Kwixesha apho ugcino-lwazi lobuqu lukhawuleza luba lelinye lamanxuwa axabisekileyo, ukubaluleka kokukhusela i-data yogcino-lwazi yabathengi akunakubekwa ngaphezulu. Yonke imihla, abantu baphathisa ulwazi lwabo oluchuliweyo kwimisebenzi emininzi yamanani . Ukusuka kumaziko anyamekela impilo nakumaqumrhu emali ukuya kwimigangatho yezentlalo-ntle kunye ne-ecommercereces. Xa elo themba liphulwe ngokuchaphazelekayo, ukungasetyenziswa okugunyazisiweyo kogcino-lwazi, okanye ukuphatha okungakhathalelwanga, abathengi bafuna indlela ethembekileyo yokubamba ityala imibutho. Imisebenzi yamakhaya inika loo nkqubo, esebenza njengeseko yelungu lomthetho wangoku wezosasazo zonxibelelwano kunye nenza abantu bafune ukusetyenziswa kokusesikweni xa amalungelo abo ephikiswa. Eli nqaku lihlola indima enzulu yenkundla yogcino-data yogcino-mthetho, ii-e-egevernethikiesmes, kunye nemingeni yasemthethweni yehlabathi exhasa ezikhoyo.

Isiseko Sokwahlulwa Kogcino-lwazi

Isivumelwano samakhaya sibhekisela kwinkqubo esemthethweni apho iinkundla zicombulula khona iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu, iinkampani, okanye amanye amaqumrhu , `amalungelo eembopheleleko, amatyala, kunye namatyala. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente amangalela ububi, amatyala asemthethweni aqaliswa liqela elijongene nolwaphulo-mthetho olufana nomonakalo wemali, imiqathango, okanye imiqathango yokugweba. Kwimeko yogcino-lwazi, ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yamakhaya kuvumela abathengi ukuba bamangalele iinkundla ezingalulekiyo, enoba zingeluthabathi mthetho, okanye ukungaphumeleli kokwenza ngokuvisisana neemfuno zomthetho.

Le ndlela yokugweba ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba imithetho yogcino-lwazi idla ngokuyila amalungelo ayimfihlo. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kweKhalifoniya Consumer Ancy Act (CPA), abathengi bangamangalela amashishini angakwaziyo ukuzalisekisa imiqathango yokhuseleko efanelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungeneleni okungekho mthethweni okanye ukubanjwa kolwazi lwawo lobuqu. Ngokufanayo, i-European Union’s General Data Protection Regimentium (GDPR) inika abantu abanelungelo lokufuna imbuyekezo zomonakalo wezinto eziphathekayo okanye ukungaphicothi-chani okubangelwa kukwaphulwa. Ngaphandle kokwanomthetho, la malungelo omthetho aya kuba ligobe; ukunyanzelwa kuxhomekeke kuphela kumaqulurgisteriator karhulumente, angena oovimba bokusukela ukuchasana.

Ngaphezu koko, ukushwankathelana kwamakhaya kunceda ekumiseleni imiqathango ecacisa imida yomthetho wezobuqu. Isigqibo ngasinye senkundla sitolika ulwimi olungaqondakaliyo, simisela amathemba ehambo engqikelelo, kwaye sichaza iziphumo zokungagqibeleli. Le nkqubo yokugweba iluncedo ekulungiseni ingingqi yangasese esebenzayo neyamkelekileyo.

Indima Yeenkundla Zamakhaya Ekuwiseni Amalungelo Ayimfihlo

Iinkundla zamakhaya zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ekukhuseleni imicimbi yogcino-lwazi lwabathengi. Zichaza imimiselo, zivavanya iimfanelo, zigqiba umonakalo, kunye nemiyalelo yokukhupha enokunyanzelisa iinguqu kwimisebenzi yeshishini. Ngokwenjenjalo, iinkundla zisebenza njengendlela yokuthintela ukupheliswa kwemiqathango elawulayo kunye nesithintelo kwihambo evaliweyo

Ukutolika Imithetho Nemithetho Yam

Umthetho wabumfihlelo usoloko uqulathe ububanzi, umgaqo odibeneyo ofuna ukucaciswa kakuhle kwezahlulelo. Umzekelo, i-GDPR ifuna abalawuli bogcino-lwazi ukuba baphumeze “amanyathelo obuchule kunye nentlangano” ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Oko kufanelekileyo "o" kungahluka-hluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kumongo, uhlobo logcino-lwazi, kunye nemeko yezobugcisa. Iinkundla zamakhaya zixhathisa imibuzo enjalo, zivavanya iimfuno zezoshishino, amathuba engozi, nomthwalo kumashishini. Imithetho yazo inikela ukhokelo olucacileyo olunceda imibutho ikwazi ukuyila iinkqubo zokuthobela kunye noncedo lobugcisa.

Ukuphendula Ngeengozi Neenguqu

Enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokukhupha iziganeko zasekuhlaleni kukukwazi ukuhlawula umonakalo. Ngaphezu koko, abathengi bafumana ilahleko yemali, ubusela, okanye unxunguphalo lwemvakalelo ngenxa yokwaphuka kogcino-lwazi lungafumana kwakhona umonakalo we-complation. Kwezinye iindawo, umonakalo we-statory ukhona nangaphandle kobungqina bomonakalo wokwenene, onciphisa umqobo ekuphembeleleni. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla zingakhupha imiqathango efuna inkampani ukuba iyeke ukuqhelisa okuthile okanye isebenzise imilinganiselo ethile yokhuseleko.

Iintshukumo Zodidi: Ilizwi Elinika Isandi

Ukumangalelwa kwabantu ngabanye akunakusebenziseka xa ingozi incinane kodwa isasazeka. Izenzo zodidi zivumela iqela elikhulu labathengi abachaphazelekayo ukuba lizise ityala elinye, ukuthelekisa iindleko kunye nokunikana iindleko. Le nkqubo ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiimeko zogcino-lwazi, apho uqhawulo lunokuchaphazela izigidi zabantu. Izenzo zodidi oluphezulu, ezifana nezo zichasene ne-Equifax, Yahook, ne-Marriott, ziphumele kwimillion·dollarlarcationscations kwaye ziye zanyanzela iinkampani ukuphucula imisebenzi yokhuseleko logcino-lwazi.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni Enika Abathengi Amandla

Ukusebenza kwesivumelwano soluntu ekukhuseleni ulwazi lwendawo yobuqu kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwisiseko somthetho esisemthethweni. Imimiselo emininzi engundoqo iye yadala amalungelo aphezulu azimeleyo esenzo, ngoxa eminye ixhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente obekelwe umda.

Ugcino-lwazi jikelele lokukhusela ummiselo (GDPR)

I-GDPR, eyasebenza ngoMeyi 2018, ithathwa ngokubanzi njengemigangatho yegolide yokhuseleko lomthetho wogcino-lwazi. Inqaku 82 le-GDPR linika ngokucacileyo abalawuli bogcino-lwazi ilungelo lokubuyisa imbuyiselo evela kumlawuli okanye umqhubekeki-nkqubo wento okanye umonakalo wento ekhoyo obangelwa kukuchasana. Eli lungiselelo livelise iliza lokukhutshwa kwenqanawa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kunye neenkundla ezichaza iingcamango ezifana “nomonakalo okhoyo” kunye neemeko zetyala. Kumba onzulu wenqaku leQumrhu 82, bona umbhalo weGDPR] okhutshwe kwiSigqeba[2].

I-Act (CCPA) ne-California Act Astyre Rights (CPRA)

ICCPA, njengoko ilungisiwe yi-CPRA, inika abahlali baseKhalifoniya ilungelo labucala lesenzo kuphela kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo: xa ishishini lisilela ukuzalisekisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kwaye ukungaphumeleli kuphumela ekufikeleleni okungagunyaziswanga, ukukhutshwa, ubusela, okanye ukutyhilwa kolwazi lomthengi olungafihlakaliyo okanye olungagqitywanga. Ukuphululwa, abathengi bangafuna imposiso yomthetho phakathi kwe $100 ne $750 yesiganeko ngasinye, okanye iziphumo zokwenene, ezithengwayo, naziphi na ezingaphezulu. Umlawuli wemikhosi waseCalifornia upapashe [[FLT: 0] kumsebenzi wabucala weCCPA:1].

Eminye imithetho kaRhulumente wase-U.S.

Amanye amazwe amaninzi ase-U.S. aye amisela imimiselo yangasese equka amalungelo ayimfihlo esenzo, nangona ngokufuthi esenziwa ngokumxinwa. Umzekelo, i-Illinois Bimetric Informationals Act (BIPA) ivumela abantu ukuba bafakelwe ityala lokwaphulwa kwemigaqo yebhayoloji yokuphatha imfuno-lwazi, kwaye iye yaphumela kwizenzo ezininzi zodidi. INew York SHIELD Act ikwanikezela ngesizathu sabucala sokwaphula ii-data ezithile. Le mithetho yorhulumente isebenzisa imigudu yolawulo yolawulo kwaye yenza umsebenzi wesibonelelo.

UMthetho weKhomishini yeNkcubeko yoManyano

Kumgangatho wesizwe eUnited States, iFederal Trade Commission (FTC) inegunya phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMthetho weFTC lokuthintela izenzo ezingekho sikweni okanye ezibubuxoki okanye izenzo, kuquka ezo zinxulumene nezo ze-data zobuqu. Noko ke, i-FTC Act ayilenzi ilungelo labucala lesenzo; abathengi abanakugwetywa ngqo phantsi kwayo. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka bathembele kwi-FTC ukuze bazise izenzo zomthetho. Ngoxa i-FTC ibisebenza kwimicimbi yangasese, ukunqongophala komfa komfatho woburhulumente kwinkundla yorhulumente.

Impembelelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi: Ityala elinokuphawulwa kunye neziganeko eziphambili

Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kokucengceleza kwemibutho yabemi, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa amatyala ambalwa aphawula izinto eziye zaguqula indlela ugcino - lwazi olubunjwe ngayo.

Kutshintsho lwe-Equifax, ugcino-lwazi lwe-Din.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-Equifax lonyaka wama-2017 lwabhenca ulwazi lobuqu lwabathengi abamalunga nezigidi ezili-14. Ilithigitha ye-odidigilidilini yalandela, yaye ngo-2019 ibhunga eliye lavunywa ukuba livelise intlawulo yemali yemali yemali ehlawulelwayo engaphezulu kwee-$4,4 zezigidi zezigidi. Imali yanikezela ngemali kwilahleko yobomi, ukujongwa kwamatyala, kunye nokuhlawulelwa kwemali yetyala ngexesha elichithwe ekuchaphazeleni kolwaphulo-mthetho. Le meko yabonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kwe-mali yoluntu ekungakhulula ngayo isikali esikhulu, lo gama i-Equifax inyanze i-mali ikhuselwe ukukhuselwa ukhuseleko lwayo.

Lloyd v. Google LLC (UK iNkundla Ephakamileyo)

KwiUK, umthetho wama-2021 weNkundla ePhakamileyo kuLloyd v. uGoogle waphendula umbuzo wokuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba bangafumana iziphumo zokonzakalisa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa lulawulo logcino-lwazi lwabo ngaphandle kobungqina bokulahlekelwa yi-odola. Inkundla yathi “ukulawula” kogcino-lwazi lobuqu kunelungelo elisisiseko ekunokuthi ukuchasana kwayo kubangele ukonakaliswa nokuba akukho nto imbi yemali eyenzekayo. Isigqibo salungisa indlela yokufumana iziphumo phantsi koMthetho woKhuselo logcino-lwazi 2018 kunye ne-GDPR, sigxininisa ukuba ukuzifihla kobuqu kuxhomekeke kwixabiso eliyifa lemveli.

Inqanawa . Marriott International (Class Action Comection)

I-Marriott yokwaphuka kogcino-lwazi ngo-2018 yachaphazela izigidi ezingama-500 zeendwendwe. Ityala leklasi le-6action laphumela kwibhunga elixabisa malunga nama-50 ezigidi zezigidi ze-50, kunye nembuyekezo yokulahlekelwa ngu-86of [“iizigidi zezigidi, ” NW] kunye nabo bathe banokubonakalisa ixesha elichithwe ekuchaphazelweni kolwaphuko. Eli tyala libalaselisa indlela imikhosi yokuzibophelela yasekuhlaleni elungelelanisa iindleko zokungaphumeleli kokhuseleko logcino-lwazi.

Iingxaki Zokuchaswa Kwenkcazelo Yamakhaya Kwimibandela Eyimfihlo

Nangona inamandla, izivumelwano zoluntu zinezithintelo eziphawulekayo. Ezi zingxaki zingathintela ukufikelela kokusesikweni kubathengi kwaye zithintele iziphumo zokuthintela ukukhutshwa.

Iindleko zokusasaza imilebe ephezulu kunye nokuntsonkotha

Amatyala ogcino-lwazi adla ngokubandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo bobugcisa, amangqina obugcisa obungaqondakaliyo kwimilinganiselo yekhompyutha, kunye neenkcazelo ezintsonkothileyo zemimiselo. Iindleko zokufumana izinto, ukuhamba kwendlela kunye nokuvavanya ityala zisenokungavumeli ukuba umntu ngamnye afumane imvume. Kwanakwizenzo zeklasi, iindleko ezinikwa amagqwetha zinokuthabatha inxalenye enkulu yemali yokuhlawula. Oku kuthetha ukuba izibhengezo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo azize zifike kwinkundla.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Neemfuno Ezikhoyo

EUnited States, umba weQumrhu III limile ``iimeko'' nokuba i-paltiff ifumene umonakalo wekonkrithi enyanisweni. Ibeka umqobo omkhulu. Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Spokoo, Inc. v. Robins [20] (2016], abachazi-mthetho kufuneka babonise umonakalo “owendalo okanye osondeleyo, ongangqubaniyo okanye ongaziwayo." Ngezo zinto zokwaphula apho ugcino-lwazi olubhensweyo lungasasetyenziswangalwazi, iinkundla zisoloko zifumana ukuba ubungozi bengozi bexesha elizayo abunamali ukumiswa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekukhutshweni kwemeko ezininzi eziphezulu ze-Preplane kwaye kuqhubeke ingxoxo.

Imibandela yoMthetho

Ukwenziwa kogcino-lwazi emhlabeni wonke kudala iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuqhawuka kungabandakanya ulwazi olugcinwe kwelinye ilizwe, inkampani eququzelelwe kwelinye, kunye nabathengi abakwimimandla emininzi. Ukumiswa kwenkundla enegunya kwaye yeyiphi imithetho esetyenziswayo kusenokuba yeyonwabisayo kwaye ixabisa kakhulu. I-GDPR’s “patropāstop" imigudu yokuqukuqela le miba ngaphakathi kwe-EU, kodwa amatyala e-crofrate e-6 ahlala enzima.

Iindlela Zonyango Ezingenayo Iingozi Ezingasetyenziswayo

Ngeli xesha i-GDPR ivumela imbuyekezo yomonakalo ongengowowezinto eziphathekayo, iinkundla ezininzi bezimathidala ukuhlawula imali eninzi ngenxa yokulahlekelwa lulawulo okanye lixhala. Kwamanye amagunya aseYurophu, iinkundla ziye zathi impembelelo yemvakalelo imele ibe yeyobukhali obuthile. Lo mqathango ulinganiselweyo usenokunciphisa intshukumisa kubathengi yokumangalela kunye neenkampani ukuba zingenise imali eninzi ekuthinteleni amanyathelo.

Iindlela Zexesha Elizayo: Ukuqinisa Ukuphelisa Imicimbi Yamakhaya Emicimbini Yasese

Ukuze kuphucuke ukusetyenziswa kwento efunekayo ekukhuseleni ulwazi lwezorhwebo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe utshintsho notshintsho oluninzi.

Ukwandisa amalungelo obuLuntu eNkqutyana

Okwangoku, imithetho emininzi yezobuqu ye-U.S. . njenge-Inishuwarensi yoLuntu ne-Accounting Act (HIPAA) kunye noMthetho we-Gramm נLach̆Bliley (GLAley) uMthetho (GLA) ungaquki ilungelo labucala lesenzo. Abameli baye babiza umthetho wezobuqu obanzi we-ogxamente onokuthi unike abathengi ilungelo lokumangalela ukwaphula umthetho, ofana ne-CCPA. Umthetho onjalo uzakuvala umsantsa oshicilelweyo oshiwe yi-FTCCPGPPicelcess kwaye unikeze umgangatho olinganayo kwilizwe lonke.

Ukuqukuqela ii-Claim kunye neSigqibo Esingelilo

Inkundla encinci yamatyala ingayindawo elungileyo kwimiba ephantsi yexabiso le-injini. Ezinye iindawo ziye zazama ulwahlulo olukhethekileyo lwe-mfihlo oluncinci 31:claims ezidambisa iinkqubo kunye nokufumana okusikelwe umda. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyanzelisa iingxelo zokudityaniswa kwezivumelwano zodidi oludla ngokuvala izenzo zodidi, kodwa imigudu yolawulo yokwahlula iintlawulo ezinjalo kumbandela wemfihlo ingagcina ukufikelela kwimichiza yezomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa ubuxhakaxhaka kwiindleko zonyuso ezisezantsi

Uhlolo loxwebhu oluzihambelayo, uhlolo oluzihambelayo, kunye nohlalutyo oluzihambelayo lwe-AIÍ lungacutha iindleko zamatyala ogcino-lwazi ayimfihlo. Iinkundla zingamisela imithetho esesikweni yokuphatha ubungqina bobugcisa, kwaye iingqungquthela zangaphambi kwephondo zingabangela ukuba izivumelwano zoluntu zifikeleleke ngakumbi, ingakumbi kwiingxelo ezincinane.

Ukwazisa kogcino-lwazi oluqinisayo nokubonisa ngaphaya

Isaziso esifike ngexesha nangenkcukacha zokwaphuka kogcino-lwazi sibalulekile ukwenzela ukuba abathengi bahlole umonakalo abanokuba nawo baze bagqibe ukuba baza kuwuchaza na. Imithetho eqinileyo yokwazisa efuna iinkampani zityhile iindidi ezithile zogcino-lwazi, unobangela woqhawuko, kunye namanyathelo athathiweyo okulungisa angayinciphisa inkcazelo phakathi kwabathengi namaqumrhu.

Ukuvisisana kwemithetho yehlabathi

Njengoko ulwazi lunqumla imida ngokukhulayo, ukuvisiswa kwemithetho elawulayo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo, nokuvunywa kwemigwebo kuya kunciphisa ukudideka kwimida enqamlezileyo 76. INgqungquthela yeHague on Private International Law ibisebenza kwindibano yomgwebo eyayinokulungela ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamabhaso okuzibopha ngasese ehlabathini lonke.

Isiphelo

Ukulahlela kwabemi akuyonkqubo yogcino-lwazi olululo lokuqinisekisa amalungelo e-data .Iqhele ukuba yindlela ephambili apho abathengi banokufumana ngayo amayeza afihlakeleyo baze bagcine ubugcisa obukhulu kunye neminye imibutho yogcino-lwazi i-90 ijongene netyala. Ngokucaciswa kwemigaqo entsonkothileyo, umvuzo womonakalo, nokusetyenziswa koncedo olungenaziphene nezenzo zeklasi, iinkundla ehlabathini jikelele ziye zabumba iindawo zangasese. Amatyala eemeko anjengendawo ye-Equifax kunye ne-Lloyd v. Roog

Kodwa imiqobo ebalulekileyo isele: amaxabiso aphezulu, iimfuno eziqinileyo, ukuntsonkotha kolawulo, kunye nonyango olulinganiselweyo konke kungadimaza zonke izinto ezifunwayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba isiphithiphithi sabemi siyaqhubeka sifeza indima yaso ebalulekileyo, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele ukwandisa amalungelo azimeleyo esenzo, iinkqubo zobugcisa eziphembelelayo, kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. AbaConsumer, nabo banendima yokudlala, ngokuhlala benolwazi ngamalungelo abo asemthethweni kunye nemibutho exhasayo inkxaso engakumbi.

Ekugqibeleni, amandla amalungelo ogcino-lwazi axhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kweenkqubo zomthetho ukunyanzelisa. Isivumelwano sabemi, kuzo zonke iimpazamo zaso, sihlala singumthombo waloo mithetho yokunyanzelisa. Ukuntywila nzulu kumthetho wangoku, i-Ectronic Foundation Foundation inika uhlaziyo kwi-ligitation[, kwaye amalungelo okususa izikhokelo zabathengiselwayo zinika abaxhasi bezonyango olusemthethweni. Ngokuxhasa nokuphucula inkqubo yoburhulumente, sinokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi olululo lwendawo yobuqu asilo nje isithembiso esicacileyo kodwa sisesoqobo.