Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Nonqabiseko

Ulwalamano phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lusoloko lululungelelaniso olululo. Kumaxesha amanani, olu lungelelwano luye lwasiba luyingozi kakhulu. Kwazo izixhobo ezenza kubekho ukubonakaliswa kwamandla okukhululekileyo kunye nokusungulwa kwezoqoqosho zinika amandla okuhlola angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso oluphangaleleyo ngendaleko yokuhlola, iziseko zalo ezisemthethweni, iziphumo zalo ezicacileyo kwinkululeko esisiseko, kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo okulondoloza inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Kuyintoni Ukukhululwa Kwabemi Ngomthonyama?

Ukukhululeka kwabemi lukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko nomthetho olukhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente ozikhetheleyo. Abanikwanga amalungelo anikwe ngurhulumente kodwa amalungelo emfuza aqwalaselwayo nagunyaziswa luluntu olulawulwa yidemokhrasi. Ngoxa uluhlu olukhethekileyo lungafani ngokwamandla, inkululeko engundoqo echaphazelekayo echaphazelekayo ngokujongwa iquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho – ilungelo lokucacisa iingcamango ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela.
  • [[UMTL:0] unelungelo lokufumana indawo yangasese – ukulindela ukuba ubomi bobuqu, uthungelwano, kunye nogcino-lwazi akubhencwa ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ulungiso olusemthethweni.
  • Inkululeko yendibano kunye nomanyano – amandla okuhlanganisana nabanye ukwenzela iinjongo zezobupolitika, zentlalo, okanye zonqulo.
  • Inkqubo elindelekileyo yomthetho – ilungelo kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunye nolawulo lwezobulungisa phambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.
  • Ukhuselo ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula [[FT:1] – isinyanzelo kumandla karhulumente okungena kumakhaya, kwizixhobo, nakwiziphumo zobuqu.

Le nkululeko ayiphelelanga; inokuba nomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo xa kukho intsabelo karhulumente enyanzelisayo, njengokuthintela ubugrogrisi okanye ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Noko ke, umthwalo wobulungisa kufuneka uhlale norhulumente, kwaye imiqathango kufuneka ilungiswe ngokucuthayo. Ukwanda kobugcisa bokuhlola buye kwavavanya le mida efana nakuqala.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Neengcamango Zalo Zokuyila

EUnited States, uMphetho wesine ungumGaqo-siseko ujoliswe ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iinkundla zachaza ukukhusela kwazo ukugquma izithuba ezibonakalayo njengamakhaya namaxwebhu amaphepha. Kodwa njengoko unxibelelwano lwaluqhutywa kwiinkqubo zamanani, kwavela umbuzo obalulekileyo: Ngaba uMphetho-Mdathiso wesine uyasebenza kwi-imeyili, kwimida, okanye kugcino-lwazi lwendawo olugcinwe ngamaqela amathathu?

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngezigqibo ezifana ne Riley v. California (2014, ebambe ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla okuqulethwe yiminxeba yeselfowuni yeselfowuni. Kutshanje, I-United States[FLT][FLT]] [2018]]) yawisa umthetho wokuba ukufikelela kweseli-encwadi yeSine somjikelezo-Mbeko-onke ithetha ukuba ngumsebenzi wesinyithi. La matyala omqondiso amela ukuguquka okucotha kodwa okubalulekileyo kwe-alog-eaerraves kukhuseleko lwezintluvo. Noko ke, urhulumente uyaqhubeka ukufikelela ububanzi be-tolikini lwe-data phantsi kwecandelo elifana no-702 lomthetho-SGenegneeter Active (A) kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ukwanda Kobugcisa

Ukwakhiwa kwe-intanethi kunye nokwanda kwezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kuye kwadala imeko apho phantse yonke imisebenzi ishiya umkhondo wamanani. Oorhulumente namaqumrhu aye awasebenzisa ngolangazelelo la mathuba, asebenzisa izixhobo ebeziya kufana nentsomi yenzululwazi kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo.

Ukukhangela i-intanethi kunye nogcino-lwazi

Kuzo zonke iiwebhusayithi, ukukhangela, nokuthenga nge-intanethi kubangela ukuba kubekho ugcino-lwazi. Iinkqubo zokubhengeza, iifekta zentengiso, kunye nee-drediations projects zibhala le nkcazelo ukuze zakhe iinkcukacha zabantu. Iirhulumente zifumana ezi nkcazelo zorhwebo ngokunyanzeleka okusemthethweni (Iileta zokhuseleko, inkundla yezomthetho) okanye ngokuzithenga kubarhwebi bee-data. I-Exron Foundation ibhale phantsi indlela abarhwaphi na ulwazi oluthengisa ngayo idata yendawo, ukukhangela iimarikethi, kwanenkcazelo yezemali eluncedo ekuqinisekiseni abameli bomthetho ngaphandle kokugweba nako.

Ukwamkelwa kobukho kunye nohlolo lwe-bimetric

Ubugcisa bokunconywa buye basetyenziswa ngamasebe amapolisa, amasebe okulawula umda, kwanamashishini azimeleyo. Ngoxa abaxhasi besithi buluncedo ekuchazeni izaphuli-mthetho, uphando lubonisa ukuba ayichananga kangako kubantu abanemibala engafaniyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuboshweni okuphosakeleyo. Ubugcisa beAmerican Liberistic Union (ACLU) bubhale amatyala amaninzi apho iimpazamo ezifanayo zikhokelela abantu abamsulwa abavalelweyo. Ezinye izixeko, kuquka iSan Francisco neBoston, ziye zavala ukusetyenziswa kobuso, kodwa ubugcisa buyaqhubeka ukwandisa iikhamera ezihlola inqwelo-ntaphaka, kunye neenkqubo zesikolo.

Ingqokelela yemetadata kunye noMqukumbelo wesiXhobo

I-metadata-_information malunga nothungelwano olufana namanani efowuni abizwa, ubude bexesha, kunye nendawo, idla ngokuthathwa njengengenamsebenzi kunoko kuqulethwe ngurhulumente. Kodwa, njengokuba abameli bobukrelekrele abafana ne-NSA bebonise, ukuqokelelwa kwemida emininzi yemida-metadata kungabonisa iinkcukacha ezinzulu ngobomi bomntu, kuquka amaqela ezobupolitika, ukumiselwa kwezamayeza, kunye nolwalamano lomntu ngamnye. Iinkqubo zembutho ezizintweyo ezibhedeleyo ezibhenqwenga nguEdwa nguEdward Snowden ngo-2013, zibalase indlela urhulumente anokuqokelela ngayo izinqumlo kumakhulu abantu baseMerika ngaphandle kwemvume. Nangona i-USA Free Act igqibe ingqokelela ecacileyo yeengxelo zeminxele yocingo ngo- 2015, ezinye iindlela zokucholal ’ ezikhoyo zobucala, kunye nonxulumano loluntu oluqhelekileyo lwezigunyazo zomthetho.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni: Iplastiki Yokhuseleko

Imithetho yolawulo lokuhlola intsonkothile, idla ngokuphelelwa lixesha, yaye iyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwelizwe. EUnited States, ulawulo olugqwethekileyo lungumxube wemithetho yemithetho, imimiselo yorhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zombutho. EYurophu, i-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inika indlela engakumbi yokuzikhusela ngasese. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso kubalulekile kuye nabani na oxhalabele amalungelo awo.

Imithetho yaseUnited States

  • IsiHlanzi sesine – ukhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, kodwa luye lwabuthathaka yimfundiso yecandelo lesithathu , egcina loo nkcazelo idibene ngokukhululekileyo neqela lesithathu (njengenkampani yemfono-mfono) ilahlekelwa kukulindela okufanelekileyo ukuba wedwa.
  • UMthetho wobuNcukubhede obuPhakamileyo wobuNcutshe woMgaqo (FISILA) – ulawula ukhangelo lwezombane lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuhlaziywa koMthetho weziHlayisho- Amelika njengoMthetho we-FISA (2008) owandisa amandla karhulumente okuqokelela uthungelwano lwabantu abangengo-U.S., kodwa ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluzenzekelayo lwamaMelika kuvumelekile.
  • USUSA PARITT Act (2001) - ongezelelweyo amagunya ophando emva kwe 9/11, kuquka ukufikelela lula kwiingxelo zoshishino kunye neentambo zocingo ezijikelezayo. Amanye amalungiselelo aphelelwe lixesha okanye atshintshwa, kodwa icandelo 215 (iingxelo zeshishini) lalungiswa, alisuswanga.
  • Umthetho woNxibelelwano oluSemgangathweni (ECPA) – umthetho wo 1986 owahlula phakathi kwe-imeyile endala kuneentsuku ezili-180 (eyenziwe yalahlwa) kunye nemiyalezo emitsha. Imfuno yotshintsho iqwalaselwa ngokubanzi, kodwa iBhunga alidlulisanga luhlaziyo olubanzi.

Ukhuseleko lomanyano lwaseYurophu

I-GDPR, esebenzayo ngo-2018, idla ngokukhankanywa njengemigangatho yegolide ye-data eyimfihlo. Ifuna imvume ecacileyo yokuqhubekeka kogcino-lwazi, inika imiyalelo yokwaphula ulwazi, kwaye inika abantu amalungelo okufikelela nokucima ugcino-lwazi lwabo. Noko ke, iGDPR isebenza ngokuyintloko kwiinkampani zabucala, hayi kwimisebenzi yokhuseleko yesizwe, egawuliweyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-EU EUPP inikela ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo kunxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki. Iinkundla zaseYurophu ziye zawaqhatha amanyathelo anzima; umzekelo, iNkuvoti ye-Europe Union yagatya i-ehle kwi-EU-U. Sight Sight Sight s. Shield nge-US, ngenxa yokufikelwa kwe-data yorhulumente waseYurophu. Kodwa, ukhuseleko lwesizwe lusasebenza kwiinkqubo zokuhlola ii-othondonga.

Iimephu Neengcungela

Olunye ucelomngeni olukhulu kukuba imithetho ebhalelwe ihlabathi elibonakalayo iyasilela ukuthatha izinto zokwenene zomxube welifu, i-Internet-option yezixhobo, kunye nobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo. Umzekelo, kungafuneka isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ifowuni, kodwa ugcino-lwazi olufanayo olugcinwe kwinkampani yomncedisi lungafunyanwa ngokugqitha kwi-patopana ngaphandle kohlolo lwetyala elilindelekileyo. Ukunqongophala komthetho we-mpatho-mzam kumthetho we-intanethi eUnited States kushiya uqokelelo-data oluninzi olungalawulwangalawulwangalawulwangalawulwanga, uvumela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise ii-database zentengiso.

Indlela Ukwanda Okuya Kuyiphazamisa Ngayo Inkululeko Yabemi

Imiphumo yokungajongwa ingaphaya kokuphelelwa lilungelo lomntu.

Imiphumo Echukumisayo Kwindlela Yokuthetha

Xa abantu besazi uthungelwano lwabo lujongwa, batshintsha ukuziphatha kwabo. Oku kwaziwa njengesiphumo esibangela i-'. Ufundo lwama-2021 luvela kwiZiko lophando lufumanise ukuba ama-40% ama-Melika aphephe ekufakeni into kwi-intanethi ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuhlola. Isiphumo sichazwa kakhulu phakathi kweqela elincinane, abaxhasi, kunye neentatheli ezijongene nomngcipheko ophezulu wokujongwa. Ubuqu bujongene noxanduva lwentengiso.

Impembelelo Echaseneyo Kuluntu Olungangqubaniyo

Ngokwembali, ukujongwa kuye kwasetyenziswa ekuthinteleni ukungavisisani kunye nokujoliswe kuluntu olunombala. Ukusuka ekuhlolweni kweenkokeli zamalungelo abantu ukuya kwiingingqi zale mihla ezixela kwangaphambili amanani asemthethweni obupolisa, iinkqubo zokuhlola zisoloko zikhombisa kwaye ziqhubekisela ikhethe lobuhlanga. Ingxelo ye- ACLU ifunyaniswe kakhulu ukuba abaphathi be-software yenkqubo yamapolisa ejolise kuMnyama nakuMlandu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubodweleni nasekuqinisekisweni kwemijikelo ephakathi kwemidabi. Ngokunjalo, ukuqhankqeka kobuhlanga, njenge-Black Livemove Matter, igadiwe kakhulu ngumthetho osetyenziswa yi-dropolayi, i-ograph, kunye noographyinti.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla Nokungabi Nabugocigoci

Amandla okhuseleko enzelwe ukhuseleko lwesizwe aye asetyenziselwa inzuzo yobuqu, ukuziphindezela kwezobupolitika, kwanokuhlola amaqabane athandanayo. Ngo-2021, iSebe lomSebenzi weJaji jikelele lafumanisa ukuba abasebenzi beenkqubo zobuchophelo bafumana ulwaphulo-mthetho olusasazekileyo kwiFBI phantsi kwe-FISA. Nangona kuye kwaveliswa utshintsho, iinkqubo zokuhlola ezingqonge ilizwe zikwenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela ngaphandle. Ngaphandle kokuzicacela, ukuxhatshazwa okunokuba ngaphaya kwamandla okuxhatshazwa kuhlale kuphezulu.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Inkululeko Yakho Yasekuhlaleni

Ngoxa abantu bengenakukwazi ukuchitha uphando lwentabalala, bangamkela imikhwa nezixhobo ezinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuchanabeka kwabo. Isitshixo kukudibanisa ukhuseleko lobugcisa nolwazi olusemthethweni kunye nokubotshwa kweso sivumelwano.

Sebenzisa Ufihlo kunye Nezixhobo Zokhuseleko

Ukukhowuda sisixhobo esinye esinamandla sokukhusela uthungelwano. Isiphelo- ukuya ekupheleni okubhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo njenge khowudi yeposi njenge Signal ne WhatsApp iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela umthumeli nomamkeli angafunda imiyalezo. Kwi email, qwalasela ukusebenzisa i ProtonMail okanye Tutanota, efihlwayo imiyalezo kuphumla. Izikhangeli ezifana ne Brave ne Firefox zinikeza ukhuseleko olwakhiweyo lokugcina iposi. Ngamaxesha onke sebenzisa i foundation ukugquma idilesi yakho ye IP, kodwa khetha umnikezeli ongenayo inkqubo yelog esebenzayo kwaye esebenza ngaphandle kwemithetho yolawulo olunobukhaliphaphi.

Nciphisa Unyawo Lwakho Lwamanani

  • Vala iinkonzo zendawo kwimfonomfono yakho xa ingafuni. Khubaza i-Bluetooth ne Wi-Fi isikena imimiselo.
  • Sebenzisa ii-injini zokuphendla ezingakulandeliyo, ezifana neDuckDuckGo okanye iStuckpage.
  • Cima rhoqo ii cookies kunye nembali yokukhangela. Cinga usebenzisa ulwandiso lwesikhangeli njenge Aspen Badger okanye unqanda i Origin.
  • Uphando oluphuma kugcino-lwazi lokwabelana naphi na apho kunokwenzeka. Ii-website ezininzi zine `“Musa Ukuthengisa Ulwazi Lwam Lobuqu” amakhonkco phantsi kwe CCPA/CPRA.
  • Kuphephe ukusebenzisa uphawu olunye (IGoogle/Incwadi yebhaskile) kwinkonzo yesithathu, njengokuba igama ngalinye linika umnikezi ugcino-lwazi oluninzi.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho Uze Uwachaze

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni kumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela. E-United States, unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile kwaye unelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengululwa. Ukuba uqhagamshelana nomthetho olawulayo, ucacisa ngokucacileyo: “Ndisebenzisa ilungelo lam lokungathethi. Andivumi ukuphengulula. Ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha.” Ungavuli umnxeba wakho okanye unike izingcambu ngaphandle kwemvume. Abahambi, ukhuseleko lwezothutho (TSA) abanakukunyanzela ngokusemthethweni ukuba uvule isixhobo ngaphandle kokukrokraza oku.

Ukuxhasa Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni Nolungomgaqo-nkqubo

Izenzo zomntu ngamnye ziyimfuneko kodwa azinelanga ngaphandle kotshintsho lwenkqubo. Zibandakanye nemibutho exhasa amalungelo obuqu, njenge ACLU, i-EFF, kunye neZiko le Democracy & ubuxhakaxhaka bobuxhakaxhaka. Xhasa abameli bakho abanyuliweyo ukunyanzela ukudluliswa komthetho wemfihlo obanzi njengo Intecsslym kunye noMthetho wokhuseleko lwe-Melikan-DPPA [APPA] kunye notshintsho lokuhlola imithetho enjengeFISIA. Ukuxhasa inyathelo obulali athintela ubuchule bokuchola iliso, njengokwalelwa kophawulo lwamapolisa okanye ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Yiba Ngumxhasi Wobugcisa Ozithembayo

Phambi kokwamkela i-app okanye isixhobo esitsha, funda inkqubo yayo yangasese kunye neenkonzo zenkonzo. Lumka “kwinkonzo ezikhululekileyo” ezidibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwakho. Cinga ngeenkonzo zokuzithuma njenge Lifu elilandelayo ukwenzela ugcino lwefayile okanye i-Biwaden ukwenzela amagama agqithisiweyo. Kwizixhobo ze-scheme-home, zibeke kwicandelo elahlukileyo lothungelwano (VLAN) kwaye yenza ukuba iimpawu ezifana nokufikelela okanye ukuqokolelwa kwelizwi xa kunokwenzeka.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Nokubandakanyeka Kwinkqubo Yecawa

Ukulwela inkululeko yabemi ngexesha lokujongwa akuyi kuphumelela ngobugcisa kuphela.

Ukukhuphela Amanani Kwindawo Yesikolo

Izikolo kufuneka zifundise abafundi kungekuphela nje indlela yokusebenzisa ubugcisa kodwa nendlela yokuhlolisisa ngokuphandle urhwebo lwezixhobo zamanani. Izikolo zingaquka iziqalelo zokuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, imodeli yezoqoqosho yoosomashishini, kunye nokuzilolonga ngezandla xa bebodwa. Le mfundo inika abantu abaselula amandla okwenza ukhetho olunolwazi kwaye ibalungiselele ukuba babe ngabemi abathenjiweyo abanokubeka ityala koorhulumente neenkampani.

Ukulungiselela Uluntu Nentetho Yasesidlangalaleni

Amathala eencwadi obulali, amaziko oluntu, kunye nee-asethi ezingangeni ngeniso zingangenisa iindawo zokusebenzela kukhuseleko lwamanani. Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophana kunye nokuvalwa kwezolwazi ngobugcisa bokuhlola iziphumo zobukho bekhompyutha zinika abemi ilizwi. Ngokwenza ubumfiliba bomcimbi woluntu kunokuba ube ngumthwalo womntu ngamnye, isenzo esidityanisiweyo sibe nokwenzeka. Iintshukumo ezifana ne zokuyeka i-LAPD Sping Coalition[ ibonise indlela uxinzelelo lwengca olunokukhokelela ngayo kwinkqubo yokuhlola.

Uphuhliso lobugcisa bezentlalo

Ekugqibeleni, kukho imfuneko yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kushishino lobugcisa. Iinkampani ezibeka iliso kwindawo yobuqu bomsebenzisi kwaye ukubonakala okucacileyo kufuneka kubhiyozelwe kwaye kuxhaswe. Abaxhasi bangavota ngepakethe yabo ngokukhetha ezinye iindlela zobuqu ezisetyenziswa kwiqonga elilawulayo. Ukubeka iliso “ngendlela yokuyila” njengemfuneko esemthethweni, njengoko kucetyiswe yiGDPR, izakufaka ulwando lwenkululeko yoluntu kwinkqubo yophuhliso ukususela ekuqaleni.

Ukukhangela Kwikamva: Ikamva Lenkululeko Yabemi

Umzabalazo phakathi kokhangelo kunye nenkululeko yabemi awuyonto intsha, kodwa umda wamanani uye wandisa izithintelo. Ngokufana nohlalutyo lwelizwi olunamandla e-Al, ividiyo, kunye nokuziphatha; ukwanda kwezixeko ezikrelekrele; kunye nokulandelelana okugqugqileyo okuye kwasebenza nge-5G system . ukwenziwa kwemida yokusinyanzela kwihlabathi elibonisa ukuba mhlophe indalo iphela. Noko ke, imbali ibonisa ukuba ukuchasana ngokuchasene nochuku kungakhokelela ekukhuseleni: izityhilelo zeSnowden zikhuthaza u-USA Freedom Act; i-Cambridge Analytica ord GDPR; kwaye i- George Flod impikiswano ebangela ukuqwalaselwa kobuso. Indlela ephambili ixhomekeke ekuphathweni kwabemi, kwingqibelelo yeenkundla zenkundla, nobulumko bomthetho. Ukukhusela ifuna umgudu ozinziwa ngenkululeko kodwa uluntu.