Yintoni Ingcamango Yantlandlolo?

Ukwenziwa komthetho-siseko yingcamango ecacileyo: umGaqo-siseko kufuneka usetyenziswe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo yentsingiselo yombhalo womGaqo-siseko ekuqondeni kwabo bawamkelayo. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, iye yaba yenye yezona ndlela zinempembelelo nezilwayo eMelika zokubonakalisa imilinganiselo yale mihla. Ingcamango engundoqo icacile: uMgaqo-siseko kufuneka usetyenziswe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo yoluntu, . Ngokuchasene nokuba ulutshixe uhlanga kwizithethe eziphelelwe lixesha kwaye ungayikhathaleli inkqubela.

Imvelaphi Yemfundiso Yobuxoki

UbuGawula-siseko bale mihla bavela kwiminyaka yee1970 kunye nee-1980 njengentsabelo ngokuchasene nokumiselwa kwemithetho yephondo laseWarren nelaseBurger Court. Abaphengululi bomthetho abanjengoRobert Bork noJaji Antonin Scalia bayixhasa intanda-bulumko, bephikisa ngelithi abagwebi abatolika umGaqo-siseko ngokulula ngemilinganiselo ethambekileyo babebeka ityala labo lobuqu. Injongo yokuqala ijolise kwizinto abazithandayo. Nangona “intsingiselo yangaphambili ihlola indlela umbhalo owawuqondwa ngayo nguwonke wonke umntu kwiphondo. I-Caltaria ithelekelele kwiNkundla ephakamileyo ngo-1986.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuyila Kubaluleke Namhlanje

Kwixesha lobuzwe obukhulu bezobupolitika, ubuGqaba bunika ubuchule bobundilele kunye nokunamathela kumthetho osisigxina. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yangoku. ukusuka [ku-[FLT] .Heller [2008] kwiSindululo sesibini [ku-Simplition se ] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) [2022] ngokuqhomswana ngokukhupha i-liconstism [incodown's jove kusini okanye endaweni yoko kuncincane. Ukuqonda amandla entandabulumko nokulinganiselwa kwayo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na olandela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukuyila Nokukhulula Okungqalileyo Umntu Ngamnye

Ulwalamano phakathi kobuqaqawuli nenkululeko luntsonkothile. Abameli bagxininisa ukuba ukunamathela kwintsingiselo yokuqala kukhuseleko ngokuqinisekisa ukuba yiloo nkululeko kuphela efumana ukhuseleko olucacileyo okanye epheleleyo ngabaseki bezo zixhobo. Abaququzeleli baxhalatyiswa kukuba le ndlela isenokushiya amaqela angenakhuseleko echanabeke kwinginyami ephambili. Ngelilandelayo, sihlolisisa indlela ubuGaqo-siseko obuye basetyenziswa ngayo kwinkululeko esisiseko.

Inkululeko Yokuqala Yokwenziwa Kohlaziyo

Ingcaciso yoqobo yoMphetho wokuqala idla ngokugxininisa injongo yawo engundoqo: ukukhusela intetho yezobupolitika kunye nokuqhelisela unqulo kwinqanaba kunye nokusekwa kukarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, abalandeli bembali baye baxhasa ngokuqhubekayo ukukhusela okunamandla kwezopolitiko ngenkululeko, kwanaxa intetho ingathandwa. [ [[Fluright:0] I-Conflective Commission [v v]. i-Foctal Confective [[FL:1]] [2020:0]], iNkube ikhombathiswe ngokwezi yoqobo ngezizathu ezithelekelele iinjongo ze-yopolitiki, ibeke imidanganiso yemali ezimeleyo, ibambe intelekele intelekele intelekelelo yemali, iinvo yonqulo okanye i-intanethi yonqulo olungaphakathi.[5]

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini nelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo ibonakalisa impembelelo yobuGawulayo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngaphezu koMphetho wesiBini. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amashumi, imbono eyaziwayo yayiyokuba ukulungisa kwakukukuba imvelaphi epheleleyo ekhuselekileyo kuphela nelungelo elidibene nenkonzo yomkhosi. I-Digalient of Columbia v. [2008] [iNkuvukelo ePhakamileyo] [2008], iNkuNkuNkundlelo ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa indlela yolwazi oludala yembali yendalo, ngokusondeleyo imbali imbali yembali yemvelaphi yembali, , ivavanyanze imvelaphi yolo lwexesha lokuqalisa kunye neyongalo. [ngendlela enjalo, i-Roctivest , i-R.[2]

Amalungelo Obuqu Nenkululeko Engathintelwanga

Inkxalabo ebalulekileyo phakathi kobuGqibeshela-budala kunye nenkululeko yabantu ivela kwindawo yemfihlo kwaye ebizwa ngokuba “amalungelo”. UmGaqo-siseko awukhankanyi ilungelo eliqhelekileyo lokuba wedwa, kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yalamkela elinye phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo ye 1450th Amend Amend Amendment, ukubeka izigqibo ezifana v. Ukungavumelani nentsingiselo yendlela yobuqu. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [12] kunye [FLT:] no-3] INkuQumrhu Eliphantsi lenkqubo esezantsi.[2] i-Hodgenston [[[FLT] [3]) kuphela iinskeyinqobo ekhoyo yentlalo, xa kusetyenziswa iinkozoburhulumente, iinqobo yakhanyela iinswa yimeko ekhoyo, ingqwala inkquluento yemeko engundoqo yemeko ephantsi yantland, ingulomoduso ingulogosalwayonga, ingatsho isithi isithi isithi isithi i

Ukugxekwa KobuGcisa

Ukugxeka okuqhelekileyo kuvela kwiindidi eziliqela.

Ingxaki “Efileyo"

Ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko imiswe ekudityanisweni, kutheni idemokhrasi yexesha elinye ifanele ibotshwe ziimbono zeqela elincinane labantu abafa kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo? Abahlalutyi bathi ubukho bantlandlolo bulingana nokulawula kwabafileyo, ukutyeshela isibakala sokuba umGaqo-siseko wenzelwe ukutshintshwa nokuchazwa ngokulula. Abalandeli besithethe baphendula ngokuthi le nkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ilungiselela indlela yokutshintsha, kwaye ukuthembeka kumbhalo wokuqala yiyo esemthethweni yokuhlola okufanelekileyo kwindawo yokuqala. Noko ke, ubunzima obusebenzayo bokuguqula umGaqo-siseko (*) ngeminyaka engama-230 kuphela. Abathathi baphendula le ngxaki ibangela ukuba ukuxinezeleka kwengxaki engathi kukungasese, impahla, impahla, kunye nokulingana kweempawu zobufana nezobufana.

Intsingiselo Yokuqala

Singaqiniseka njani ukuba sazi oko “intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yokuqala” yelungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko? Ubungqina bembali busoloko bungaqondakali, bungaqondakali, okanye bungangqinelani. Umzekelo, intsingiselo yantlandlolo yesiqalo sesi-2 sokuHlaziya iMilitia (“Indlela elungeleleneyo elungele ukulawulwa kakuhle, ukuba iyimfuneko kukhuseleko lukaRhulumente okhululekileyo...”) ibingumbandela wengxoxo yengqingqwa eshushu yembali. Ngokufanayo, uGaqo-mendo lweshumi elinesine lokukhupha impepho okanye ukukhusela” kunye“ nenkqubo yendlela yokuqala eqondwa ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukuyila Nenkqubela Engokwentlalo

Mhlawumbi okunamandla kwezobupolitika kukugxeka okuphambili kwezentlalo. Amalungelo angazange abonwe ngabaququzeleli benkqubo yokuthintela ukukhawula, ukutshata ngaphaya kwemida yohlanga, okanye ukufikelela emtshatweni omnye, aye aqwalaselwa yiNkundla kamva phantsi kwengqiqo yezobuhlanga. [[FLT:]] Oberge wawehlela [, uluvo lukaJaji Kennedy lolwano lwenkululeko yokuthintela inzala. Abathathi bobuhlanga baphikisane noluvo lokuba ukulingana kumele kugqitywe yimithetho. Abagxeki bento yokuba isiqalo simele sixhase i-like i-livrea intsingiselo yasekuqaleni yenjongo yomthetho, ingaqondwangaqondwangaqondwanganqandwanga isikolo, njengemfundiso eyahlukeneyo yokwahlukeneyo kwimfundiso [Fokn].[2][3]

Ukuqala Kwenkulungwane yama - 21: INkundla Neempikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Inkcazo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo engomelelayo ngoku ithetha ngoku ngokunzulu. Oku kuqukelele ukuvuselelwa kweqela lamandulo uClarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorfo, Brett Kanaugh, kunye noAmy Coney Barrett. Iimbono zabo zisoloko zibandakanyeka kuhlalutyo olunzulu lwembali lombhalo wezomGaqo-siseko kunye nomongo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuvuselweni kwakhona kweqela le-jurisprudeficity kwimimandla engaphaya kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho namalungelo ompu. Umzekelo, iNkundla iye yamkela ukuqiqaqa kwasekuqaleni ukucalula ukucinga okubandakanya amagunya, ukwahlukana kwamandla, kunye negunya lokulawula. Ukugxininisa kwimbali yembali kunye nombhalo kushukuphelo lweNkulelo lweNkulwano lwezinzo entle kwimithetho ekhuthathsayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Nemida Yokuyila

Olunye ucelomngeni olucinezelayo lobuGawulayo bexesha lama-21% kumsebenzi wobuGcisa. UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ngomnatha we-intanethi, icell phone, okanye ukujongwa kwamanani. I-Crediation kufuneka igqibe ukuba ingawusebenzisa na umgaqo wombhalo ngokulandelelana, ngokomzekelo, ukuba yintoni umgaqo weSine Solawulo othintelayo “ophando olungenangqiqo kunye nokuxhuzula” okuthenjiswayo okuthethwayo ngo1791 kwaye ngoko ukwandisa loo buchule kugcino-lwazi lwangoku, okanye ukulwa nomthetho we-mgaqo-siseko. IJajitha ekwayo ikhuthaza ukuba i-Gaqo-ssc i-sciom ejongenel' intsingiselo yantla yamalungelo kwaye isebenzisa umo omtsha ngaphandle kokukhuphisa imigaqo phantsi kwemigaqo. Abagxeki abachani baphikisayo banokuthi bave iziphumo ezingenabungozi, njengoko benika amandla karhulumente ukuba baqokelelengqwane ngenxa yezambutho.

Ukuyila Noluvo Lwasekuhlaleni

Ukunyuka kobuGawulayo kukwayiguqula kwakhona indlela yokuchaza imeko yezobupolitika. Ngoku abameli bale komiti bachaza ngokucacileyo iziphumo ezikhusela inkululeko yabo kuhlobo lokuqala. Oku kukhupha imikhosi yoluntu kusebenza njengomgcini-sango, kukhuthaza abaza kuqalisa ukwenziwa kwemiqathango. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuphanda kucebisa ukuba uninzi lwamaMelika alukufaki phambili ukumiselwa phambili kwendlela yokuchaza ezinye iindlela, ngokufuthi luxhasa iziphumo ezikhusela inkululeko ethile kumgangatho wendlela yokuziphatha. Oku kubangela uxinzeleleko phakathi kwejaji: abagwebi bokuqala bangazixhasa izigqibo ngeziphumo zemali ezingathandwayo (umz., ukugatya imiqathango yemiqathango yemiqathango yemali okanye amalungelo okuqhoxa) kuba bekholelwa ukuba kumiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko, ngaphandle komvo wasekuhlaleni.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukukhusela Nokuphucula Ubukho Bemvelaphi

Abaxhasi bobuNqanam baphikisa ngelithi intanda-bulumko ayimi ndawonye kodwa iyakwazi ukuphuculwa. Zininzi iindlela eziye zavela ukwenzela ukuba ubuGqaba bube bomelele ngakumbi kwaye bukhusele inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukugxininisa Inkqubo Yokuhlaziywa

Izazi zoqobo zingakhomba kwindlela yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko njengesithuthi esifanelekileyo sokwandisa amalungelo. Umzekelo, uMphengululo we-19 (unyaka wabafazi) kunye noMphengululo wama-26 (unyaka we-18) ubonisa ukuba abantu bangawuhlaziya umGaqo-siseko xa kukho imvo ebanzi. Iingcali zendalo ziphikisa ukuba abagwebi abafunda amalungelo amatsha kumbhalo omfutshane wenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ucelomngeni luthi ukupheliswa kwendlela yedemokhrasi kunzima kakhulu, kufuna ukuba inkcaso encotsheni neyakhiweyo yamaphondo amathathu anesine.

Ukusasazeka Nokungaqiqiyo

Abanye abaphengululi boqobo bahlule phakathi “kobuOlderism” (ethi ngokungqongqo ihambelane nolindelo olungqalileyo lwabaseki) kunye“ nolutsha loqobo” (olubhekiselele kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yemigaqo jikelele). Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko so“kukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho” singasetyenziswa kwiimeko zangoku ngaphandle kokuphikisa intsingiselo yayo yokuqala, ngoko kude kube ixesha elide xa umgaqo wokulingana uhlonelwa, nokokuba abasunguli ngokwabo bengalindelanga ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulwalamano olufanayo. Lo mGaqo-siseko obhetyekileyo unganika indlela yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngexa usachasayo intsingiselo yayo yasekuqaleni.

Ukuqala Kwabo Ukwabelana Nabanye

Ngokwesiko, ubuBhodi bunqabile ukusebenza bodwa. Kwanabagwebi abaququzeleli bobudala baxhomekeke kwimizekelo, ukuqiqa, kunye nezibheno kwiziphumo zolawulo lwabo. Beqonda oku, abanye abaxhasi bajonge “kwi-plural” ngendlela echaza intsingiselo yokuqala njengendawo yokuqalisa kodwa bavumela ezinye izixhobo zokutolika zokongeza xa umbhalo udidekile. Le ndlela inokuba londoloza amandla obukho bendalo ngelixa bephepha iziphumo zayo ezinzima. Kwangaxesha linye, abagxeki balumkisa ukuba iindawo zokuhlala ezininzi zinokuphazamisa ubukho bakuqala bophawu lwayo oluchazayo.

Isiphelo: Ubuntsundu Nokhuseleko Lwenkululeko Ngenkulungwane Entsha

Ingxoxo engobukho bantlandlolo ayinakuconjululwa. Njengoko i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni lwenoveli olusuka kuvavanyo lwe-algorithism ukuya kutsho kubuchule bokucacisa i-algorithism (indlela yokuchaza eyahlukileyo) esetyenziswa ziinkundla iza kubumba umlinganiselo wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokwezizukulwana. Inkxalabo yoqobo inika uzinzo, inyanzelo, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa ikwanomngcipheko wokubeka uhlanga kwizinto zakudala ezingathethi ngokucacileyo kwiimeko ezikhoyo. Eyona ndlela ithembisayo isenokuba bubukho obudala obuya kuvuma imfuneko yokuqiqaqaqa imbali xa iqhubeka isenza imigaqo esisiseko. Ekugqibeleni, ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yabantu kwinkulungwane yama-21 ayizukuxhomekenga kwintandabulumko enye, kodwa kubulumko, ukuthobeka, nokuthembeka kwabo basebenzisa igunya lokugweba.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuGaqo-siseko, bona iZiko loMgaqo-siseko wohlanga , iSCOUSBOLY[, kunye [[FLT]] ne [FLT] Vanderbilt Leact Learch [[FLT:] ungxulumaniso lweqela lwezomthetho lwezoqobo [[FLT:]]. [FLT], ngokwee, [FLT:] inikeza umahluko wohlobo lwe Borgotk kunye [FLT:] kunye [FLT] ne[FLT:] iYunivelive yeqela leqela lesizwe yeNguqulelo yexesha elizayo [FT:]