UHlaziyo Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lusisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, luchaza inkululeko esisiseko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yoomatshini bokushicilela, yendibano neyokucela. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imilinganiselo entsonkothileyo yenkululeko yokuthetha neyonqulo, lilandela iimvelaphi zayo zembali, lihlolisisa izicelo zalo zale mihla, lize lihlalutya iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezibumba iintsingiselo zazo. Ukuqonda ezi nkululeko kubalulekile nabani na ummi ofuna ukulawula ubomi bentlalo nokhuseleko lwenkululeko echaza uhlanga.

Imbali YoMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo

IsiHlanzo Sokuqala savunywa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo. Imvelaphi yayo iseburhulumenteni, apho abantu abaninzi batshutshiswa ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo kunye neentetho zabo. Abalawuli, ababephila phantsi kolawulo lweBritane olwalucinezela ukuchasana nonqulo olumiselwe ngurhulumente, bafuna ukuseka urhulumente ongenakuphinda asetyenziswe kakubi. Olu lwimi lubonisa umgudu wequmrhu lokukhusela inkululeko eyimfuneko njengendawo ephambili yedemokhrasi.

Impembelelo Yabacingisisi Bokukhanya

Izithandi-bulumko ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke kunye noVoltaire zaphembelela kakhulu izifekta. I-Lette's Confly Tolteting itheths'eeeeees Prevings ithetha ngokwahlukana kwecawa norhulumente, ngelixesha iingcamango zakhe zamalungelo emvelo zanika ingqiqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. UVoltaire ukuzimisela kwenkululeko yokuthetha, washwankathela ngokubalulekileyo kucaphulo lwakhe, "Ndiyakukuchasa oko ukukutsho kwakho, kodwa ndiza kukuthethelela ukufa kwakho, ukukuthetha," kuhambisana neziqalisela. Ezi ngcamango, zidibe namava eentlalo yonqulo, abumba ukukhusela okuditya kokuqala kwentetho nonqulo.

Ukwenziwa Kweminxeba Nezicatshulwa Zokuqala

Xa umGaqo-siseko wabhaliswayo ngowe-1787, wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo. Abachasi beFederali babefuna ukukhuselwa ngokucacileyo ukuze bafumane inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Isithembiso sokudibanisa ukukhuselwa okukhuselekileyo. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza, wabhalisa iBhili yamaLungelo, kuquka iSihlaziyo sokuQhubela. Iinkcazelo zangaphambili zazimxinwa; umzekelo, uMthetho weSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko wewaka ka-1798, ubhenca ukugxekwa kobugxwayiba phakathi kwenkululeko yokuthetha nokhuseleko lohlanga. UMthetho waphela ngowe-1801 kwaye kamva waqwalaselwa njengongabhaliswangagwebiyo, ukumisela iqhinga lokuKhuselwa koMganiso oluvunyiweyo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Inkululeko yokuthetha isoloko ithathwa njengeyona ibalulekileyo kuwo onke amalungelo. Ivumela abantu ukuba bachaze iingcamango, izimvo, neenkolelo ngaphandle kokoyika ukuhlolisiswa ngurhulumente okanye isohlwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasoloko ikholelwa ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha ibalulekile kushishino lweengcamango, inceda abantu bazibonele ngokwabo ngokwedemokhrasi kwaye bazilawulele ngokwabo. Eli candelo lihlola umgangatho, imiqathango, kunye neengxaki zanamhlanje zenkululeko.

Umlinganiselo Wenkululeko Yokuthetha

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela intetho eyahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka:

  • Intetho ecacileyo [[FLT:] – eyona ndlela iphakamileyo yokuchaza okukhuselweyo, iziqubulo zephulo, imibhiyozo, kunye nokugxekwa kwamagosa karhulumente.
  • Intetho yobugcisa ```ii-"i-i-injini'' – iquka umculo, ifilimu, uncwadi, nobugcisa bokubona, kwanaxa kuthanda ukuphikisa okanye kucaphukisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intetho ebanzi – ubhengezo kunye nothungelwano loshishino, olufumana ukhuseleko kodwa lungalawulwa ukuthintela intelekelelo yobuxoki okanye elahlekisayo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ulwimi lwamagwada – ihambo engeyoyabalo ijolise ukudlulisela umyalezo, njengokutshisa iflegi, ukunxiba iingalo okanye ukuguqa ngexesha loculo lwesizwe.

Imida Ekwinkululeko Yokuthetha

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza iindidi zentetho ezingakhuselwanga ngaphandle koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala ngenxa yokuba zixabisekile kwaye zibangela umonakalo obonakalayo.

  • Uvavanyo olufuna ukhuthazo kwintsebenziswano, - njengoko luchazwa Miller v. California [1773]) uvavanyo, olufuna ukuba umsebenzi unxuse isimilo sesondo ngendlela engalunganga, kwaye ungabi nancwadi enzulu, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha [-intetho zobuxoki eziyingozi ezingcolisa igama lomntu. Amanani kawonke-wonke kufuneka angqine ulunya lokwenene, ngexa abantu ngabanye kufuneka babonise ukungakhathali.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlohla kugonyamelo-intetho ejolise ekukhuthazeni ukuphunyezwa komthetho osondeleyo kwaye inokwenzeka ukuba ivelise isenzo esinjalo, esimiselwe Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]].
  • [[UMTL:0] izisongelo zenyaniso – amanqaku apho isithethi siceba ukunxibelelana nenjongo enzulu yokwenza isenzo sogonyamelo olungekho mthethweni kumntu othile okanye iqela elithile.

Yithiye Intetho Nohlaziyo Lokuqala

Intetho enentiyo ``ukucaphukisa, ukusongela, okanye ukuthuka amaqela asekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, ubuhlanga, okanye indlela engokwesini'." ithetha into edidayo. EUnited States, intetho yentiyo idla ngokukhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kwenye yeendidi ezilinganiselweyo ngasentla (umz., ukuphembelela okanye ukusongela okuyinyaniso). INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibetha imithetho ethiye ukuthuka ukuthetha okusekelwe koko ikuqulethwe yiyo, iqiqal ’ umngeni ukuba urhulumente akanakuyiva nje ngenxa yokuba ihlaza okanye intiyo. Noko ke, oku kushiya uxanduva phakathi kwenkululeko yokuthetha kunye namalungelo abantu abahlaziweyo ukuze baphile ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwentetho ekhuselweyo nezenzo zokuxhaphaza kugxeka abemi, abaqeqeshi, abaqeqeshi, nababenzi benkqubo.

Imali Nentetho

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwemali njengendlela yokuthetha kwezobupolitika. Imeko yephawu iSikhuseli se-United. FEC (2010) yawisa umthetho wokuba amaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu anamalungelo afanayo okuthetha njengabantu ngabanye, ezivumela ukuba zichithe imali engenakulinganiswa kwimibango ezimeleyo yezopolitiko. Esi sigqibo sibangele impikiswano enzulu ngendima yemali kwezobupolitika, kunye nabagxeki besithi ithoba ijonge ukulingana kwedemokhrasi. Inkundla ephakamileyo iye yaphakamisa iimfuno ze-demo-demokhrasi kodwa iyaqhubeka ijonga izicelo zephulo nenkcitho njengekhuselwano. Uhlalutlo olubanzi lwemirhutho lwezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo, [[FLD:2] i-FF2] i-Foctivection comment

Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISindululo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokuqhelisela naluphi na unqulo okanye ukungabikho kwalo naluphi na unqulo.Siqulethe amabinzana amabini ahlukeneyo asebenza kunye ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo: uGunyaziso lukaClaus noLokwenza Imithambo Engamahla - ndinyuka.

Ukusekwa KukaClaus

ISindululo sikaClaus sikwalela urhulumente ukuseka unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ukuxhasa olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye. Eli binzana liqinisekisa ukwahlukana kwecawa norhulumente, okuye kwaba ngumgaqo osisiseko kulawulo lwaseMerika. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yatolika ukumiswa kukaClaus kwiimvavanyo eziliqela:

  • Uvavanyo lwelemon – ukusuka Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971]: umthetho kufuneka ube nenjongo yehlabathi, akufunekanga uqhubele phambili okanye uthintele unqulo, kwaye awumele ukhuthaze urhulumente ogqithisileyo ophenjelelwa lunqulo.
  • Uvavanyo lwe-endorsement – nokuba umqwalaseli osengqiqweni angajonga urhulumente njengogunyazisa unqulo.
  • Uvavanyo lweCoercion – nokuba urhulumente unyanzela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yonqulo.

Ezi nvavanyo ziye zakhokelela kwimimiselo ekwalela ukuthandaza ngokusemthethweni esikolweni, imiboniso yonqulo ebonakala ixhasa ukholo, nokuxhasa ngokungqalileyo imfundo yonqulo. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yavumela uncedo olungangqalanga, olufana nerekhodi ezikolweni zonqulo, lo gama nje inkqubo ingekho ngqiqweni kunqulo.

Ukuzilolonga Ngokukhululeka

I-Free Execreede ikhusela amalungelo abantu okuqhelisela unqulo lwabo ngokukhululekileyo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokubambelela kwiinkolelo zonqulo nokubandakanyeka kuqheliselo lonqulo ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente. Noko ke, eli lungelo aligqibekanga: urhulumente usenokuba nomthwalo onzima wonqulo ukuba lunomdla onyanzelisayo kwaye usebenzisa iindlela ezingqongqo. Umlinganiselo wokuqwalasela ezi ngxelo uvele:

  • Uvavanyo lwe-SMT – ukusuka Isivumelwano se-Ivision v. Smith (1990): imithetho yobundilele yobundilele ngokubanzi elula ukuba unqulo ngokungxamisekileyo alwaphuli umboniso we-Free Expression Claus, nangaphandle komdla onyanzelisayo.
  • UMthetho weTraditional Freedom Reconstruct (RFRA) - Congress yadlulisa i-RFRA ngo 1993 ukubuyisela uvavanyo lwenzala olunyanzelayo, ifuna urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelisayo nokusebenzisa iindlela ezingqongqo kakhulu xa kusetyenziselwa ulawulo lonqulo kumthetho wezwelonke.

Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yawo yonqulo. Ukudlala phakathi kokhuseleko lukarhulumente nolorhulumente kudala ummandla entsonkothileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokungavumi kwempilo, LGBTQ+ amalungelo, kunye neendawo zokuhlala emsebenzini. I-website Beliefnet[[[FL:1] inikela ukujonga okubanzi kwimibandela yenkululeko yonqulo kwiimbono ezininzi zonqulo.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, amatyala aliqela abalaseleyo enkundleni Ephakamileyo aye aguqula indlela yokuchazwa koMhlaziyi Wokuqala.

Scheck v. United States (1919)

Le tyala laseka "icacile kwaye ikho ingozi" yovavanyo lokulinganisela intetho. UCharles Schenck, umsoxalisi, wasasaza amaphecana akhuthaza ukuchasa ukwenziwa kwedrafti ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi I. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa isiqinisekiso sakhe, ngeJaji Holmes edumileyo ichaza ukuba intetho edala "icacile kwaye ekhoyo" yengozi enkulu" inokuthintelwa. Umzekelo wokukhwaza ngokuxokayo "umlilo" kwiholo yemidlalo ezele abantu wasetyenziswa ukufuzisela intetho engakhuselekanga. Olu vavanyo kamva lwaphuculwa kwi Brandenburg v. Ohio[FLT:] [1] [1969]]) ukukhusela isenzo esingekho mthethweni sisemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaza ukuziphatha okuchasene nomthetho okusondeleyo.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Engel v. Vitacel, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba umthandazo olathiswe ngurhulumente kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke walwaphula uvumo luka-Claus. Ibhodi yesikolo saseNew York yaqamba umthandazo wokuzithandela, "Thixo uMninimandla onke, siyawuvuma uxhomekeke kwethu kuThee," ukuba ucatshulwe yonke imihla. INkundla yabambelela kwelokuba umthandazo wokuzithandela, ongengowamaqela angowasemthethweni ubumba urhulumente uluvo oluxhasa unqulo. Esi sigqibo sakhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwecawa norhulumente yaye siye sasetyenziswa rhoqo kwiimeko ezilandelayo ezibandakanya imisebenzi yonqulo ebandakanya isikolo esitsha.

[[UMTL: 0] Isithili se-Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community (11969)

Eli tyala laqinisekisa amalungelo abafundi okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. uMary Beth Tinker kunye nabanye abafundi babenxiba iingalo ezimnyama ukuze baqhankqalaze imfazwe yaseVietnam. Isikolo sawaxhoma, siphikisa ngelithi ukuqhankqalaza kuya kuphazamisa. INkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba abafundi ‘ abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo. Noko ke, izikolo ziyakwazi ukulawula ukuthetha okuphazamisa inkqubo yemfundo ngokwezinto eziphathekayo. Eli tyala lihlala lingumzekelo osisiseko wokuchaza abafundi, osoloko ucatshulwa ngemigaqo yempahla, iintambo zokuhamba, kunye nentetho ye-intanethi.

I-Masterpidec macakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208)

Eli tyala lathetha ngengxaki phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo kunye nemithetho echasene nocalucalulo. UJack Phillips, umbhaki wezonka, wala ukwenza ikeyiki yomtshato wesibini esingokwasexesheni ngenxa yeenkolelo zakhe zonqulo. IColorado Civil Rights Common Commission yafumanisa ukuba waphula umthetho karhulumente weendawo zokuhlala. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula imvume kaPhillips kwimists kumabala axinene, ifumana ukuba iKhomishini ibonise ubutshaba bonqulo kwimicimbi yayo. Isigqibo asizange sisombulule umbuzo omkhulu xa imiqobo yonqulo inokuthi idele imithetho yokungamela i-dikhrimina, ishiya ityala lexesha elizayo. Ukuhlazinziswa kwengcaciso yemithetho, [[FLT:] iProgiment [FLD]

Iingxaki Neengxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo

Imibandela efana nokuthetha ngentiyo, ukuxoka, indawo yokuhlala yonqulo nendima yamaqonga abantu basekuhlaleni iyaqhubeka ibangela iimpikiswano ngemida nenkuselo yoMmiselo Wokuqala.

Amajelo Ezolonwabo Nenkululeko Yokuthetha

Unyuko lwezibonelelo zentlalo luyiguqule indlela echazwa ngayo kwaye ilawulwa ngayo. Iinkampani zangasese ezifana neFacebook, iTwitter, kunye neYouTube zinokulinganisela okuqulathwe ngokwemigaqo yazo, kukhokelela ekumangalelweni ngokucokiseka kohlalutyo lwamacala omabini. Ngenxa yokuba la maqonga azimeleyo, awanyanzelwanga yiSigqibo sokuqala soMmiselo, esithintela kuphela inyathelo likarhulumente. Noko ke, impembelelo enkulu yezi nkampani iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba zisebenza njengezikweka zikawonke-wonke-wonke. Ukuchokoza okungaphezulu kokuqulathwethwele i-algoriclthic alplution, kunye nentellificio ekhokelele unxulumano lomthetho olufuna ulawulo, kodwa naliphi naliphi naliphi inyathelo likarhulumente elimele lihlonele imigaqo-nkululeko yomlomo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ulwazi lobuxoki, olusasazwa ngabom ngenjongo yezopolitiko okanye yengeniso, icelw'iimposiso ngeengcamango. IsiHlaliso sokuqala sikhusela ubuxoki obuninzi ngaphandle kokuba sikhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye sihlambele. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amaqonga asusa izityholo zobuxoki ngemichiza nonyango, ukubhenelana kwamalungelo oluntu nempilo entle kunye neenjongo zokuthetha. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente ujongene nokungaqiniseki okuqinileyo ekulawuleni intetho yobuxoki, njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathandabuza imiqathango esekelwe kuyo. Endaweni yoko, izicombululo zixhomekeke kwimithombo yezolwazi, ukukhangela intethetho, nokubonakala kweqonga.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Kwibutho Elingafaniyo

Njengoko iMerika isiya yahluka ngakumbi ngokonqulo, iimfazwe ngenkululeko yonqulo nangamalungelo eenkolo ezincinane ziye zavela. Iimeko ezibandakanya ukuboniswa kwemiqondiso yonqulo kwimpahla kawonke-wonke, ilungelo lokunxiba impahla yonqulo (njengehijab okanye iimbadada) kwiindawo zemisebenzi nezikolo, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwezenzo zonqulo ezivalelweyo kwiintolongo kunye nemikhosi ibonisa imfuneko eqhubekayo yokulungelelanisa amalungelo aphikisanayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibifuna urhulumente ukuba alungise izithethele imikhwa yonqulo ngaphandle kokuba ibeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga. Noko ke, iimpikiswano ngokuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho olungonqulo oluchasene nohlanga-mthetho, kwaye ibonakalisa ukumanyana kwe-LGBTQ+ +. Inkcaso ishushu phakathi kwenkululeko nolungelelwano lonqulo.

Ukuthetha Okukhuthazayo Namalungelo Esazela

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukwakhusela ilungelo lokungathethi. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yawisa imithetho enyanzela abantu ukuba bavakalise imiyalezo abangayivumiyo, efana nokufuna abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke ukuba bakhahlele iflegi (] iWest Virginia State Board of Education of Education v. Barnette, 1943) okanye inyanzelela oogqirha ukuba banikele inkcazelo engqalileyo ngokuqhomfa okuphikisana nogwebo lwabo lwezamayeza. Amalungelo oluntu, ingakumbi kwi-curecureat, ayiyo inginyathela kwiinkqubo ezifana nokuqhomfa okanye ukunyaza isisu. I-fekth-ementia i-eansss isoloko ikhuthaza inkululeko yonqulo nentetho ekhululekileyo. Ama-United States aphumele imithetho ekhusela kwaye avala imiyalelo, adala imimiselo yemimiselo yemimiselo yezo yezonyango.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko loMmiselo wokuqala wentetho nonqulo lubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwebutho ledemokhrasi. Banika abantu amandla okuchasa, okunqula, ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, nokufuna inyaniso. Kodwa le nkululeko ayimi ndawonye; iyasoloko ivavanywa bubugcisa obutsha, iinguqu zentlalo, kunye neengcinezelo zobupolitika. Ukuqonda imbali, iimeko ezingundoqo, kunye neengxoxo zangoku zibalulekile ekukhuthazeni abemi abanolwazi abanokukhusela inkululeko ngoxa besingatha inkxalabo esemthethweni ngomonakalo, ukulingana, nokhuseleko. Ucelomngeni oluhlala njalo lukuphakamisa umbono woMdambiso-nkululeko nobulungisa kubo bonke ngaphandle kokunikela ngabo bonke abalungileyo. Abahlali bephondo, abagwebi, abalawuli, nabalawuli, nabalawuli, nabasebenzi bemithetho-mthetho banegalelo kulo msebenzi wokugcina ulungelelo lwesomGwamathelelaniso.