Kuyintoni Ukukhululwa Kwabemi Ngomthonyama?

Inkululeko yamakhaya ngamalungelo asisiseko nenkululeko ekhusela abantu ekungeneleni okugqithisileyo korhulumente. Ziziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni ezikuvumela ukuba uthethe ingqondo yakho, uqhelise ukholo lwakho, uhlanganisane nabanye, kwaye uphile ngaphandle kokuphazamisana ngokungeyomfuneko nesizwe. Le nkululeko isoloko ibekwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, irekhodi yamalungelo, okanye izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe. Ingcamango ibuyela kumaphepha afana neMagna Carta (1215), iBhili yamaLungelo lesiNgesi (1689), kwaye, eyona inempembelelo enkulu, iUnited States Bill of Rights (1791), namhlanje, iSindululo Seencwadi SeeMaslonke Samalungelo Abantu (1791), inikeza inkqubo yehlabathi lonke.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula inkululeko yabemi kumalungelo abantu. Ukukhululeka kwabemi kukukhusela kwisenzo sikarhulumente ``inkululeko yokuthetha' okanye ilungelo lokuzimela. Kwangaxeshanye, amalungelo oluntu, kwelinye icala, ziimbopheleleko ezifanelekileyo kurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo nokuthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, unqulo, okanye ezinye iimpawu. Zombini ezi ntlobo ziyimfuneko, kodwa eli nqaku libhekisa kwinyathelo-ngendlela yokuqonda nokukhusela inkululeko yakho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhulula Kwamakhaya

Inkululeko yoluntu ayiyonto ithile; yindawo engundoqo yebutho labantu abakhululekileyo nabalawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Nasi isizathu sokuba ibaluleke kangaka:

  • Bakhusela inkululeko yabantu kwimiqathango karhulumente. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yabemi, urhulumente unokuthintela ukungavumelani, ukuvukela uqheliselo lonqulo, okanye ukukhangela amakhaya ngaphandle kwesizathu. Le nkululeko yenza ikhusi kumntu ngamnye, iqinisekisa ukuzilawula nesidima.
  • Bakhuthaza idemokhrasi kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu. Inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuhlanganisa, nokucela urhulumente ivumela abemi ukuba bathethe, bagcine iinkokeli zinoxanduva, kwaye bavote ngaphandle koloyiko. Idemokhrasi ephilileyo ixhomekeke kule nkululeko ikhuselwe ngokuxhotyiswe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Baqinisekisa okusesikweni nokulingana kwibutho labantu. Amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo (njengelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, ukumeliswa okusemthethweni, kunye nokhuseleko ekuzibekeni ngokwalo ---enzame ze zikhusele umthetho. Baqinisekisa ukuba kwanabona bantu babuthathaka baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kwenkqubo esemthethweni.

Xa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni iphela, ibutho labantu liphela liyabandezeleka. Imbali ibonisa ukuba urhulumente olawula ngenkohlakalo uqala ngokuhlasela le nkululeko. Ukuzimela nokuzibophelela kubalulekile ukuze ilondolozwe.

Inyathelo 1: Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Ulwazi lumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Phambi kokuba ukhusele inkululeko yakho yasekuhlaleni, kufuneka uqonde oko zikuko nendlela ezisebenza ngayo kuwe. Ilizwe ngalinye linokhuseleko lwalo olusemthethweni, kodwa lininzi ulwabelana ngemigaqo efanayo. EUnited States, iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kwenza umqala wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukukhululeka Okuphambili Kwabemi EUnited States

  • [[NTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha. IsiHlalisi sokuqala sikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuchaza iingcamango, kwanezo zingeyomfuneko okanye ezo zidityanisiweyo, ngaphandle kohlalutyo lukarhulumente. Oku kuquka intetho yezobupolitika, ubugcisa, kunye nezenzo zomfuziselo ezifana neflegi etshayo. Noko ke, iindidi ezithile "ezithi ziphenjelelwe kugonyamelo, ukunyeliswa, nokuhlanjalazwa, kunye nokuhlaziswa kwezononezo.] INkundla Ephakamileyo yeBrandenburg v. Ohio (1269) imisele ukuba intetho inokuthintelwa ukuba “ingamele ukukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa isenzo solwaphulo mthetho esisondeleyo.”
  • Inkululeko yonqulo. IsiHlanzi soMgqibo sokuqala siqulathe amacandelo amabini: ukumiselwa kuka-Claus (urhulumente akanakuseka unqulo) kunye ne-Free Expressifice (uyakwazi ukusebenzisa unqulo lwakho ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente). Oku kuvumela ulwahluka-hlukene-hlukeneyo lweenkolelo nezenzo, ukusuka ekuyeni icawa ukuya kwimpahla yonqulo, logama nje bengangqubanisi imithetho yobundilele yobundilele.
  • Inkululeko yoxinaniso. Ukucofa okukhululekileyo kusebenza njengesixhobo sokugada kumandla karhulumente. IsiHlaliso sokuqala sithintela ukuvinjwa kwangaphambili (impapasho) ngaphandle kwezona meko zingaqhelekanga, njengezinto ezisongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Iimeko zophawu olufana neNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971] zaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uthwala umthwalo onzima wokuthethelela ukuphengululwa kwenqanawa.
  • [ Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo. Ungahlanganisana nabanye ukuze bavukele, baququzelele iintlanganiso, bahambe, bahambe, baqhube iintlanganiso. Ngelixesha oorhulumente benokubeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango elungeleleneyo (umz., efuna imvume yeembutho ezinkulu), abanakuwavala amandibano asekelwe kwisigidimi.
  • Ekunene Ukucela Urhulumente. Eli lungelo likuvumela ukuba ukhalaze okanye ucele isenzo esivela kulo naliphi na isebe likarhulumente(lonke, lomhlaba, okanye lorhulumente). Ligubungela yonke into ukusuka ekusayineni isicelo kwiBhunga elikhuthazayo.
  • Ilungelo lokuphatha Izixhobo. Uhlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu lomntu lokuba nemipu ukwenzela iinjongo ezisemthethweni, phantsi kwemimiselo ethile (iiindlela zokukhangela okungasemva, ukuvalwa kwezixhobo ezithile). Oku kuseyenye yezona nkululeko ezikhuphiswaneni, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nobungakanani bazo.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Elungeni kwimfihlo. Nangona ingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa kwiindawo ezifana nokuthintela ukukhawula (]Griswold v.Connecticut[), ukuqhomfa ([[FLT:]]]ROE v. [[[FLT][FLT]][FLT]
  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo. IsiHlanzi seMimiselo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukukuhlutha ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanya uwonke-wonke ngokukhawuleza, ukujamelana namangqina, ukuba nesiluleko esisemthethweni, nokuhlala uthulile (Umphetho-mda we-Fenter).
  • I-Eququal Protection Phantsi koMthetho. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine ufuna urhulumente ukuba abaphathe bonke abantu kwiimeko ezifanayo. Nangona ingeyiyo inkululeko karhulumente ngomngcipheko, isekela amalungelo amaninzi kwaye ithintela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amalungelo Angaphezu KweUnited States

If you live outside the U.S., research your country’s constitution, human rights act, or charter. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights protects similar freedoms across Europe, enforced by the European Court of Human Rights. Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms, South Africa’s Bill of Rights, and India’s constitutional rights all offer robust protections. Understanding the specifickumthetho olawulayo ubalulekile.

Inyathelo Lesibini: Kuqonde Ukusikelwa Umda

Akukho nkululeko yasekuhlaleni ipheleleyo. Oorhulumente bangawamisela imiqathango amalungelo xa kukho umdla onyanzelisayo . "njengokhuseleko loluntu, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, okanye amalungelo abanye. Noko ke, le mida kufuneka ilungiswe ngokumxinwa kwaye igwetyelwe ngokucacileyo. Ukuqonda apho imida ikhona kukunceda uphephe ukugqitha nokukulungiselela ukucel ’ umngeni ongekho mthethweni.

Unqabiseko Lwesizwe Nenkululeko Yokuthetha

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngowokuba awunako ukukhwaza usithi “umlilo” kwiholo yemidlalo ephithizelayo ngaphandle kwesizathu. Uvavanyo olucacileyo kunye nengozi ekhoyo olusuka [[FLT:] Scheck v. United States [1919]) luye lwavela kwi-'FLT' [[FLT:] uvavanyo lovavanyo olukhoyo olubangela ukuchasana nolwaphulo-mthetho]: intetho ebonakala ivelisa isenzo esikufuphi solwaphulo-mthetho isenokuthintelwa. Ngamaxesha emfazwe, ukuchonga kunye nokuchola i-ndlebe kusenokunyuka, kodwa urhulumente kufuneka anike ulwano oluseluvo lwangaphakathi. USATT Act yolwazi oludityaniweyo emva kwe-9/11, kodwa olulandelayo olulawulayokunye ulawulo lwenkundla luye lwamazwe aphinda luye lwazi.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Namalungelo Okuhlanganisa

Abasemagunyeni bangafuna imvume yokuhamba okanye ukuqhatha ukuze kulawule iinqwelo-moya nokuthintelwa ingxabano. Bangakwaphula iindibano ezijika zibe lugonyamelo okanye zibe yingozi ekhawulezileyo. Kodwa ke, abanakukhetha ngokwembono yabaqhankqalazi. Isitshixo sikukuba imiqathango kufuneka ithotyelwe iphele kwaye ishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano ivulekile.

Ukuzilawula Kwahlukileyo Kumthetho

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Ngokwesiqhelo, amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphendla ikhaya lakho okanye ukuthatha impahla yakho. Ezi zinto zikhona kwiimeko ezikhoyo (umz., ukusukela ngokushushu), imvume, kunye nokukhangela isiganeko sokubanjwa. Amanani eemfihlelo yindawo ekhulayo: iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibelele ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell phone yakho ( Riley v. California, 2014) okanye indawo yakho ehamba nge-data yeseli ([FTB2].CPPP] i-PPenterter.[5]

Ukulungelelanisa Iimvavanyo

Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo ukuvavanya imiqathango karhulumente kumalungelo. Uhlalutyo olungqongqo (umgangatho ophezulu) lusetyenziswa xa umthetho uphazamisana nelungelo elisisiseko njengenkululeko yokuthetha okanye ukuzimela. Urhulumente kufuneka ayibonise inomdla onyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho ungowona ungqongqo kakhulu ukufikelela. Uphando oluphakathi lusetyenziswa kwiintelekelelo ezithile ezilinganayo zokhuseleko, kwaye uhlalutyo olusengqiqweni lungawona mlinganiselo ubalulekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zivavanyo kukunceda ukulinganisa xa umthetho usenokuba ngumGaqo-siseko.

Inyathelo 3: Hlala Unolwazi

Inkululeko yoluntu ayingqubani. Iinkundla zitshintsha, zitolika umGaqo-siseko, yaye ubugcisa obutsha budala iingxaki ezintsha. Ukuhlala unamandla okuqonda izisongelo namathuba.

Imithombo ethembekileyo yolwazi

  • Inkundla ye-IC) ye-United States (SCOTUS) Blog - Amatyala eTracks kwaye inika uhlalutyo: i-scotusblog.com
  • Inkululeko yengingqi yeMelika (ACLU) – Iingxelo ezingomthetho, ezimangalelayo, nezingagunyaziswanga: [ aclu.org[
  • Electronic Foundation (EFF) – Ijolise kwinkululeko yamanani: org]
  • [[NTL: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho lweCornell (LII) – unikezelo olukhululekileyo kwimithetho, iimbono zenkundla, kunye nengcaciso: umthetho.corell.corell[
  • I-ofisi yamaLungelo oluntu yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo – imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye neengxelo zamazwe: ohchr.org

Landela abaphengululi bomthetho kunye neentatheli ezigquma iNkundla Ephakamileyo. Zibophelele kumaphephandaba avela kwimibutho enjengeBrennan Center for Justice okanye iCato Institute for the projects. Lumka kwimixholo ephambili eshukumayo; usoloko ufunda umthetho wokuqala ukuze wenze ukuyiqonda kwakho.

Inyathelo lesi - 4: Yiba Nobuchule

Ukuqonda okungeyomfuneko akwanele. Ukuze ukhusele inkululeko yakho yoluntu neyabantu, kufuneka ube nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Ubuchule buneentlobo ezininzi, ukusuka kwimibutho edityanisiweyo ukuya ekuthetheni ekuchotshelweni kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Dibanisa Imibutho

Amaqela afana ne-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, i-EFF, kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni isebenza ekumangaleleni, ekungeniseni, nakwimfundo kawonke-wonke. Amalungu afanele anikele ngemali yokugxeka. Amaninzi anika amathuba okusebenza ngokuzithandela, afana namaphulo okubhala iileta okanye iibhanki zemfonomfono.

Qhagamshelana Nabameli Bakho

Bhala, biza, okanye uthumele i-imeyili kumagosa akho anyuliweyo malunga namatyala ajongene nokuchaphazeleka kwenkululeko yabemi (*) enoba ngumthetho wokuhlola, amalungelo okuvota, okanye imithetho yangasese. Yiba nesidima kwaye ungqale. Imizuzu embalwa yomgudu ingaphembelela ukuma kommisi-mthetho, ingakumbi xa abaququzeleli bethetha.

IMibutho yeNkcubeko neMidlalo yoLuntu

Lungisa okanye uye kwiiholo zedolophu, ukufundisa, kunye noomatshini bokusebenzela. Sebenzisa ijelo leendaba ukuze wabelane ngenkcazelo echanileyo ngamalungelo. Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho omtsha uyaluthintela uqhankqalazo, thumela umcaciseli ocacileyo ngoko kutshintshile. Ukufundisa uluntu lwenu kudala unyulo olunolwazi olungakumbi olunokubuyisela umva ekukhukulisweni kwenkululeko.

Inyathelo 5: Yazi Indlela Yokukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Xa inkululeko yakho yasekuhlaleni isongelwa okanye iphulwa, kufuneka wenze icebo elicacileyo.

Phendla InjiniName

Ukuba ufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamalungelo . olufana nokuphendla okungekho mthethweni, unyango lokukhulula ityala, okanye ukukhanyelwa kwentlanganiso yamahala ``indawo, ixesha, indawo, amagama amagosa abandakanyekileyo, inkcazelo yokudibana, kunye nenkcazelo yoko kwenzekayo. Lonto ibalulekile kwizikhalazo ezisemthethweni nakumangalelwa.

Funa Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Xhumana negqwetha lamalungelo abantu okanye umbutho ongaphiliyo osingatha amatyala kummandla wakho. Amaqela amaninzi anikela iprobono (ekhululekileyo) imelo lokwaphula umthetho okubalulekileyo. Iingingqi zoncedo olusemthethweni zinganceda abantu abafumana imali ephantsi. Ukuba awunakukwazi ukufikelela kwigqwetha, ezinye izikolo zomthetho zinekliniki ezithatha amatyala enkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Izikhalo Zefayili

Ungasifaka isikhalazo kumaqumrhu ajongene norhulumente. EUnited States, iSebe lamaLungelo e-Civil Rights lifumana iingxelo zokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni akwanamacandelo amalungelo abantu. Kwihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa, afaka isikhalazo kwimicimbi yesebe okanye kwiqumrhu lokuhlola amagosa asekuhlaleni. Amaqumrhu azwenibanzi njengeKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu eZizwe ngeZizwe Ngezizwe afumana izikhalazodwa kwiimeko ezithile.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Xa Sidibana

  • Ukuba umiswe ngamapolisa: Hlala uzolile, ungaxhathisi, uze ubuze ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uhambe kusini na. E-U.S. Unelungelo lokuthula. Musa ukuvuma ukuphengulula; mxelele ngokucacileyo ukuba “Andivumi ukuphendla.”
  • Ukuba ikhaya lakho liphengululiwe: Cela ukubona isiqinisekiso, sifunde ngenyameko, kwaye phawula abaphathi beendawo zokukhangela. Ungarekhoda uphengululo ukuba aluphazamisi.
  • Ukuba intetho yakho iyavavanywa: bhala uhlalutyo kwaye uqhagamshelane ne-ACLU okanye umbutho ofanayo. Iiplatfomu ezininzi ze-intanethi kufuneka zilandele imigaqo yokuLandlwano lokuqala kuphela ukuba zingabadlali bakarhulumente; iinkampani zabucala zinenkululeko engakumbi, kodwa eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Inkululeko yakho yasekuhlaleni ayidluliswanga isuka phezulu; igcinwe ngokuhlala uphaphile nangokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho, ukuqonda imida yawo, ukuhlala ufundile, ukubandakanyeka kwinkululeko, kwaye ukwazi indlela yokusabela kwizaphula-mthetho, uba ngumgcini wenkululeko osebenzayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sihlaziye esi mbopheleleko. Izisongelo zingaguquka / ngokujonga irejistadeshi (ukusuka kwi-algoricctic shiptshipt) kodwa imigaqo ihlala ifana. Ibutho elihlonela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni lelinye apho abantu banokuchuma, ukungavumelani, kwaye kuqulukelwe okusesikweni. Thatha la manyathelo entliziyweni, ufundise abanye, ungaze uthathe inkululeko yakho ukuze uyifumane.