Ingxolo yelitye eliphantsi lolawulo-demokhrasi, kodwa indlela eguqulelwa ngayo iivoti kwizihlalo okanye iiofisi ezijongene kakhulu neziphumo zobupolitika. Indlela eqhelekileyo ehlabathini lonke, eyokuqala-phambili yomthetho (FPTP), isoloko ivelisa iimpumelelo ezingaphantsi koninzi lwenkxaso, ishiya abaninzi abavoti bevakalelwa ukuba ukhetho lwabo lulahlwa kakubi, kwaye bangafumana iinkonzo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo. Kwimpendulo, umbutho okhulayo weminye iinkqubo zokuvota ezingcono nezivelisa iziphumo ezingcono. Eli nqaku lihlola iinkqubo ezininzi ezinjalo, ngojoliso olunzulu kwiRkidap Vocked Vover (RCV), kwaye lihlola iinzuzo zabo, iinzuzo, imingeniselo, kunye nezenzo zenkqubo zehlabathi.

Ukuqonda Umsebenzi Okhethekileyo

Ukukhetha Okukhethiweyo Okukhulu — okukwabizwa ngokuba yi-runoff votion (IRV) xa isetyenziswa kunyulo olukwi-winner enye — kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abatshayeli ngokwendlela yokukhetha: okokuqala, okwesibini, okwesithathu, njalo njalo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-FPTPPP, apho ukuphawula omnye kuphela kwenza naluphi na ukhetho olungekho semthethweni, i-RCV ivumela abavoti bakhuphe uthotho olupheleleyo lwezinto ezikhethwayo. Injongo kukuba bakhethe umvotisi oyalela uninzi lwevoti esebenzayo emva kokupheliswa, kuqinisekisa inkxaso ebanzi kunokuba i-injina nje ingabonelelwa.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Izixhobo Zokukhetha

Inkqubo ye-RCV isebenza kwimijikelo. Ngobusuku bonyulo, zonke iivoti zokuqala ze-choice zibaliwe. Ukuba umvoti ozamkela ngaphezulu kwe 50% kwezo zivoti zokuqala zechooti, bawina ngokuphandle. Ukuba akukho namnye ofikelelayo kulo mqobo, umvoti ngevoti yokuqala encinci etshayelelwayo iyasuswa. Ibhola yomnye umntu onokhetho olutsha ngoko idluliselwa kulowo ubhaloti olandelayo obekwe kwindawo esecaleni phakathi kwabo basahleli elugqatsweni. Le nkqubo iphinda iphinda — kushelwa kwevoti esezantsi evelisa i-injini ebomvu nevota ejikelezayo — de kube omnye umvoti ngamnye unoninzi weevoti kwisangqa sokugqibela.

Qwalasela umzekelo olula: abathathu abatshatiweyo — uAlice, uBob noCarol — babaleka bebonke. Uvoti 100,000 ziyaphoswa. Ungqukuva 1: Alice unamakhulu amane anamashumi amane anesine (42%), uBob uno-3 500 (35%), Carol uno-300, 23%). Akukho mninzi. Carol ukhutshiwe. Ku Caroli i-glottes 2,200, 1.1 Bob njengokhetho lwesibini noluhlu lwe-100 Alice. Ezi zongezwa kwisimbuku-o-Alice (473%) kwaye u-Bob une-4,000%) (47%). U-Alice u-Alice u-eye wazuza ngonyulo-4,1% kuphela lwevoti, kodwa phantsi kwe-RCV zingqinwe ukuba zixhaswe kanye izininzi zika-Carol providio.

Iingenelo Zokhetho Olunyuliweyo

Uphando namava abonisa iinzuzo eziliqela ezingundoqo ze-RCV:

  • Ulwaneliseko olukhulu lomvoti kunye neziphumo ezicuthayo ezithi zifumaneke. Ivota zingaxhasa intanda yabo yenene ngaphandle kokuxhalaba ukuba ivoti yabo iza kunceda ekunyuleni abazakuba bangenelela abancinane. Oku kunefuthe elikhulu kwimijaho eninzi apho umvoti oncinane angakhupha ivoti kumphini omkhulu phantsi kweFPTP — eyaziwa ngokuba “isiphumo se-opiler".
  • [ Isiqinisekiso sephulo elilungileyo. Kuba abatshakazi bafuna ivoti yesibini neyesithathu evela kubaxhasi babanye abatsha, bakhuselwe ukuba baphumeze amaphulo asekelwe kwimibandela kunokuba bahlasele abachasi. Iindlela ezingalunganga zibeka engozini yokuphambuka abavoti besibini.
  • Ezininzi iziphumo ezimeleyo. Abaphumeleli kunyulo lwe-RCV basoloko bexhaswa luninzi lwabavoti kumjikelo wokugqibela, hayi nje ubuninzi. Oku kunokunyusa igunya kunye nogunyaziso lwamagosa anyuliweyo.
  • Inkqubela yevoti. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba i-RCV corretates ngeqokobhe eliphezulu, ingakumbi kunyulo olungelulo lweparatis, njengoko abavoti bevakalelwa kukuba izinto ezikhethwayo ziboniswa ngokuchanekileyo.

Ugcino-lwazi olunzulu oluneenzuzo ze-RCV, umbutho ongeyoparati ukhupha iingxelo zonyaka kusetyenziso lwe-RCV kunye nolwaneliseko lovavanyo.

Ezinye iinkqubo zokuthutha ipetroli

RCV asiyonto yodwa ephuculiweyo kutshintsho lwezivoteli. Ezinye iinkqubo ezininzi zinika iindlela ezicacileyo zokufikelela kukhetho lovoti.

Ukuthunyelwa koMsebenzi

KuVunyiweyo Voting, abavoti bangakhetha (“ukuqinisekisa nge”) naliphi na inani labathathi-nxaxheba — omnye, okanye bonke — kunye nomntu oza kufumana imvume eninzi. Kulula ukuqonda nokubala; iibhola zingasetyenziswa ngesandla. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza abavoti ukuba baxhase iqela elibanzi labathathi-nxaxheba, elinokukhetha uvumelwano. Ukususela ekuthatheni kwabo iFargo, okanye bonke u-Mntla Dakota ngo-201818, u-Oncomond Voting usetyenziselwe kwikomishini yesixeko kunye novoti yebhodi yesikolo. Ufundo lwamashumi amabini20 luye lwe-EFLT. [[FLT:] Centreate yoLuvolu lufumanise ukuba kuFargo, consontscelot kwaye kuxelwe inkqubo encitshisiwe yalogo.

Ukugqabaza Ngenqaku

Inqaku licela abavoti ukuba balinganisele umvoti ngamnye kwisikali — umzekelo, u0 okanye u-0 ukuya ku-10 — kunokuba athathe isigaba okanye akhethe enye kuphela. Umba wesicelo onenani eliphakamileyo (okanye umlinganiselo wenqaku) uphumelele. Le ndlela ivumela abavoti ukuba bachaze ubunzulu bokhetho, hayi nje kuphela. Abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba abavoti bangafumana iziphumo ezithe ngqo ngenxa yezinto abazithandayo nabathobeli kwabanye, kodwa baphikisa ukuba yenye yezona nkqubo zichazayo. Ezinye imfaniso zenzululwazi yezobupolitika zicebisa i-Spoting ziveza iziphumo ngolwaneliseko oluphezulu. Isetyenziswa kunyulo lweenkokeli ezimbalwa zentlangano kwaye iqwalaselwa kwezinye izixeko.

Iindlela Zoburhwebi

Iindlela ze Condorcet ziyintsapho ezijongene nothelekiso oluntlukwano. “Umvuzo wekhomputha yekhoncothithi-'.' ngumbangi onokuthi woyise bonke abanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwintloko-ntloko yokudibana. Phantsi kwendlela ye Conncortet, ukuba ukhona, baphumelele. Ukuba akukho mnqophi we Condorcet ofumana iziphumo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“Compertiant"), intlobo- ezininzi zeqhina elisetyenziswayo — njenge Rhanked Millines okanye indlela ye-Schulze. Ezi ndlela zinconywa ngokubanziswa kakhulu ngabavoli bomntu ophumeleleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele wamkelekile; zisetyenziswa ngamanani eenye, kuquka neWmediacted Forcepy forception. Kwindlela yokuchaza ulwazi olunzulu, [5]

Ulwandiso Lwesithinteli

STAR (Score Kwangoko i- Runoff ezenzekelayo) yi-vadtive yenqaku kunye ne-Puarly Runoff. Abathathi-mvosi ngamnye abathathi-nxaxheba abakwinani elipheleleyo elisuka ku 0 ukuya ku 5. Abathathi-nxaxheba abakwinani eliphezulu elipheleleyo lenani elipheleleyo kwintshukumo ezenzekelayo jikelele; kulo mjikelezo ngamnye, umvoti ngamnye obekiweyo phakathi kwezibini ufumana uvoti. Umvoti kunye nenkoliso yemiboniso yeswana ebalekayo. THAR idibaniswe kwisiqinisekiso sonyuso sonyulo sobulali. Isetyenziswa kwinani elincinane lokhetho lwasekuhlaleni kwaye ikhuthazwa yimibutho efana ne [[FLT: 0]

Name

Kwindlela yeBorda Count, abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye neengongoma zinikwa ngokusekelwe kwisikhundla — umzekelo, ukhetho lokuqala lufumana nn [apho n[[FLT]] n n [[iiinani] lenani labahlohli, 2 [iiinani] lifumana n [[FLT], njalo njalo-njalo. Umbangiselwano kunye neencam ezininzi ziphumelela. uBorda usetyenziswa kukhetho lwepalamente (umz., Nauru, Slovenia) nakunyulo lwabaphathi beengingqi ezininzi. Noko ke, luchaphaza ekusebenziseni kwento esezantsi apho i-Foctivesting [[FLD]], ubuthathaka obuthelelanee.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

STV yenzelwe izimini ezininzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana inani (inani elincinane leevota ezifunekayo ukuphumelela kwisihlalo). Abagqitha umlinganiselo banyulwe, kwaye ivoti eziseleyo zithunyelwa kwizinto ezikhethwayo ezilandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka, ngokususa, de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. I-STV iqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo wolwandiso — iqela elenza, ithi, 30% yabavoti (noluhlu olukhethekileyo) lunganyulwa malunga nama-30% eezihlalo. Isetyenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe lwe-Ostreliya kwiNkanunu kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni kwi-Ireland nakutsha kwe-Ireland. [[FLT:] i-Eququququze umgangatho wotshintsho [FFFFF:1]

Uphando lwetyala: Iinkqubo ezizezinye eziqheliselwayo

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezixhobo Zokukhetha EUnited States

ISan Francisco iye yasebenzisa i-RCV ukulungiselela ii-ofisi zesixeko ukususela ngo-2009, kwaye abavoti basoloko benikela ingxelo yolwaneliseko oluphezulu nolwaneliseko. Ngo-2022, i-San Francisco yavota yavunywa ukuba yandise i-RCV kunyulo lwequmrhu lesikolo. Minneapolis kunye neSt Paul, Minnesota, iye yasebenzisa unyulo lukamasipala ukususela ngo-2009 kunye no-202020, iYunivesithi yeMinneso ifumanise ukuba i-RCV yandisa iinfaktha yaza intelligrafiki yaza kwaye yanciphisa izibhengezo ezingalunganga. Maine waba lizwe lokuqala lokuchola i-RCV elisetyenziswa kunyulo lwe-RCCCC.

Ukunconywa Kwezinto EFango

UFango, umNtla Dakota, wamkelelwa iVumelwano Voting ngo-2018 ngenxa yonyulo lwayo oluphezulu kunye nonyulo lwayo oluqhelekileyo lwequmrhu lesixeko kunye nebhodi yesikolo. Ngokwengxelo yama-2022 evela kumalathisi wesixeko, umvoti kwisixeko saseFargo's uvote unyuswe iingcambu ezilishumi xa zithelekiswa nenkqubo yangaphambili. Inani labaza kubhaptizwa lanyuka, kwaye zonke iintlanga zagqitywa ngenkoliso yeemvume — akukho lunyulo olubalekayo olwalufuneka, kulondolo iindleko zolawulo lwesixeko. Uphando olwaqhutywa ngabaphengululi kwiYunivesithi yaseDuke lwafumana inkxaso enkulu phakathi kweFargovti.

Ukuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu e - Eugene, eOregon

Ngo-2021, isixeko sase-Eugene, e-Oregon, safumana umlinganiselo webhola yokuvota i-STAR Voting ukwenzela unyulo lwesixeko. Nangona umlinganiselo ungazange uphumelele, wawaxhasa 48%, wanika uphawu lomdla okhulayo. Abameli be-STAR Voting babonisa amandla enkqubo okuvelisa abaphumeleleyo ngenkxaso ebanzi ngelixesha bephepha ukuntsonkotha kokuvota. Okwangoku, isixeko se-#CoralGables, Florida, sicinge ukuba i-STRAR Voting kwinkqubo yayo yokuhlola irekhotha.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Eny ’ Ingxaki Yokusebenza

Phezu kwako nje ukungenelwa kwayo, iinkqubo zokuvota ezingephi zijamelene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni nasekuzalisekiseni ulwamkelo.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokuqonda Izinto

Abavoter abaqhelane nokuphawula omnye umvotelwa banokufumana abatsha abathenjiweyo abaphezulu okanye babalinganisele ngesikali bedida. Iimpazamo ezithi baluke — njengokugxumeka amanani aphezulu, ukuphakamisa omnye kabini, okanye ukusebenzisa ngaphezulu kophawu olunye kuluhlu olunye — zingawanciphisa amacandelo omvote. Kunyulo lokuqala lwe-RCV yeSan Francisco, malunga nesihlanu se-5% seebholaot eziqulathe izijungqu ezingaphezulu okanye ii-pasenti ezinokuthi zinganyuswa. Imikhankanyo yemfundo kunye neplani ecacileyo yebhola yomsonto inganciphisa ezi miba, kodwa kufuneka utyalo. Unobhala welizwe we-RCVC waqalisa inkqubo epholileyo phambi kokhetho lokuqala, kuquka iibhola, iividiyo, neentlanganiso zedolophu, eziye zanceda ukunciphisa iimpazamo.

Usetyenziso lobuchule nobuchule

Ii-colot ezilinganiswe ngokwemiba zifuna i-software kunye nezixhobo ezikwaziyo ukuphatha imijikelo ejikelezayo yonikezelo lwevoti. Abarhwebi abaninzi bomatshini bokuvota banika iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ze-RCV, kodwa imikhosi yamandla ingafuna ukunyuswa kwe-irnboloti okanye izivumelwano. Iimithetho ezilawulayo ezincinci zingafumana amaxabiso athintelayo. Ngaphezu koko, ulwalamano lweminye yemithetho yokwaphula i-algorithi yemida (umz., kwiindlela zokuvota) zinganyusa inkxalabo yokubonisa ukukhanya. Ukukhakhakha-kha-khakha-kha-kha-khakha-khathi oluneyo lwemiqatha lwemivolo enkulu alusebenzi, ngoko ukuxhomekeka kobugcisa kunyusa imfuneko yenkqubo yophicotho olungqongqo njengocalulo olunjengoluxa lokuphisa ucalu.

Ukuchaswa Kwezobupolitika

Amaqela aneziqu eziphambili adla ngokuluxhathisa utshintsho lovoto kuba i-FPTP ilondoloza inzuzo yabo. Abo bangenelwayo kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo okanye i-suopoly basenokukujonga naluphi na utshintsho njengesisongelo. Kwi-United Kingdom, i- 2011 i-arhentem ekuthatheni i-Othermpect Vote (AV) — uhlobo lwe-RCV — bahlulwa ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba i-Conservative Par bathenwa ngokunzima ngokuchasene nayo. Ngokufanayo, kwi-U.S., i-RCV ephambili iye yachasa i-RCV kumazwe afana no-Alasko noMaine, nangona imigudu yokuyiguqula emva kokuba ikhuselwe ekuyifumene emva kokumkeliswa kwayo iye yangaphumeleli.

Ijelo loMgaqo-nkqubo weMidlalo

Akukho nkqubo yokuvota egqibeleleyo egonyelwe ngokufanelekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo. Phantsi kwe-RCV, abavoti bangakhetha “kubuthume” umntu obekelwe umtshatisi owesibini ngokumphakamisa ngaphantsi kwalowo uthe wabhaptizwa ukunceda umgangatho wokuqala. Kwinqaku Lomntu, abavoti banganika intabalala egqithisileyo ukuze bafumane impembelelo. Iindlela zokuvota zingaba buthathaka ku“mchaphazelo wokufakelwa kwemiqhatha” — ukongeza abathathi-nxaxheba ababuthathaka bangenza imijikelelo etshintsha iziphumo. Ngoxa obu bungasetyenziswangachananga, inkoliso yabavotiscio yevoti ithetha ukuba inyani inyani enyanisweni ichazwa kakuhle.

Ikamva Lenkqubo Yokusasaza

Umgudu wolunye ulungiso lovotelo unamandla kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngonyaka wama-2025, ngaphezu kwama-50 ezixeko kunye nama-50 e-United States asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-RCV kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, kwaye ngaphezu kweshumi elinesibini lamazwe azimisele ukuqwalasela umthetho ukuvumela okanye ukugunyazisa okanye ukugunyazisa ezinye iinguqu. Ukwanda kwamanyathelo okuguqula i-odoli kunye nemibutho yabemi — efana “noMthetho Wokukhetha iVoter ... kumaphondo amaninzi — kubonisa umnqweno okwandayo wonyulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka budlala indima. I-software yokuvota evulekileyo kunye namandla ophicotho-zincwadi anyusiweyo enza kube lula ukuzalisekisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ngaphandle kokuthembela kubathengisi abathengisa nge-asethi. Inkqubela kwimfundo ye-intanethi (umz., iimfaniso ze-collet zomvoti) zinceda abavoti basebenze kakuhle kwaye zigxininise phambi kokubetha imiboniso.

Ehlabathini lonke, amazwe anjenge-Ostreliya (asebenzisa iSTEV kwiNdlu yayo yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu) kunye ne-Ireland (i-STV kunyulo lweDáil) anamashumi eminyaka amava angendlela elunye ukhetho, anika inkcazelo ende ngeziphumo zayo kumelo, umvoti, kunye nozinzo lukarhulumente. Le mizekelo inika izifundo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe acinga ngotshintsho.

Isiphelo

Ezinye iinkqubo zokuvota — ukusuka kwiRinked Office to Star to Star — ziyakwazi ukwenza unyulo lube luhle ngakumbi, lube nentsingiselo engakumbi, lubonise ngakumbi izinto ezikhethwa ngabanyuli bokwenyaniso. Ngoxa kusekho ucelomngeni lobuntsonkothileyo, indleko, kunye nokuxhathisa kwezobupolitika, ubungqina obukhulayo obuvela kwimisebenzi yehlabathi lokwenene bubonisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zinokunyusa ulwaneliseko nokuthatha inxaxheba, zinciphisa ukulwamkelele, zivelise iimpumelelo ngenkxaso yokwenene. Njengoko abemi ehlabathini lonke befuna ukuxhaswa ngolawulo-demokhrasi, ukuvavanya nokusetyenziswa kobugqhinga obukhoyo obubonisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zinokuphuculwa kobugcisa kodwa zingenza ulungiso olungundoqo kwimpilo ye-demokhrasi.