekufudukeni nasekuhlaleni). Umsebenzi omninzi oziinkcukacha uyenzeka apha.
  • Khetha okanye Kheta- komiti ezizodwa: Iikomiti zexeshana zenzelwe injongo ethile, efana nokuphengulula ihlazo okanye ukuhlolisisa umbambo othile (umz., iKomiti Yokukhetha yesi-6). Aziyi mithetho yemposiso jikelele.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiKomiti zeMathiriyeli: Eyilwe ngamalungu kuzo zombini iigumbi, ezi komiti ziqhuba izifundo okanye zongamele iindawo ezithile (umz., iKomiti edityanisiweyo eMasike). Zinqabile ukuxela iindleko ngqo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isivumelwano sobunyani seekomiti : Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zexeshana zenzelwe ukudibanisa umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNtlanganiso yeMithetho yeMithetho.

Amagunya namaGqirha

IiKomiti zinezixhobo ezinamandla eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amandla eSubpoena: Banokunyanzela amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina aze avelise amaxwebhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva nokunyusa ixabiso: Bangamema iingcali kunye noluntu ukuba bangqinele, bandule ukuvala.
  • Ukuchaza [: Kuphela amatyala axelwe kakuhle yikomiti angaqwalaselwa phantsi kwiimeko ezininzi.
  • Ukubulala ityala : “Ngokuphatha" okanye ngokungenzi, isitulo sekomiti singabulala ngokunempumelelo ityala ngaphandle kwevoti epheleleyo(a ethanda impikiswano kodwa eyamkelekileyo.

Kwinkcukacha ezininzi kulawulo lwekomiti, tyelela umphathi-mikhosi .gov ulawulo lwekomiti.

Ukubaluleka Kolwazi Olufumaneka Kuwonke - wonke

Ukwenza imithetho asiyonto evaliweyo . Ubuncinane kwinkcazo. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zixhomekeke kwinxaxheba kawonke-wonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonisa ukuthanda neemfuno zabantu. Kukho imijelo emininzi ukwenzela abemi ukuba baphembelele umthetho.

Iindlela Abemi Abanokuthabatha Inxaxheba Ngazo

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufuna ukuchotshelwa kukawonke-wonke: Iikomiti zisoloko zibamba iindlebe zivuliwe kuluntu. Izakhamuzi zingasayina ukungqina (ixesha lidla ngokuphelela kwimizuzu embalwa) okanye zigcine nje.
  • Inggqabaza ezibhaliweyo: Abameli abaninzi neekomiti bamkela ubungqina obubhaliweyo ngokudlula kumazibuko afana .gov.
  • Ukudibana nabameli abanyuliweyo: iminxeba, ii-imeyili, oonobumba, neentlanganiso zeholo yedolophu zivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bachaze iimbono ngqo.
  • Ukhuthuzo kunye nokutsalela phambili : Amaqela alungelelanisiweyo(ukusuka kwi ACLU ukuya kwiCandelo lorhwebo(-schemisterss) ukuphembelela umthetho. Ngelixesha impikiswano, ukungenelela kukhuselwa phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala.

Iingenelo Zokuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

  • Ligitagis: imithetho ecwangcisiweyo enolwazi lukawonke-wonke isenokumkelwa ilandelwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphumo ezingcono: Iingcali kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo lungabalaselisa iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imali yetyala [: Xa abenzi bomthetho bezazi iziqu ezijongiweyo, balumke ngakumbi kwizigqibo zabo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Trancate: Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zinciphisa urhwaphilizo kunye nokubamba okungaqhelekanga okunentsabelo.

Noko ke, ungeniso lukawonke-wonke alusoloko lusebenza. Izilangazelelo ezichukumisiweyo zisoloko zivala amazwi aqhelekileyo. Iinguquko ezifana nemida yemali yephulo kunye nemithetho engqongqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha zijolise ekunyuseni ibala lokudlala. Ukuhlaziywa okunzulu, bona [[FLT: 0] umsebenzi we Brennan Center kwi-politiki.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho: Ukuguqulela Amazwi Asemsebenzini

Ukudlulisa umthetho kusisiqalo. Ngaphandle unyanzeliso, kwanowona mthetho ucetyisiweyo ungenantsingiselo. Ukunyanzelisa kubandakanya ukuntsonkotha kwemekobume yabameli, iindlela, kunye neenkqubo zomthetho.

Unyanzeliso lomthetho ongundoqo

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ISebe leProthestiki: Amapolisa ongingqi nowaseburhulumenteni anyanzelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, imimiselo yendlela, kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni.
  • I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Iinvectoris ezinzulu zetyala lengingqi zorhulumente ezifana nobugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi bekhompyutha, kunye nobuqhetseba bukawonke-wonke.
  • I-Environral Protection Agency (EPA): inyanzela imithetho yemo yezulu ngohlolo, intengo, kunye nezenzo ezisemthethweni.
  • Imisebenzi yokhuseleko kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC): ibuyisela ugcino-mali kunye nokurhoxisa amatyala.
  • Ukhuseleko nolawulo lwempilo (OSHA): ukhuseleko lwendawo yomsebenzi.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

  • [[UMTL: 0] IPatrol kunye noHlomelo: Ubukho beRoutine (umz., amapolisa ajikelezayo, ii-IRS maphepha-ndaba) zithintela ukwaphulwa.
  • I-Intections: Imisebenzi efana neFBI iqhuba uphengululo olusekelwe kwizikhalazo okanye kubukrelekrele. Bangasebenzisa ii-subpoenas, isiqinisekiso sokukhangela, kunye nemisebenzi efihlakeleyo.
  • [[UMHLA] Ityala ne-Ifire: Ngeengcebiso ezincinane (amathikithi adlulayo, ukwaphulwa kwemekobume), amasebe akhupha ucatshulwa ngezohlwayo zemali.
  • Amatyala kunye nengtshutshiso: Kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, ukugcinwa komthetho kwenza ukuba umntu abanjwe; abatshutshisi bazisa izityholo enkundleni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izenzo ze-Civilil[: Asisibo bonke abanyanzeli bomthetho abangokwaphula umthetho. Amaqumrhu alawulayo anokumangalela abaphula umthetho, irefesi, okanye izigwebo kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni.
  • IiNkqubo ze-Whistleer : Imithetho efana noMthetho wobuGcisa obuNyanga ukhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baxele ukwaphulwa kwemali etshintshiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isigqibo esingumqobo : Abanye abanyanzeli baphathwa ngoncedo okanye ngetyala lolawulo ngaphandle kweenkundla, ukunciphisa ukulayishwa kwetyala.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekunyanzelweni

Iinkundla zifeza indima ephindiweyo: zichaza oko kuthethwa ngumthetho, kwaye zigqiba ukuba utyala okanye utyala. Xa abanyanzeli begunyazisa betyhola umntu ngokophula umthetho, loo mntu unelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni (ulwaphulo-mthetho) okanye ukuviwa (umthetho). Ukuba ufunyaniswe enetyala, inkundla iyalela isohlwayo //intolongo, intengiso, ityala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Iinkundla zikwakhupha ii-inftructions[ eziyalela abantu okanye iinkampani ukuba zinqande isimilo esithile.

Ucelomngeni Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuxhomekeke kwimiqobo engapheliyo enokuphazamisa ukhuseleko nokuthenjwa kwabantu.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhelekileyo

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imithombo yeMiqathango: Amasebe amapolisa, amasebe alawulayo, kunye nabatshutshisi asoloko engenamali eyaneleyo, abasebenzi, kunye nobugcisa. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni kuvavanywe iinkonzo kunye nokucuthwa kwamajoni.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Public Displant: Izimo zenkohlakalo yamapolisa, ubuhlanga, kunye nobuqhophololo ziye zaphelisa ukuthembana, ingakumbi kuluntu olucekelwe phantsi. Ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano yoluntu, ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho kuya kuba nzima.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imingxuma ye-logal ye-optic: Abamangalelwa abafumana inkxaso-mali bangasebenzisa ii-aspects kwimimiselo okanye imithetho ebhaliweyo ukunqanda ukuphendula. Isebe lomsebenzi womsebenzi woshicilelo lokucofa ukhupha isoloko igxininisa imigudu yokuvala izithuba ezinjalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqeqesha kunye nokulawula imida: Asingawo onke amagosa afumana uqeqesho olwaneleyo ekulahleni imilinganiselo, ubuchule benkcubeko, okanye imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Amaqumrhu angenamandla angavumela ukuziphatha okubi ukuba kungalungiswa.
  • Impinda yezenkcubeko: Izaphuli-mthetho zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, iinkqubo zokuhlawula ezingaziwayo (ii-spocturences), kunye ne-web-msc. Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho kufuneka kusoloko kuhlaziya ubuchule bazo bobungcali kunye nezixhobo ezisemthethweni (umz., imiyalelo yogcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki).
  • Impixano ze-juristications: umanyano, urhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni maxa wambi ayangquzulana ngokuthi ngubani ofanele aphengulule okanye aphicothe amatyala, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhupheleni okanye ekuphunyezweni kwezithuba. Amandla omsebenzi adityanisiweyo azama ukuthomalalisa oku.
  • [[NTL:0] Iziphumo ezingalawulekiyo: Imithetho eqinisekisiweyo ingakhokelela ekusebenziseni impatho-mbimbini. Umzekelo, izigwebo ezinyanzelisayo ezingenciphisiyo kwityala leziyobisi ezifak' isandla ekuboshweni kwentlupheko. Utshintsho olufana neyokuqala inyathelo (2088) injongo yokubuyisela iprojekthi enjalo.

Izicombululo Neenguqu Ezinokufumaneka

  • [[UMTL:0] INgxowa-mali eyongezelelekileyo neyokwandisa iNgxowa-mali: Ukunikezela ngoovimba abaneleyo boqeqesho, izixhobo, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu. Umzekelo, iikhamera zomzimba, zandisa ukuphendula.
  • Imithetho yeNkcubeko yeQumrhu : Ukwakha ulwalamano phakathi kwamagosa kunye nabemi ngokujikeleza okuqhelekileyo kweenyawo, iintlanganiso zengingqi, kunye neenkqubo zolutsha.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Ulawulo oluzimeleyo: Iibhodi zohlolo lwengingqi kunye neenjengele ezijongene nokuziphatha okubi zingaphanda ngaphandle kolukhethe.
  • [[Uqeqesho:0] Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo: Imfundo eqhubekekayo kwidebulisa, ukuva ikhethe, uhlaziyo olusemthethweni, kunye nokusabela kwimpilo yengqondo.
  • [[Ukwandiswa:0] Ulwandiso olunobunyani: Abenzi bomthetho bangalungisa imimiselo engacacanga kwaye basuse imithetho ephelelwe lixesha okanye ephikisayo. Iprojekthi ebhekiswe kuRhulumente Ophezulu (POGU) igxininisa rhoqo kwimibandela enjalo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubugcisa nogcino-lwazi oluHlanganisiweyo: Iisiseko sogcino-lwazi esikhuselekileyo, ii-alytics ezixelwe kwangaphambili (ezisetyenziswe ngobulumko), kunye nezixhobo zokwaphula ukukhowuda (ngemida esemthethweni) zingaphucula ubuchule.

Imeko yomhlaba wonke: Ukuthelekisa iinkqubo zomthetho

Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo yaseUnited States, kuluncedo ukuqonda ezinye iindlela:

  • Iinkqubo zobuProtemplate (umz., United Kingdom, Indiya): Igunya eliphetheyo (ikhabinethi) likhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoko ke iindleko zisoloko zidlula ngokukhawuleza. Iqela lomPhathiswa lilawula ngokuqhelekileyo ukudlula.
  • Iinkqubo zoMthetho zeCuvil (umz., France, Japhane, Japhane): Imithetho idityanisiwe kwimigaqo ebanzi; imizekelo yezomthetho ayinagunyaziso lininzi kunemimiselo. I-Enfsion iphethwe ngabatshutshisi abangoogcisa nabameli abangoogcuba.
  • Inkqubo zoMthetho weCommon (umz., U.S.K., Australia): ABagwebi benza imizekelo ebophekayo kwizigqibo zenkundla. Imithetho emininzi itolikwa ngomthetho wetyala. I-Forxist ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimicimbi yetyala.
  • Iinkqubo zeHybrid (umz., South Africa, Quebec): Ukuxuba amalungu ezithethe ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, uMzantsi Afrika udibanisa umthetho we Roma-Dutch nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi.

Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kunceda abamisi - mthetho nabemi baqonde amandla nobuthathaka benkqubo yabo.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Le Miba Ibalulekile

Uhambo lomthetho ukusuka kwingcamango nje ukuya kumthetho onyanzelekileyo wokuziphatha olude, oluntsonkothileyo, noluzele ii-checks kunye nolungelelwano. Isigaba ngasinye (ukusukela kwikomiti ukuya kwimvume yabalawuli, ukusuka kumkhosi wamapolisa ukuya kwimithetho yasenkundleni-------------------------applications kumathuba okubophelela nokuphendula uluntu. Njengabemi, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kusinika amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo, sixhase iinguqu, kwaye sibe nembopheleleko. Abafundi-bafundi kunye nolu lwalo lwazi aluchazi; lusisiseko solwazi, ubumi basebenza. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho esenziwa ngayo kwaye inyanzeke, sinegalelo ngakumbi, ukubonakala, nokubonakala nebutho kwebutho labantu.