Ukuqala: Iintlobano Zezobupolitika ZaseJapan

Inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseJapan, ekudala iphawulwa ngokuhambela phambili kokulawula okuthe kratya kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) ukususela ngo-19555, iye yafumana uqhekeko oluphawulekayo lokuqhekeka okuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwamaqela eengingqi zephondo kunye nezobupolitika ezibeka phambili iminqweno yengingqi, inkcubeko, nokuzilawula, inkqubo yelifa lemveli, iTokyo-Phondo ekwiqondo lokuchaza ilizwe ngokwembali. La maqela aye afumana ingcelele ekunganeliseki kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwemimandla yezixeko nemimandla yasemaphandleni, umnqweno wokulawula okuninzi okunempumelelo, nokungaqiniseki okubanzi kwimibutho lesizwe. Ngoxa ehlala eyimpembelelo kumgangatho omncinci (indlu yesizwe seJapan), ikhula ukuya kwinqanaba apho anokuyitshintsha khona, imicimbi yezongadibetho zezobupolitika, kunye neengxoxo zezopolitiko zexesha elizayo zexesha elizayo, ezisetyenziswayo, ezingondaba zoshishino zezo zelizwe, ezithe ziqwalanisa iindo zo

Umongo Wembali: Ukususela KwiLDP Hegemony Ukusa Kwizahlulo Zezobupolitika

Kwinkoliso yexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, eli lungiselelo lezopolitiko laseJapan lachazwa yi-odoli ebizwa ngokuba “Inkqubo," apho i-LDP ehlala ikhombayo yabamba phantse ingaphazamisekiyo kumandla ngeli xesha iJapan Socialist Party (JSP) isebenza njengelona liphambili lokuchasa. Eli lungiselelo lavelisa uzinzo kodwa lakhokelela kwilizwe elisembindini omkhulu apho iibhureaucrates eTokyo zilawulwa lubhatalo, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, kunye neesiseko solawulo. Oorhulumente bongingqi, nangona babegunyazwe phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-1947, babexhomekeke kakhulu kwinkxaso yesizwe nemiyalelo ephakathi. Ukuquququzelelwa kweli lungiselelo laqhutyelwayo kamashumi eminyaka kodwa aliqheleki kuguqulelwa kwiqela elisebenza ngokuchasene nelamngeni de kube kowa ngo199090.

Iziganeko ezikhulu ezimbini zaphula ulawulo lwe-LDP. Okokuqala, unyulo jikelele lwangowe-1993 lwalahlekelwa luninzi lwalo okokuqala ukususela ekusungulweni kwalo, kukhokelela kuthotho loorhulumente abasebenza kunye abafutshane. Elo xesha lazisa iinguqu zevolovololdal [1] kuquka ukutshintshela kwinkqubo yezobukhephe edityaniswe kwiNdlu yabameli kwi House of Advesties . Okwathiwe yanciphisa umqobo wamaqela amancinane ukuze afumane izihlalo. Okwesibini, ukurhoxa okuqhubekayo kwemali ebhantiweyo ngo19991, kwabangela ukuba urhulumente alawule uqoqo lwemimandla. Kulo mhlaba uvundileyo, iqela lokuqala lamaqela asekuhlaleni aqalisa ukuphuma.

Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wangaphambili yayingu ` weQela elitsha laseJapan (Nihon Shintō) eyasekwa nguMorihiro Hosokawa ngo 1993, eyathi yakhutshwa kutshintsho lwezopolitiko kunye nokuhlaziywa. Nangona yaphela kwiminyaka embalwa, yamisela imizekelo yokuba iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zicel ’ umngeni isimo. Noko ke, ayizange ifikelele kuma 2000 apho amaqela asekelwe kwingingqi ekwayabo afumana ubukho boburhulumente obuhlala buhleli.

Imikhosi yengingqi engundoqo kunye neeNkangeleko zayo zengqiqo

Namhlanje, amaqela amaninzi axhasa imimandla ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokupheleleyo afuna utshintsho olungakumbi kumgaqo-siseko nolawulo, asuka nalawo ajolise kwimibandela ethile yasekuhlaleni enjengeziko lomkhosi okanye ukuvuselelwa kwezoqoqosho.

Umbutho wokulungisa indalo waseJapan (Nippon Ishin akakho Kai)

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, eyona ntlangano yengingqi inempumelelo nebala kwilizwe lase-Japan, iQela le-Innovation (ngokufuthi elibizwa ngokuba yi-Ishin) lasekwa ngo-2012 yirhuluneli ezimbini ngaphambili: iTōru Hashimoto, intloko ecacileyo yeOsaka Prefecture, kunye neIchirō Matsui, usodolophu weOsaka City. Iqonga lokuqala leli qela elijongene nokuguqula i-Osaka libe linye, elilingana nelamagumbi akhethekileyo angama-23 eTokyo, elinegunya elikhulu kakhulu nelee-fiscal. Noko ke, uShin u-In wanweba imbiliso negunya lakhe kwizobupolitika zesizwe, ekhuthaza ukuguqulelwa kwesakhiwo solawulo saseJapan esisembindingqi.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zenkqubo yeQela lokuQhuba iQumrhu

  • Ukwenziwa kumbindi womsebenzi ophambili: Ukuhlaziya okanye ukucutha indima yabalawuli nokuzifaka endaweni yamazwe amakhulu (dōshūsei).
  • utshintsho lomthetho: Ukongeza igalelo eliqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuzimela kwasekuhlaleni, nangona iqela likwaxhase ukuphinda lifumane iGama 9 ukuvumela umkhosi opheleleyo.
  • Inkululeko yezoqoqosho: Ukusika iteyipu ebomvu yeshishini, ingakumbi amashishini amancinci naphakathi kwimimandla yengingqi.
  • utshintsho lotshintsho oluqulethweyo: lungenisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kwezikolo zikawonke wonke ngokukhetha kwesikolo kunye nezixhobo zokuqinisekisa.

Ishin ithe yanyuka. Kunyulo lwe-2021 jikelele, yafumana izihlalo ezingama-41 kwiNdlu yabameli, iyenza ibe liqela lesithathu eliphangaleleyo. Ikwaneerhuluneli zeOsaka kunye nobukho obunamandla kummandla weKansai. Ukuzimisela kweqela ukusebenzisana ne-LDP kwezinye izinto (umz., ukwanda kwezoqoqosho) ngelinye ixesha ukuphikisa ezinye (umz., uqingqo-mali oluphakathi) kuyenze yaba ngumenzi ongenakubonwa kodwa obalulekileyo ekulwakhenkceleleni. Ababukeli bangaphandle baphawula ukuba iHin imela uhlobo “lwenziwe ngumatshini wobunzululwazi bengingqi: zombini zizinto ezithi zibambe iinguqulo nokhuthulo lwenkcube nezithuthi zenkcube.

Iqela leMidlalo eKhathanawa neQela lasekuhlaleni

I-Okinawa ibisoloko iyindawo ephambili yenkcazo yengingqi, iqhutywa kakhulu bubukho bomkhosi wase-U.S. kunye nelifa elingokwembali loBukumkani beRyukyu. [u-Okinawa Social Mass Party] [ [U-Okinawa Shakai Taishūtō] wasekwa ngo1959 kwaye uyaqhubeka exhasa ukususwa okanye ukuncitshiswa kwesiseko saseMelika, ukhuseleko lwemekobume yendalo, kunye nokuzikhusela okungaphezulu kwesiqu sesiqithi. Ngoxa ingafuni ukuzimela ngokwasemthethweni, ukubonakalisa kwayo i-Okinayichaza ngokusuk-ko kwilizwe lase-Japan.

Kwindawo ka-Diet yesizwe, iqela lidla ngokuvumelana namaqela aphikisayo (ngokufuthi i-Democratic Party ye-Democratic yaseJapan okanye iQela lamaKomanisi) ukuqhubekisela phambili ucwangciso lwalo. Impembelelo yalo yeyasekuhlaleni kodwa inentsingiselo yesizwe, ingakumbi ngexesha lesivumelwano sokhuseleko sase-U. Ngo-2018, irhuluneli yase-Okinawan Denny Tamaki(a owayesakuba lilungu leMpathi yeSizwe Soluntu/won eligqibelelayo ukuvala ukususwa kwesikhululo se-Futenma emoyeni ukuya eHenoko. Oko kukuthi uloyisoyiso lolo lugxininisa amandla engxoxo yesivumelwano sokhuseleko nomkhosi omnye wephondo lokuchaphazela inkqubo yesizwe.

Amanye amaDilesi eeNgingqi nawasekuhlaleni

Ngapha koko, le mizekelo mibini, inani lamatheko amancinane emimandla kunye namatheko azimeleyo aye avela kwiminyaka yakutshanje:

  • Ukuqala (Umthonga wokuqala hayi Kai):[FLT] Ifumene iGawula langoku laseTokyo uYuriko Koike ngo-2017, eli qela laphumelela kunyulo lweNdibano ye-Tokyo Metropolitan ngo-2017 kwiqonga lotshintsho lolawulo kwaye licace kakhulu. Nangona liyindawo yesikhulu esihambayo kunokuba libe “liqela elinoburhulumente”, impumelelo yabonisa ukutsala kwezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni eziqwalaselweyo kwanakwikomkhulu.
  • SEKA no Kai (Iqela loLawulo oluLunene): Iqela lasekuhlaleni kwiProfek-mfom yeKōchi lijolise kwinkxaso yezolimo nemilinganiselo yokuhlahlela uluntu.
  • Amaqela eengingqi ezizimeleyo: Nangona asemacaleni, amaqela eHokkaido, iTohoku, neKyushu aye afune ukuba abantu bafune ukuzilawula okungaphezulu. La maqela anqabileyo ukuphumelela izihlalo zikaDiet kodwa angaphembelela iindibano ze-propati.

Umahluko wala maqela ubonisa isibakala sokuba ubucukubhede bengingqi eJapan asiyongcamango enye kodwa lulwahluka-hlukeneyo ukusuka kutshintsho lolawulo oluqhelekileyo ukuya kwezobupolitika ezisekelwe kwizaziso.

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuqhuba: Isizathu Sokuba Amatheko Oorhulumente Esanda

Ukuvela kwamaqela emimandla akuyongozi. Kubangelwa kukuvumelana kwesakhiwo, izoqoqosho, kunye nengcinezelo yamanani yamazwe nto leyo eye yanciphisa umanyano lwesithethe phakathi kwabavoti namaqela amakhulu esizwe.

Umahluko wezoqoqosho ne “Tokyopule”

Ummangaliso wezoqoqosho wasemva kwemfazwe eJapan uninzi noqoqosho kunye namathuba alo kwikomkhulu. ITokyo kunye nee-ofisi zayo ezingqongileyo ngoku zivelisa malunga nesithathu se-GDP, ngeli xesha izikhululo zasemaphandle ezifana neTottori, Shimane, neAkita zifumana ukuncitshiswa okungapheliyo kwabantu, abantu abalupheleyo, kunye nokuhla kwerhafu. Ukufuduswa kwerhafu kurhulumente ophakathi, kunyaka-(-8) ngokudlula kwi-Alocation Taxics(3), kwaye kwanele ukuphelisa ukufuduka kwabantu abaselula. Ngokwezifundo ezithelekelelayo zeNational Graduate Institute for Poligicture Stues, iindawo zasemaphandleni zamkela ukufuduka-1, kodwa iinkonzo zabo zikawonke ziyaqhubeka ukuwohloka. Voter kula mazwe amaqela esizwe afuna ukulwa kwawo, ngokokuthelelwa kwawo ngokokungalungele ukulwa kwemibutho lasekuhlaleni ukuze asebenze kwilizwe lonke.

I-Institual Rigidity kunye nokuhendwa kwe- “Autonomy yasekuhlaleni”

Phezu kwazo nje iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko, iJapan ihlala ingomnye wezona migangatho yolawulo-siseko ehambele phambili. Urhulumente osembindini ulawula ngaphezu kwama-70% engeniso yerhafu iyonke, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bachithe inxalenye enkulu yoqingqo-mali kwiinkqubo ezigunyazisiweyo yiTokyo. Izicelo zoTshintsho zokuphelisa irhafu engakumbi nokusebenzisa igunya lokuhlawula imicimbi engakumbi kodwa liye lenza inkqubela ethe qothayo. [[FLT] [FLD] [intelligation Proventiation Provetion [ yowe-19995] kunye noHRAP [iths:] iinguqu ezithelwe yintlawulo oluthe kratya kurhulumente woluntu, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imigaqo-ntlalo yesizwe, ingulozwe, ingumthetho yesizwe, iphumele izigwebo ezimeleyo.

Ukuncipha Kobomi Nokuphelelwa Lithemba

Abemi baseJapan bayancipha kwaye bayakhula ngokukhawuleza kunabo bonke oorhulumente abahambe phambili. Izikhululo zasemaphandleni, ngokukodwa, zijongene nocelomngeni olubini lokuncitshiswa kwabantu kunye nesiseko serhafu ekwaluphalayo. Urhulumente wesizwe usungule iinkqubo ezifana “zokuvuselelwa kweNtlalo” phantsi koMphathiswa wePrime uFumio Kisida, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ezi zinto ziphezulu kwaye azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezizathu ezisisiseko. Amaqela ephondo abhenela ukuvota ngokuthembisa ukuzisa isigqibo esikufuphi nekhaya, ukwenza kube lula ukuzalisekisa izindululo zerhafuno zerhafu yeentsapho eziselula, irhafuno yomsebenzi okude, kunye nezicwangciso-mali zasekuhlaleni azinakufanelekanga zingeniso-omatilonti.

Ubungqina Besithethe Nokuchaswa Kwenkqubo Yokufudusa

IJapan isoloko igqalwa njengesizwe esifanayo, kodwa i-operai yengingqi ihlala inamandla. Imibhiyozo ye-Okinawa, izithethe ezicacileyo zasebusika zikaTohoku, kunye nenkumbulo yembali yemimandla yephondo lomkhosi woorhulumente bonke banegalelo kwimvakalelo yekratshi lasekuhlaleni elothe zwano lobuzwe ngamanye amaxesha. Amaqela eengingqi ayazimisela ngobuchule obuzizo. Ngokomzekelo, abaxhasi bephondo i-Ishin badla ngokugalela iOsaka, kunye ne-Okinawan ibhekisa imbali yentlalo-ntle yolawulo lukaRyunyu Kingdom. Le ngcamango ithetha ingakumbi ngoomatiko akhulileyo abavakalelwa kukuba i-Punitariangatorians abacinga ukuba i-libralism kunye ne-dologgs baye bawaphula amaqhina aqhelekileyo.

Impembelelo Kwezobupolitika Nenkqubo Yesizwe

Nangona amaqela engingqi ephethe izihlalo ezimbalwa kuphela zeDiet (malunga ne - 15-20% kwiNdlu yabameli njengowama - 2024), impembelelo yawo ingaphaya kwamanani abo.

Abenzi bolawulo lwezibonelelo zoburhulumente kunye neMimiselo ye-Agenda

I-LDP enciphayo yodumo lwama-2010 yanyanzelisa ukuba isebenzisane namaqabane amancinane. Ngeli xesha iKomeito ibingumdibaniso wesithethe we-Ishin, ukunyuka kwe-Ishin kuye kwanika i-LDP elinye iqabane kulwamkelo oluthile lotshintsho. Ngo-2023, i-LDP ne-Ishin zavuma ukuncedisana kwisivumelwano sokudibanisa isixeko sase Osaka kunye ne-Pirrofey kwiqela elinye lolawulo, usukelo losayino lwe-Ishin. Ngokutshintshisana, u-Ishin waxhasa umbangongezelo lwe-LDP. Olu hlobo lwesivumelwano sengingqini exhasa inkqubo yezorhwebo luvumela amaqela ukuba akhuphe uvume lwemithetho ukuba angene kwisivumelwano esisisigxina.

Ukuhlaziywa koMsinga oPhambili

Ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kobugqwirha obusuka kwi-Ishin kunye nabanye, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho-siseko kuye kwaba ngumxholo ophambili kwezobupolitika zweni. “Umbutho wombuso weSixeko saseGadiliyani esikwisiXeko se-adigic” uquka amalungiselelo okuvumela uvavanyo lwengingqi lokuthomalalisa, kwaye umkhosi wama-2024 uhlola iindlela zokunika ulawulo oluthe kratya kunonophelo lwempilo kunye noqingqo-mali lwemfundo. Ngelixa i-LDP isaxhathisa i-yonke i-figccutfix devolution, incoko isuka ekubeni iqhele ukuba ingaba ifanele ukuba iyenze njani na ngokukhawuleza.

Ii-Electoral Shocks kunye nokuLungiselelwa kweNkqubo yeQela

Amaqela ephondo akwafak ’ isandla ekuphunyezweni kwezahlulo ezimbini (LDP vs. inkcaso) ngamandla. Kunyulo lwama-2022 House of Countals, ishin waphumelela 10 kwizihlalo zesithili ezingama-50, ephumeza iCDPJ kwiingingqi ezininzi zasemaphandleni. Oku kuye kwanyanzela ukuchasa okukhulu ukucingela kwakhona iqhinga layo; ezinye iinkokeli zeCDPJ ngoku zixhasa iqonga leqela leqela elinika inkululeko engakumbi kumasebe asekuhlaleni. Okwangoku, iLDP ngokwayo ibone iifisuntssion zangaphakathi, kunye nezinye izahluko ezijongela imiyalelo ekuhleni kwimibani okusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwiBhobhinithi kunye nenkqubo yokufuduka. Ezi zinto zicebisa ukuba ubushicimbini bokunganyenelo-mali ngokunje ukuba icandelo lengingqinial-amasebe ye-LD kodwa kwakhona i-P.

Iingxaki Nemilinganiselo Ejongene Nemibutho Yengingqi

Phezu kwazo nje iimpumelelo, amaqela axhasa imimandla ajamelana nemiqobo emikhulu.

Umtsalane Olinganiselweyo Kulo Lonke Uhlanga

Amaqela amaninzi emimandla ahlala ejolisekile. Ishin ifumana izihlalo ezingaphezu kwama-90% zeDiet yayo kummandla weKansai, kunye ne-Okinawa Communial Mass Party kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba eOkinawa. Oku kwenza kube nzima ngabo ukuba babe ngamalungu esizwe enyanileyo. Kwakhona bayazama ukudibanisa inkqubo kwii-ofisi ezahlukeneyo, njengezinto eziphambili zasekuhlaleni (umz., ukususwa kwesiseko eOkinawav. metro inguqulelo eOsaka)

Isithintelo sequmrhu kunye nokuTyeliswa komGaqo-siseko

Inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseJapan ayiyilelwanga ukuthomalalisa. UmGaqo-siseko awuluchazi ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabobulali ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu lungafuna utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko (ofuna isantya esiphezulu esiziisithathu ezimbini kwizindlu zombini kunye ne-starenteum yesizwe) okanye ukutolikwa kwakhona okusisiseko kweDiet. Zombini ezi zizinto zinzima ngokwezobupolitika kunye nokufumana ixesha. Amaqela ephondo ajongene nomngcipheko wokucinezeleka kwawo kumthetho wokomfuziselo ongavelisi tshintsho olubonakalayo.

Umngcipheko wokufumana i-Conection nge-LDP

I-LDP inembali ende yokufumana iingcamango eziphumelelayo kunye nezopolitiko kumaqela amancinane. Sele, amanye amalungu e-LDP amkele ulwimi lwe-Ishin-style malunga “nozimele-kwendawo,” kwaye iqela liquke ezimbalwa zangaphambili ze-Ishin projectes kwimiqathango yalo. Ukuba i-LDP ibandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi eyaneleyo, ingasidambisa esona sizathu sokubakho kwamaqela equlethwe yingingqini.

Ikamva: Ngaba IJapan Ichanabeke Kakhulu?

Ukukhangela phambili, ukhuthuzo lwamaqela akwingingqi luzakuxhomekeka kwizinto eziliqela:

  • [[FLT: 0] Amandla ombane: Njengoko ukuhla kwabemi belali kunyuka, ubunzima bezobupolitika kwimimandla yedolophu enjenge Tokyo ne Osaka bungakhula, bungenza izibheno zommandla kwimimandla yasemaphandleni zingaphumeleli. Noko ke, i-clout yezoqoqosho yommandla weKansai inganika i-Ishin isiseko esizinzileyo.
  • iziphumo zenkqubo yorhwebo: Inkqubo exutyiweyo isathanda amaqela amakhulu kwithala lomelo lolwahlulo kodwa ivumela amaqela amancinane engingqi aphumelele kwimimandla enye. Ukuba i LDP iqhubela phambili utshintsho oluthe lwavela (njengoko abanye becetyile), ingajolisa ngabom izihlalo zengiselwano zengingqi.
  • Iimeko zezoqoqosho: Ukudodobala okude okugcina umahluko wengingqi ungaphembelela inkxaso engakumbi kumaqela akwingingqi, ngeli lixa ukuchacha ngamandla kunganciphisa ukunganeliseki.
  • uhlaziyo lweConstituanial: Ukuba ivoti yendalo yonke kumgaqo-siseko iyenzeka, amaqela engingqi angawufaka ulawulo lokuzilawula kwengingqi, amise amandla awo.

Umzekelo obonakala ukho ngowokuba amaqela akwingingqi aza kuqhubeka ekhula ngokutshayelela, ethatha izihlalo zikaDiet ezingama-30-50 kwaye edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezobupolitika ezidibeneyo. Aza kucinezela i-fiscal devolution kunye nolawulo, kwaye asenokukhuthaza isizukulwana esitsha seenkokeli zasekuhlaleni ezibona isikhundla sobuzwe njengelitye elinyathelayo kunokuba sibe lusukelo lokugqibela. Ngokwenjenjalo, babangela utshintsho oluchubekileyo kodwa lokwenene lweJapan ukusuka kwimo ephezulu ukuya kwi-injiko-diyolithiki ebanzi, idemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ukunyuka kwamaqela emimandla eJapan kukuphendula kwingxaki ezinzulu zezakhiwo , ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukuncipha kwamanani, nokuhla kwenkcubeko . Ukungalingani kwezithethe . Ukuba amaqela amakhulu esizwe ahlulekile ukufikelela kwidilesi efanelekileyo. Ngelixesha engakakulungeli ukwaphula i-LDP ekubambeni igunya, sele beguqule isandi sengxoxo yezopolitiko kwaye benyanzelela urhulumente ukuba acinge ukuba iinguqu ebezingenakucingela kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo. Ukuba athe azenze azenze ahlale ekwimeko eqinile yeqela okanye ahlala ekwijelo lokwexeshana elinokuxhomekeka ukuba angaguqulela njani izikhalo zobulali kwimpembelelo yesizwe. Kuba ngoku, bamele omnye wemikhosi enamandla enamandla yezopolitiko, unika umbono wenkqubo elungeleneyo nelungeleyo yezo nkonzo.