Ukuqala: Ukuqonda Isiseko Sobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho yokugweba ilungelelaniswa kwemithetho elungelelanisiweyo elungelelaniswe ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukususela kwixesha elibekwa ityala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela, iqonga ngalinye lilawulwa yimithetho yezithethe, imigaqo esekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, kunye neemfuno zemigaqo-siseko. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo, aqonde la manyathelo ayimfuneko. Oku kuchaza icandelo ngalinye, ukuveza abadlali abaphambili, imilinganiselo ecacileyo, kunye nezixhobo eziqinisekisa ubulungisa.

Ngoxa ukulandelelana okuchanileyo kusenokuhluka ngokwamandla (iinkqubo zephondo ezinxulumene nomthetho wase-U.S., okanye iinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo ezichasene nomthetho wasekuhlaleni zweni lonke), imigaqo engundoqo ihlala ihleli ihleli. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala de agwetywe emsulwa, kwaye urhulumente unomthwalo wobungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuqonda ezi ziseko kunceda ukuphelisa oko kusenokuvakala ngokufuthi njengenkqubo emfiliba.

Ukutyholwa: Indlela Eqalisa Ngayo Inkqubo

Inkqubo yomthetho iqala ngokusemthethweni xa umntu etyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Izityholo zinokuvela kwimithombo emininzi: ixhoba okanye ingqina elinikela ingxelo yesiganeko, uluvo lwamapolisa xa egadile, ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngokujongwa, okanye kwanamacebiso angaziwayo. Kwezinye iimeko, iijaji ezinkulu okanye abatshutshisi basenokuqalisa izityholo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo ze-enkumbulalo ngaphandle kokukhalaza.

Imvelaphi Yokutyholwa

  • Izikhalazo ezibini – Olona luxhokonxwa luqhelekileyo, ngokufuthi ngonxulumano olungxamisekileyo okanye utyelelo lwesikhululo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphando lwamapolisa – abaphathi bangavela ngesizathu esinokwenzeka kumsebenzi wasentsimini, ukumisa kwezithuthi, okanye imisebenzi yokugquma.
  • Izabelo Ezikhulu ze Jury – Kwinkqubo zorhulumente nezombuso, iqela elikhulu labachopheli-tyala (iqela labemi) liva ubungqina kwaye likhupha ityala elisemthethweni elibizwa ngokuba lityala.

Xa kusenziwa isityholo, abameli bomthetho benza uphando lokuqala ukuze bafumanise ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo kusini na bokuxhasa ukubekwa kwetyala. Oku kuphengululwa kungabandakanya amangqina okuphendulana, ukuqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, ukuqwalasela i-data ye-oyile, nokubuza nabatshutshisi. Umgaqo-siseko [FLT]] kukhusela ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka, oko kuthetha ukuba amapolisa asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso okanye isizathu sokukhangela okanye ukuthatha ubungqina. KuMdansongeno wesine, bona [[FLT:] Corll Information Information Institute of Reformation [FLD][FLT]]

Ukubanjwa: Ukufuna Ukubanjwa

Ukuba uphando luvelisa unobangela onokwenzeka,(ukukholelwa okusengqiqweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye ummangalelwa orhanelwayo olwenzile ukwenziwa kwayo, unyanzelo lokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho lungaqhubekeka ngokubanjwa. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ngemvume ekhutshwe ngumgwebi, okanye ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba igosa liphawule ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye lineemeko ezizizo.

Ukubanjwa Namalungelo

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Arrest Warrant - Ijaji ibonakalisa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso esifungiweyo esichaza isizathu esinokwenzeka. Isiqinisekiso sichaza umntu oza kubanjwa nolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholweyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ababanjwa abanganikezeliyo - Amagosa angabanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banonobangela olindelekileyo kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwe phambi kwabo okanye ngokusengqiqweni bakholelwa ukuba umkrokreli uzakubaleka okanye atshabalalise ubungqina.
  • [[NTLT: 0] IMiranda Amalungelo – Xa ibanjwa, ukrokrelo kufuneka lwaziswe ngelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo kwigqwetha, kwaye nantoni na abayithethayo ingasetyenziswa nxamnye nawo enkundleni. Esi silumkiso sivela kwityala lophawu Marnda v. Arizona

Ngexesha lokubanjwa, amagosa aqeqeshelwa ukusebenzisa amandla afunekayo kuphela. Amandla agqithisileyo angakhokelela kwityala loluntu okanye ekucinezelweni kobungqina. Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umkrokreli uthuthelwa kwisikhululo samapolisa ukuze afumane incwadi. I-American Bar Association inika ucaphulo olunenkcukacha lweenkqubo zokubanjwa [.

Ukubhala: Ukubotshwa

Ukubhalisa yinkqubo yolawulo elandela ukubanjwa. Isikrokreli sinika inkcazelo yobuqu, kuthathwa umfanekiso (i-mpugshot), kwaye kukhutshwa iminwe. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kukwabhala izityholo ezizisweyo kwakunye naziphi na iimpawu ezibonisayo.

Iziqalelo Ezingundoqo Zokubhaliweyo

  • Ukushicilela igama elipheleleyo, umhla wokuzalwa nedilesi
  • Ukuthatha iminwe nemifanekiso ukuze kubonwe
  • Uludwe lwempahla yobuqu
  • Ukukhangela imiqondiso ebalaseleyo
  • Ukubeka umkroti kwimbonakalo yenkundla ebekwe kwiseli ejonge kwinkundla

Kwimimandla emininzi, umbanjwa makasiwe phambi komgwebi phakathi kweeyure ezingama-48 ukuya kwezingama-72 (i- imfuneko yokuva [[FLT: 1]]]). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente unakho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubeka ebamba umntu ngamnye. Ukuba ukubanjwa bekungenagunyaziswa, ijaji ihlola ubungqina ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbango unokwenzeka. Ukungaphumeleli ukuzisa ukrokrethi enkundleni kungaphumela ekukhululweni.

4. Imbonakalo yenkundla yokuqala (Ukwamkelwa)

Imbonakalo yokuqala yenkundla, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-rraignibration, yeyokuqala ityala livele phambi kwejaji. Oku kusebenza iinjongo eziliqela ezibukhali: izityholo zifundwa ngokusemthethweni, ummangalelwa ucetyiswa ngamalungelo abo, kwaye ibheyile okanye iimeko zokukhululwa zimiselwe. Ummangalelwa uphinda angene kwisibongozo.

Okwenzekayo Ekulungelelaniseni

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufunda ityala – Ijaji okanye unobhala ufunda ulwazi okanye umangalelo oluchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olutyholweyo.
  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Iinketho – Ummangalelwa angamangalela ngetyala, angabi natyala, akukho khuphiswano (nolo imaterine), okanye kwezinye iimeko, ume isithuli (uphumele kwisicelo esinganetyala).
  • Ukubail quemiglisetion – ijaji igqiba ukuba izakukhulula ummangalelwa ngokuzijonga kwakhe, ukubeka ibheyile yemali, okanye ukuvalelwa ngocwangco. Izinto ziquka ubungozi benqwelo-moya, ingozi kuluntu, kunye nobukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isivumelwano Sesiluleko – ukuba ummangalelwa akanammeli, inkundla kufuneka imisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke phantsi IsiHlaziselo seSigqibo [.

Ukukhangela ngokunzulu kwibheyile yolungiso kunye nenye indlela yokhupho lweenkqubo zangaphambi komthetho, Iziko lesizwe leNkundla zikaRhulumente linika oovimba kwiinkqubo zebheyile.

5. Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili: Ukwakha Ityala

Phakathi kokubekwa kwetyala nokuchotshelwa kwetyala, kuthatha ixesha elininzi. omabini amacala alungiselela amatyala awo, ubungqina botshintshiselwano, kunye nokuthatha inyathelo kwifayile. Iziganeko zangaphambi kovavanyo zingathatha iiveki okanye iinyanga kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkotha betyala.

Umbuzo

Ukufunyaniswa kwetyala yinkqubo apho ukutshutshiswa nokuzikhusela kwabelana ngobungqina. Phantsi Brady v. Maryland (1963), abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile nabuphina ubungqina bokuthethelela obunokunceda ummangalelwa. Ukhuselo lunika isaziso sokhuselo oluthile, njenge-alibi okanye i-ephami. UDiscovery uquka iingxelo zamapolisa, iingxelo zobungqina, iingxelo ze-forensic, kunye nayo nayiphi na ividiyo okanye irekhodi.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Abalawuli befayile ukucela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwimiba ethile engokwasemthethweni.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana uThintelo lokucinezela uBubungqina – Argues ezithi ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (Ukwenziwa kwamalungelo oMgqino-mva wesine) kwaye kufuneka kukhutshwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha – ukulwa ukuba izityholo azinele ngokusemthethweni okanye amalungelo ommangalelwa aphulwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho wotshintsho lweVenue – ufuna ukufudusela ityala kwenye indawo ngenxa yosasazo lwangaphambili okanye uqhelaniso.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Amatyala amaninzi axazululwa ngokufaka isibongozo phambi kwetyala. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane okanye isigwebo esincitshisiweyo (ukungahlawulwa) ngokubekwa kwetyala lokumangalela ityala eliphosa ityala. Ngoxa kudla ngokudityaniswa, izicelo zixabisiswa ngee-akhawunti ezingaphezu kwama-90% zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States. Inkundla kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isicelo sisenziwa ngokuzithandela kwaye ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumo.

6. Ityala: Ityala Elibi

Xa kuchotshelwa ityala, iqela labemi abangakhethi buso ligqiba ukuba kutheni. Xa kuchotshelwa ityala, ijaji ithetha ngetyala.

Ukhetho

Abalawuli bakhethwa kwiqela lamalungu oluntu ngokwenkqubo ebizwa [[FLT: 0] i-oyir . I-attorney ukusuka kumacala omabini umbuzo onokubakho wejaji ukuvumbulula iimkhethe. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elisikelweyo lengxaki [[[FLT:]] ivumela ukugxothwa komjuxuzo ngaphandle kokunika isizathu (nangokuba ezi ngxaki azinakusekelwa kuhlanga okanye kubufana). [[FLT: 4.] Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elisikelwesikelweyo lombalo ukuba i-julver ibonisa uqhekeko olucacileyo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Amacala omabini anikela imaphu yobungqina aza kubuzisa. Ityala liqala lichaza indlela ummangalelwa alwenze ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuzithethelela kunganikela ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva koko okanye kugcine ityala lide liphunyezwe. La magqabaza awabo ubungqina kodwa ayiyompikiswano.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lichaza kuqala, ukubiza amangqina nokuzisa imiboniso. Ukuzithethelela kunelungelo lokunqumla i-examine ingqina ngalinye. Emva kokuba ingtshutshiso ithe yarhoxa, ingxengxezo inganikela ubungqina bayo, kuquka ukubiza ummangalelwa ukuba angqine (ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka kwaye akanakunyanzeleka ukuba anikele ubungqina). Imithetho yobungqina ilawula oko kunokuvunywa; umzekelo, amarhe, isoloko ikhutshwa ngaphandle kokuba kusebenza umahluko.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Ityala limele leyise abagwebi ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa. Inkundla isenokuphikisa ngelithi ubungqina bufutshane okanye bubonisa ukungavumelani.

Isigqibo soMququzelelo kunye neSigwebo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho onxulumeneyo. Abachopheli-tyala bandule ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngasese. Kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esivumelanayo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (kwimimandla emininzi). Ukuba abanakuvumelana, iziphumo ezixhotyisiweyo, kwaye ijaji ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, ivumela ukuba ityala liphinde liphindiwe. Xa kufikelelwa isigqibo, sifundwa enkundleni evulekileyo.

7. Isigwebo: Ukuba Netyala, Akubi Lityala, Okanye Ukungavisisani

Isigqibo sisigqibo esisemthethweni sokufumana kwejaji ezityholo. Zintathu iziphumo ezinokwenzeka: ityala, ungenatyala, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo ngenxa yokuxhonywa kwejaji okanye imposiso ye-procediste. Isigqibo esingenatyala sithetha ukuba ityala lisilele ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo; ummangalelwa ukhululwe kwaye akanakuphinda abekwe esichengeni esifanayo (] ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini phantsi kweSiphendulo seFind). Isigqibo esinetyala sikhokelela kwisigaba sesigwebo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isigqibo sokungabi natyala asithethi ukuba ummangalelwa akanatyala, kuthetha kuphela ukuba ubungqina abukhange bungqine ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Kwingxubusho yamathandabuzo asengqiqweni nemvelaphi yayo, bona ingcaciso yeSikolo soMthetho Cornell yobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni[.

8. Ukugwetywa: Iziphumo Ezimanyumnyezi

Emva kwesigqibo setyala, ijaji ibeka isigwebo. Ukugwetywa kungavela ngokukhawuleza okanye emva kokuchotshelwa ngokwahlukeneyo apho amacala omabini anikela ubungqina obunxulumene nokukhutshwa okanye ukuhlaziywa. IsiHlayi-Mpanzi soMdathi sikwalela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, sikhokela ukulingana kwezigwebo.

Izinto Eziqwalaselwayo Kwisigwebo

  • Indalo nokungalawuleki kolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Imbali yolwaphulo - mthetho lwamatyala
  • zincwadi
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ukukwazi ukubuyisela umva nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke

Iintlobo zezigwebo

Izigwebo zingasuka ekulingweni nasekuhlawuleni, ekungcwatyweni, ekubulaweni, okanye kwanesigwebo sokufa kumazwe athile. Ezinye izigwebo ziquka ubuncinane obunyanzelekileyo obumiselwe ngomthetho, obumisela imigaqo yokugweba. Ezinye izigwebo ezifana nenkonzo yoluntu, iinkqubo zonyango lweziyobisi, okanye ukuvalelwa kwamakhaya kusenokubakho kubantu abanolwaphulo-mthetho abangenazo izenzo eziyingozi.

Emva kokugwetywa, ummangalelwa uphinde afakwe entolongweni okanye akhululwe phantsi kolwalathiso olulindele nasiphi na isibheno.

9. Izibheno: Bacel ’ Umngeni Ingeniso

Ummangalelwa okholelwa ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zichaphazele iziphumo zetyala angabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Ilungelo lokubhenela aliphelelanga; liphelela kwiimpazamo zomthetho kunokuba lipheleliselwe ekungavumelani neengxelo ezichanekileyo zejaji. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha kakubi kwabatshutshisi, okanye ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

  • Ipeyinti yesibheno – ifayile ifakwe ngexesha elicwangcisiweyo (ekusoloko kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-30) emva komgwebo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhutshelwe kwisibheno – Itranscription yokuvavanya kunye nawo onke amaxwebhu aqokelelwayo kwaye angeniswe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Briefs - omabini amacala angenisa iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo. I-aprellant (endindi) iphikisa isizathu sokuba isigqibo sihlengahlengiswe; i-adelle (umhlathi) ifuna ukuba ime.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano e-Oral – kwiinkundla ezininzi zetyala, amagqwetha anikela ityala lawo phambi kweqela leejaji.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuququzelela – Inkundla ye appenellate ingaqinisekisa, ukubuyisela umva, okanye ukuphinda ilungiswe ukuvavanya okutsha. Ingalungisa isivakalisi.

Ukuba urhulumente uphulukana nesibheno, akusenako ukuphinda ummangalelwa kwiimeko ezininzi ngenxa yengozi eziphindwe kabini. Noko ke, ityala lingabhenela kwimithetho ethile yangaphambi kochotho lomthetho kwezinye iindawo. Ukujonga ngokunzulu kwizibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho, iwebhsayithi yezeenkundla ichaza isibheno solwaphulo-mthetho somthetho sowiso-mthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Okusesikweni Ngenkqubo Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusuka kwisigwebo ukuya ngaphaya, yenzelwe ukukhusela ibutho labantu kunye nommangalelwa. Inyathelo ngalinye . "Uphando, ukubanjwa, ukuqeshwa, ukugcinwa, ukuvavanywa, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa, kunye nokubhenela , kwaye ukulinganisa okwakhiwayo ukuze kuncitshiswe iimpazamo kunye nokuthintelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Ukuqonda la manqanaba kunceda abemi baqonde ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo esemthethweni nokubaluleka kwamalungelo afana nombono wokungabi natyala, ilungelo lokucebisa, nokukhusela ekuzifuneni ingxengxengxezo.

Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, inkqubo yezomthetho esesikweni iyaqhubeka iguquka ngomthetho, izigwebo zenkundla, kunye nemfuno yezentlalo yabafundisi-lwazi kunye nabafundi, olu lwazi lunika isiseko sokufunda nokubhala nokucelw'udonga ngomthetho. Ukuhlolisisa okubhekele phaya, U.S. ISebe leJaji yeJaji yeSigwe [iphepha 101 [iphepha leFLT:1] linikela ubuncwane obungakumbi kumalungelo abantu abamangalelwayo kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yorhulumente.