UHlaziyo lweSigqibo seshumi kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyisiseko seBhili yamaLungelo, enzelwe ukugcina ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Oku kuhlaziywa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, kuqinisekisa umgaqo wolawulo ngokuvakalisa ukuba onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga kumaphondo agcinelwe amaphondo okanye abantu. Eli nqaku linika uhlalutyo olunzulu loMphengululo weshumi, ukuqwalasela imvelaphi yawo embali, ukuvavanya iinkcazelo ezingundoqo zezomthetho, nokuhlola indima yayo eqhubekayo kwiingxoxo zamalungelo mazwe namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Imbali YoMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo

I-genesis yeSinyuso seshumi leSihlaziyo seshumi elinesijungqu ikwingxoxo enzulu yokudityaniswa kwenkululeko yobuqu yowe-1787-1788 emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko ububhaliwe ePhiladelphia. I-Anti-Federalist, kuquka amanani abalulekileyo anjengoPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason, waphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko unike urhulumente ophakathi ulawulo, amandla angenakucaciswa anokuthi athintele ulawulo lomntu kwaye asongele inkululeko yobuqu. Bafuna umthetho wamalungelo oza kumisela igunya elingurhulumente kunye nokhuseleko lwawo. Umkhosi wesizwe, ekuqaleni walwa noo-James Madison, walwa nomthetho, walwa nomthetho, ekwanjalo, ukukhusela ulawulo, uMadison uthembisa ukuzisa urhulumente owandula urhulumente omtsha.

Ngexesha leNgqungquthela yokuqala ngo-1789, uMadison wacebisa uthotho lwezindululo ezithatyathwe kwiindibano zephondo. Inqaku leshumi nelokugqibela leBhili yamaLungelo layilwa ukuphendula uloyiko oluzingisileyo lwamandla aphakathi. Ulwimi lwayo lwaphinda-phinda amagama eMiba yeNtlalo yeNtlalo-ntle kunye neNkomfa ye-Virginia i-Ratification's Intenganiso. Ngokugcina amandla angagunyaziswanga ngokomthetho kumaphondo okanye kubantu, uLawulo lweshumi loMphembelelo lufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ungomnye odwe ngokwemiqathango, olinganiselweyo.

Umbhalo Wohlaziyo Lweshumi Nentsingiselo Yalo

Umbhalo opheleleyo weSihlaziyo seshumi Lonyaka ufundeka ngolu hlobo:

"Amagunya awanikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinwe eUnited States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu.”

Kumqwalaseli wokuqala, ulwimi lubonakala lulula, kodwa ukutolikwa kwalo kubangele impikiswano enkulu. Intengiselwano ayivumi ukunika naliphi na igunya; kunoko, isebenza njengomthetho wolwakhiwo, ikhumbuza abatoliki ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi wolawulo kufuneka ulandelwe kwigunya elithile elikhethekileyo lombutho. Ikwavuma ukuba ulawulo olubini. /Amazwe agcina amandla awo angokwemvelo amapolisa kunye negunya lokulawula njengoko ebona ukuba afanelekile, logama bengawuchasanga umthetho osemthethweni okanye umGaqo-siseko. Ibinzana elithi “okanye kubantu” libonisa ukuba ekugqibeleni ulawulo luhlala kubemi, hayi kumaqumrhu karhulumente.

Ngaba “Imfundiso Yecawa” okanye Yimiqathango Engalawulekiyo?

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaluthatha uHlaziyo lweSiphendulo seshumi elinesine (1941) njengelithi “iSiphendu seNkundla” `intetho ekhutshwayo engasimiselanga amandla karhulumente ngaphezu koko akhankanyiweyo. Kulo mbono United States v. Darby[ [1941], iNkuMbuko yeNkundla yathiwa ukuba ukupheliswa kweNkulwa “kubeko kodwa isiqinisekiso esingazange sigcinwe sinikezelwe." Phantsi kwalo mbono, njengoko iBhunga elisebenzayo kumandla ayo agunyaziweyo (njengoMkhosi kaChokosomsla), isiHlukelo seshumi elineshumi lama-201) ayinikelanga sikhuselo ngenxa yolawulo. Noko ke, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elineshumi elinesithoba lamashumi amabini, iNkuqalisa ukuphinda kuphinda kungene ukutshintsha kwemithetho yemithetho yesivumelwano sesizwe.

Ukucaciswa Kwangaphambili Nokuvela Kwamandla Omanyano

Uvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu loMgaqo-siseko weSigqibo seshumi elinesiThathu soHlaliso lwafika Mcloch v. Maryland (1819). Ityala elibandakanyekileyo ukuba iKhomishini ingayigunyazisa na ibhanki yesizwe, kwaye zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo... azibekwanga kuluhlu lomthetho-siseko. INkundla enguJohn Marshall yaxhasa ibhanki njengendlela efunekayo nefanelekileyo yokubulala amagunya kwaye yabhengezwa ngokubanziswa ngodumo “umthetho, ide ibe phakathi komda womgaqo-siseko, kwaye zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo... ziwumgaqo-siseko. Inkundla igatya uMaryland igatya ukuzama ukurhaba ibhanki, igxininisa ulawulo oluphezulu phantsi kweSuprecmac Clausle. Ngoxa u-Destmentimentim weSimende , uluvo lweshumi lwawo lonke lomthetho wolawulo.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, uHlaziyo lweSindululo seshumi elinesithoba lwafeza indima elinganiselweyo. INkundla yayiseka kulo maxesha ukubetha imithetho karhulumente eyayihlasela ngokuthe ngqo amagunya karhulumente, njengakuManyano eUnited States v. DeWitt [1869], eyaye yaphelisa ukuvalwa kolawulo lwamagunya athile e-oyile. Kodwa intsingiselo exhaphakileyo yayikukukumanyaniswa kwemithetho yemfazwe yeSizwe, ingakumbi emva kokulwa kwemfazwe yoMphengululo ye-145, eyanika amandla eKhomishini ukunyanzela ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu nxamnye nesenzo sikarhulumente. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini amabini, amandla oshishino anwe ukuvumela ulawulo lwezoshishino, lweziporo, kunye nolwelo-mone, ishiya amalungelo ehlayo.

Ishishini Elitsha Notshintsho Lomanyano

IThe New Dec yeminyaka yee-1930 yalungisa ngokuphawulekayo ulungelelwano lwesizwe nolusemthethweni. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt yeenkqubo, ezinjengeNational Industrial Recevection Act kunye noMthetho we-Agricultural Lungisa uClaus, yatyhala imida yeNkundla yorhwebo ukulawula abathunywa bezorhwebo ngaphambili besuka kumazwe. [[FLT:]] Schechter Poult Corp. v. United States[FLT] [[FLT] [1935] [1935], iNkuNkuhlabela iNkundla yawisa phantsi i-NIRA njenge-NTS.[A], iNkundla engakwazi ukumelana nokuchasana nokungasetyenziswa kweSibethotho, nokungagunyazwa kwemithetho yezoburhulumente ye-A. Ngokunjalo, ngokunjalo, ku-United States/56]

Noko ke, emva kosongelo lwenkundla-yokuvala igosa kunye nothotho lwabathatha umhlala-phantsi, iNkundla yajika indlela. NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1937] [[FLT:]) kunye [FLT] United States--b. Darby [1941], iNkuvunywa kweNkundla yomthetho obanzi wempumlo wempumlo nomvuzo, ngokunelisa uwiseko lweshumi loMdanti njengomlinganiselo onentsingiselo. Kwisiqingatha se-century, i-andmentation ide kwisiqalo njengoko ulawulo lwayorhwebo, irhafuthelo, namalungelo oluntu ekhokelwa phantsi komgaqo womgaqo wolawulo olungurhulumente kufutshane kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwale Mihla KoMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo

Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1990, iNkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji eliPhakamileyo uWilliam Rehnquist yadwelisa ikhomishini entsha yorhulumente, ivuselela uMphengululo weSihlaziyo weSishumi njengesinyanzelo esinyanzelweyo somthetho. Izigqibo ezithathu ezibalaseleyo zibonisa oku kubuya kwakhona:

EUnited States v. Lopez (1995)

Ku iUnited States v. Lopez, iNkundla yawisa phantsi uMthetho weGunשFree School School, owathi wakwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ukuba ube nezixhobo zokudubula kufuphi nesikolo. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba umthetho wehla phakathi kweChwebing Clausle ngenxa yokuba umpu onxulumene nompu uchaphazela uqoqosho lwesizwe. Kwisigqibo, iNkundla yalandula loo mpikiswano, ibambe ukuba lo msebenzi “akukho nto unokuyenza ngezorhwebo” kwaye wawungalawulwangaqoqosho. Ukulawula kwaso kwabonisa ixesha lokuqala kwiminyaka engama-60 apho iNkuqulo yallulwonakalisa umthetho wezorhwebo ongaphezulu, kwaye kwaqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemithetho yezorhwebo.

Shicilelaz v. United States (1997)

Shicilelaz v. United States, iNkundla yaqwalasela ilungiselelo loMthetho wokuthintela uRhulumente woMkhosi woLawulo lweMpatho-mbimbini oBrady Handgun, owawufuna ukuba amagosa omthetho asekuhlaleni aqhube isiqalo sokuhlola abathengi bemipu. INkundla yathi urhulumente weshumi elineshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe uthintela urhulumente ukuba agunyaze alawule iinkqubo zolawulo. Umthetho karhulumente uAntoni Sciolia wagxininisa ukuba loo myalelo “uyintambo yokuphendula kwemipulphulo yezopoliti” kwaye usophula umgaqo wolawulo olumabini. Isigqibo sakhuthaza ingqibelelo karhulumente njengolawulo olwahlukeneyo.

Sebelius (202)

Ityala lakutshanje elibalulekileyo loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi leSizwe liyi- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, eyacel ’ umngeni uMthetho wokuLawulwa kweMzaliso oBalulekileyo. INkundla yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye phantsi kwamandla eBhunga arhabanisayo kodwa yaphelisa ucwangciso olusongela ukukhulula zonke iimali ze-Medicaid kumazwe ezazingavumi ukwandisa uMdicaid. IJaji eMphathi enguJohn Roberts, ebhala isithi isisongelo sokulahlekelwa yiMedicaid imali ekhoyo, imele isetyenziswe njenge-Impyutho-mali ekhoyo.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elitsha Nempikiswano Ngeshumi LoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo

Namhlanje, iSihlaziyo seshumi elinamashumi amathandathu sidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimbambano ezingonyango, imfundo, imithetho yemekobume, inkqubo yokufuduka neziyobisi.

Impilo

Ngaphaya kweAffordble Care Act, amaxwebhu acel ’ umngeni izindululo zikarhulumente eziphathelele iimfuno zomsebenzi weMedicaid, ukuqhomfa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zonyango. Amanye amazwe aye amisela ukutshintshisana ngempilo kunye neenkqubo zawo, athi anegunya phantsi koMgaqo-siseko weshumi ukulungiselela imigaqo-nkqubo ehambelana neemeko zasekuhlaleni. Ukupheliswa kwemithetho kukwaliwa kwemiqathango yorhulumente ekuthinteleni ukuqhomfa. Ngokomzekelo, njengoKhalifoniya neNew York, kumiselwe imithetho ekhusela ukuphuma kwesisunuko, ephikisa ukuba umthetho wezonyango ubekwe kumagunya awo agciniwe amapolisa.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

One of the most vivid Tenth Amendment battlegrounds is marijuana policy. Although marijuana remains a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law, more than 30 states have legalized it for medical or recreational use. Federal enforcement has generally deferred to state laws under the Obama‑era Cole Memorandum (later rescinded under the Trump administration) and subsequent guidance. State officials often invoke the Tenth Amendment to defend their legalization statutes, arguing that the federal government lacks the constitutional authority to force states to criminalize marijuana. The tension between state legalization and federal prohibition persists.

Inkcubeko eNyanga

Isixeko esingcwele kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente . "apho ulawulo lobulali lumisela intsebenziswano kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka kwengingqi yesizwe."Iingxoxo zeSixeko seSigxina se-Tenuth Amendment. iDown of Chicago v. (2088), isekethi yesixhenxe yemiqathango karhulumente eyagawula imfuno yolawulo lokuncedisa amagunya e-Rhulumente, ikhankanya imigaqo echasene nomyalelo wokungena emkhosini, ikhankanye i-yo kwimigaqo yemithetho echasene nolawulo [[FLT] [FLT]. Ngokufanayo, amatyala amaninzi aye athe athe awe urhulumente kwimigudu yorhulumente yokurhoxa lokurhoxa-mali kwizixeko, ethetha ukuba urhulumente eli-10 lomthetho wokukhupha umthetho wokugunyazisa ukuvo olugunyazwa komthetho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

I-Ceac Air Act ne-Clean Water Act idala uhlahlo-hle lweSinyuso seshumi loMphetho-mda. Ama-odolo anjengeTexas kunye neNtshona Virginia aye acel ’ umngeni imithetho ye-EPA elawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu, esithi urhulumente wezwe ungenelela kwimisebenzi yesithethe yombuso njengosetyenziso lomhlaba nombane. [[FLTLT:0]] West Virginia v. EPA [2022], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathintela igunya le-EPA lokukhupha imibhobho phantsi komgaqo we-Ceact, iqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba xa ifuna ukutshintsha umlinganiselo we-cook-mouse Act, i-Anglayensity i-mouse i-mouse i-morence

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo Nenkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Nangona uHlaziyo lweSihlaziyo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu lubandakanya isakhiwo sikarhulumente, impembelelo yaso kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye inzulu. Ngokuzigcina zinamandla kumazwe, ukubuyiselwa kudala ilebhu yedemokhrasi apho imigaqo eyahlukeneyo inokukhula khona, ibonakalisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni nezinto ezikhethwayo. Olu mahluko ungakhulisa inkululeko ngokuvumela abemi ukuba batshintshele kumagunya amithetho evumelana neenkolelo zabo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Anxamnye Nokufikelela Ngokugqithisileyo Kwebutho

Ngenxa yokuba amaphondo asondelelene nabantu, anokuba lukhuselo oluchasene nokungenelela kwenkululeko korhulumente. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo weshumi unika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokuba amazwe axhathise imiqathango karhulumente enokuthi iphazamisane nemithetho yobuqu. Umzekelo, urhulumente ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwamalungelo emipu, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nelungelo lobuqu ngokufuthi lungaphaya kwalawo alungiselelwe ngurhulumente. Ngokuchasene noko, amaphondo anamandla okwandisa amalungelo abantu ngaphandle kobuncinane borhulumente, njengoko kubonwa kwimithetho karhulumente elwalela ucalucalulo ngokwesini okanye ngokobudoda.

Ukukwazi Ukutshintshatshintsha Kwamalungelo

Imithetho efanayo yorhulumente evumela amatyala okwandisa inkululeko ikwayivumela imiqathango eyahluka-hlukeneyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukuthembela kuMphetho-mda weshumi wokukhusela isenzo sombuso kungawahlisa amalungelo asisiseko xa urhulumente ebeka imiqathango enokuthi uninzi lwesizwe lungalamkeli. Ngoko ke, ulwalamano lomntu ngamnye nokukhululeka luxhomekeke ekubeni omnye ucinga ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukuzikhetha njengenkululeko epheleleyo okanye njengenqwelo-moto enkulu.

Isiphelo

ISinyusi-Mpanzi seshumi sisengumthombo obalulekileyo nophikiswayo womthetho-siseko waseMerika. Ulwimi lwaso olulula noluhle luphikisa imbali entsonkothileyo yokutolika esuswe kufutshane ne-invisiso kulawulo olunamandla. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhubeka ichaza imida yegunya lesizwe, ukupheliswa kokungaphepheki kwento engenakuphephekiyo ethanda ukuthethwa ngonyango, inkqubo yayo yeziyobisi, ukufuduka, umgaqo wendalo. Kuba obafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi, beqonda iSinyuko seshumi soLawulo esiphezulu sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe, umanyano lwesizwe, kunye nenkululeko echaza ukulingeniswa kwemeko yaseMelika. Ukuchatshatshazwa kokuchasana akuyiyo inkqubo engafanelekanga kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuba impikiswano ngemeko ephakathi yorhulumente kunye nomgaqo-gqeqele.

Ukuqhubekeka kofundo, jonga iCunitution Anuted kuhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha, Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho lweNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ukwenzela ukushwankathelana kwetyala, kunye neprojekthi ye- i-Oyez yempikiswano yomlomo kunye neembono zezigqibo ezingundoqo zenkundla ephakamileyo.