Ukuchaza Ukwaphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Kumazwe Anamhlanje AseMerika

Amalungelo oluntu zisiqinisekiso esisisiseko sokuphathwa ngokulinganayo nokukhuselwa phantsi komthetho. Xa la malungelo ekhatywa okanye echaswa ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba umntu ekwiklasi ekhuselweyo, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kuyaqukwa. Oku kwaphulwa akuphelelanga kwizenzo ezigqithisileyo zobuntamo-lukhuni; kukwaquka iinkqubo zenkqubo, iimkhethe ezifihlakeleyo, kunye nezenzo zoburhulumente eziyingozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto eziyingozi kumaqela acetshisiweyo. EUnited States, ingcaciso esemthethweni yamalungelo abantu okulwa ngokwaphulwa ngokwesithethe ibandakanya ucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, ibala, unqulo, isini, (kuquka imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza ubufana nobufana nobufana nobufana, ubudala, ubulwelwe, okanye ubugovuvu.

Imizekelo exhaphakileyo yokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwezesondo iquka ukuqeshwa okanye ukhuthazo, ukufumaneka ngokungafaniyo kwizindlu okanye ukuboleka ityala, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa njengokungathobeli intlalo okanye amandla agqithisileyo, ukucinezela iindlela zokuchola ezijoliswe kwimimandla emincinane, nokungahoywa kweendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kubantu abaneziphene. Ukuqonda into ebangela ukwaphulwa linyathelo lokuqala ekufuneni unyango olusemthethweni nasekubekeni abaphula umthetho

Isiseko Sembali Nesomthetho

Imithetho engundoqo yamalungelo oluntu

Isiseko sale mihla sokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu eUnited States sisekelwe kumthetho ophawula iziganeko owiswe phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-3520, ongezelelwe yimithetho eyalandelayo eyandisa ukhuseleko kumaqela awongezelelekileyo.

  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wowe-1964: Lo mthetho wembombo walela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kwiinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente, kunye nomsebenzi. Isihloko VII, ngokukodwa, siyaluvala ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwaye saseka i-Elemelt Opportunity Commissioner (EOC).
  • Umthetho wovolo wango 1965: wagunyaziswa ukuphelisa izenzo zokuvota ngorhwaphilizo, ezifana neemvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala kunye nerhafu yovotelo, esi senzo siye sahlaziywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye sihlala sisesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo nxamnye nocinezelelo lomvoti.
  • UMthetho we Home Homes ka-1968: Lo mthetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo kuthengiso, kwirente, okanye ngokwemali yezindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, isikhundla sobufazi, okanye ukukhubazeka. Inyanzelwa liSebe le House ne-Urban Development (HUD).
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcubeko (ADA) ka 1990: I-ADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke, kuquka imisebenzi, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, ezothutho, kunye nonxibelelwano.
  • ITitle IX yeZigqibo zemfundo zonyaka ka1971: isiHloko se-IX silwalela ucalulo lwesondo nakweyiphi na inkqubo yemfundo okanye umsebenzi wokufumana uncedo lwemali karhulumente, ukucombulula imiba yemidlalo ukuya kungcungcuthekiswa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa.

Le mithetho karhulumente isebenza ngokunxulumene nemithetho karhulumente namalungelo abantu basekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi enikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo okanye iiklasi ezigqumayo ezingaqukwanga phantsi komthetho karhulumente, onjengendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini nokuzichaza ngokwesini kumazwe amaninzi.

Indima YomGaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle komthetho wemithetho, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kwamalungelo abantu. ISinyuselo soMngcipheko se-14th se-Unimetic Protection Claus siyalela ukuba singamkhanyeli nabani na ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, sisebenza njengesiseko socelomngeni lwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho nemigaqo. IsiHlaziyo sokuqala sikhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokubongoza urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo, ezisisiseko kumalungelo abantu. Icandelo loMthetho ka-1901 ka-44 ka-20 ka-20 karhulumente we-U. Imithetho ivumela abantu ukuba batshate i-gosa nelo namagosa asekuhlaleni aphula amalungelo abo omgaqo-mthetho, ngokufuthi asetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa okanye ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukunyanzeliswa Koomatshini: Indlela Apho Aphoswa Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu

Imikhosi yomanyano ezinikele kunyanzelo

Amaziko amaninzi karhulumente anegunya lokuphanda izikhalazo, ukunikela imigaqo, nokuzisa imigaqo engokwasemthethweni yokunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ezona ziphambili zezo zezi:

  • IKhomishini ye-Opportunity Commission (EOC): Ityala lokunyanzela imithetho karhulumente ekwalela ucalucalulo emsebenzini. I-EEOC iphengulula izityholo zocalulo, izama ukuzilungisa ngokuqulunqa, kwaye ingabhala iifayile zokumangalela amaxhoba. Ikwachaza ukhokelo oluchaphazela indlela abaqeshi abavumelana ngayo neSiHloko VII, i-A, kunye neNxanduva yeminyaka kwi-Olot Act.
  • Isebe leJaji (DOJ): Icandelo lamaLungelo angaphakathi le-DOJ limisa imimiselo karhulumente ethintela ucalucalulo ekuvoteni, kwindlu, kwimfundo, ekunyanzelweni komthetho, nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. Ingaqalisa ukulungiselela ukuphengululwa kwe-24or 1942 ngokuqhelisela inkqubo yocalucalulo kunye nokumangalelwa kwamaqela abandakanyekileyo.
  • [[NT.:0] Indawo yezindlu nophuhliso lwe-URMA (HUD): I-Ofisi ye House ne-Unimement Option Inyanzelisa i-Fair Home Act ngokuphanda izikhalazo zokucalucalucalulo, ukuqhuba uhlolo lokuthobela, nokulandela ulawulo okanye unyango olungokwasemthethweni.
  • Isebe le-ofisi yemfundo yamalungelo e-OCR: I-OCR inyanzelisa isiHloko se-IX, ICandelo 504 loMthetho wokuRehabilita, kunye neminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu kumaqumrhu emfundo afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Iphanda izikhalazo kwaye inokuyikhulula imali yemali yesizwe kumaqumrhu angangeni ngeniso.

Urhulumente namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Amaphondo amaninzi noomasipala baye bamisela eyabo imibutho yamalungelo abantu okanye imibutho yolwalamano lwabantu. La maqumrhu asingatha izikhalazo phantsi komthetho karhulumente, ngokufuthi agquma iiklasi ezikhuselweyo ezingaqatshelwayo ngurhulumente, ezifana nemeko yomtshato, ukunxulumaniswa kwezobupolitika, okanye umthombo wengeniso. Anokunikela indlela ekhawulezayo, elungele ukusetyenziswa kunemibutho karhulumente. Kwamanye amazwe, la masebe anezivumelwano “ezisebenza kangama-86-20% kunye ne-EOC, evumela isikhalazo esinye ukuba siqululwe phantsi komthetho worhulumente kunye norhulumente ngexesha elinye.

Imithetho Yabucala Nezenzo Zodidi

Abantu abaye baphulwa amalungelo abantu basenokufaka ityala labucala kwinkundla karhulumente okanye karhulumente. Ukumangalelwa ngasese kusenokuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokufumana unyango, ingakumbi xa urhulumente engenazo ezo zinto zokufuna ukuchasa nakuphi na ukuphulwa. Iinkalo ezingundoqo zokunyanzeliswa kwamapolisa ngasese ziquka:

  • [[NTLA] Ityala loluntu: Ixhoba limangalela umchasi ngqo, lifuna imposiso nesohlwayo, iimali zegqwetha, kunye nenkululeko egqithisiweyo. Imimiselo emininzi yamalungelo abantu, ukuphelelwa kwamayeza okulawula (umz., ukuqukumbela kunye ne-EEOC) kuyafuneka phambi kwesuti.
  • [[FLT: 0] ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lomthetho: Xa iqela elikhulu labantu lingxwelerhekile ngoqheliso olunye, isenzo sodidi sivumela omnye okanye abameli abangaphezulu ukuba badlulise ityala ngenxa yodidi lonke. Le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko zocalulo lobuxhakaxhaka, njengocalulo olusasazekileyo okanye indawo yokuhlala, apho intengiso yomntu ngamnye inokuba ncinane kakhulu ukuba ithethelele ityala.

Enye iNkxaso

Amasebe amaninzi neenkundla akhuthaza ukuba ulawulo okanye ukugwetywa kuthathwe njengenye indlela engafanelekanga kunokubekwa kwetyala elisesikweni. I-ADR inokuba nesantya esiphezulu, ingabi nazingxengxezo ezithe ngxenge-gqa, kwaye ibhetyebhetye ekusebenziseni amayeza. Isoloko isetyenziswa kwiimeko zokucalucalucalucalulo zemisebenzi kunye ne-HUD ekuncipheni kwetyala lokuhlaliswa kwezindlu. Ngoxa i-ADR isenokungafanelwa kuzo zonke iimeko (umz., amatyala abandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu apho kuyimfuneko khona umzekelo kawonke-wonke), anika indlela esebenzayo yokucombulula ityala amaxhoba amaninzi.

Amangenelo Asemthethweni Ayafumaneka Kumaxhoba

Xa kuvunywa ukuba kuphulwe amalungelo abantu, iinkundla zinokunikela intabalala yonyango olulungiselelwe ukuliphilisa ixhoba, ukohlwaya umenzi wobubi, nokuthintela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo.

Umonakalo Wokhuphiswano

Injongo yokuhlawula ixhoba ngelahleko ekhoyo. Ezi zinto zingaquka:

  • Imali elahlekileyo neengenelo (edlulileyo kunye nekamva)
  • Inkcitho yezonyango, kuquka unyango
  • Iintlungu nokubandezeleka, udandatheko
  • Ukonakala kodumo
  • Iindleko ezingaphandle kwe-crof àpocket ezinxulumene nokwaphulwa (umz., iindleko zokufuduka ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba kufuduswe indawo ethile ngenxa yocalulo)

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kuko

Umonakalo wesohlwayo uhlawulwa kwiimeko apho lowo waphulayo wenza ngobubi, ngokungakhathali, okanye ngokungakhathali. Olu monakalo longezelelweyo alubhekiswa ukuhlawula ixhoba kodwa ukubohlwaya umenzi wobubi nokuthintela ihambo efanayo yabanye. Phantsi komthetho karhulumente, ityala lokubuyisela ityala libekwe kwiSihloko se VII kunye ne-ADA ngokwetyala elisekelwe kubungakanani bomqeshi (umz., kubaqeshi one-500+ abasebenzi, i-papydrrs). Ngonyaka wama-1901, ukumangalelwa kwamagosa karhulumente, ityala elibukhali linokuhlawulwa ukuba igosa likarhulumente lisebenza ngentshukumisa engendawo embi okanye ingenabubele.

Ukufumana Uncedo Olungacombululiyo

Isiqabu sokuvala ityala ngumyalelo wenkundla ofuna lowo waphulayo ukuba aphelise uqheliselo lokukhupha ulwaphulo-mthetho, athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okulungisa umonakalo, okanye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokuthintela ukubuya kwakhona. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Imiyalelo yokuqesha okanye ukukhuthaza ixhoba
  • Ukucela umqeshi ukuba amkele imigaqo-nkqubo elwa nongquzulwano kunye noqeqesho
  • Uxelela umninindlu ukuba aqeshe okanye afumane indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo
  • Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokuvota ngokusemthethweni

Ngokufuthi isiqabu esibangela ukuchaswa kwemithetho yesiqhelo sesona sicombululo sinamandla kwiimeko ezikhoyo kuba siguqula indlela yokuziphatha ebangele oko kwaphulwa.

Ukubhengeza

Umgwebo ohlasimliselayo yingxelo engokwasemthethweni yamalungelo asemthethweni kunye nezibopho zamaqela. Nangona ingenzeki nto imbi okanye imiyalelo, isenokucacisa umthetho ize ibe sisiseko sokukhulula emva koko. Ngokomzekelo, inkundla isenokuvakalisa ukuba umthetho wesebe lamapolisa wama ngo- ­ ne- ­ .

Iindleko Neendleko ZeAttorney

Imimiselo emininzi yamalungelo abantu, kuquka iSihloko VII, iSigqeba seHouse, neCandelo 1983, ivumela abachaphazelekayo ukuba bafumane iindleko ezifanelekileyo zegqwetha kunye neendleko zeli tyala kummangalelwa. Eli lungiselelo libalulekile kuba linceda amaxhoba afumane imelo elisemthethweni kwanaxa umonakalo osenokubakho uphantsi, esazi ukuba igqwetha linokuhlawulwa ngumenzi-mthetho.

Indima Yemibutho Yokuba Ngumqeshwa

Iintlangano ezingezoza 76 zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo elwela amalungelo abantu. Zinikela umelo olusemthethweni, zibandakanyeke kwimpembelelo, zifundise uluntu, zifune utshintsho kwimithetho. Imizekelo ebalaseleyo iquka:

  • Isimi saseMelika esikwiLiberation Union (ACLU): Nge-ofisi yalo yesizwe kunye nequmrhu lasekuhlaleni, i-ACLU izisa amatyala ukunyanzelisa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo abantu, ijolise ingqalelo kwinkululeko yokuthetha, ubuqu, isigwebo sobuhlanga, kunye namalungelo e-LGBTQ.
  • NUNYA YASESPAL Ukhuselo Lwngokomthetho neNgxowa-mali yemfundo (LDF): LDF ingumbutho ophambili osemthethweni olwa nokungekho sikweni kobuhlanga, ingakumbi kwimfundo, ukuvota, umgwebo wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho. Yasetyenziswa kwiimeko eziphawula izinto ezifana ne Brown v. Board of Education
  • National Fair House Alliance (NFHA): Le ntlangano isebenzela ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lwezindlu ngokusetyenziswa kobugqhinga, imfundo, kunye nokunyanzelisa, idla ngokusebenzisana ne-HUD kunye namaziko ezindlu asekuhlaleni alungileyo.
  • ILambda Esemthethweni: Umbutho wesizwe ozimisele ukufikelela amalungelo apheleleyo angokwentlalo ye LGBTQ+ abantu, besebenzisa igalelo, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nemfundo.

La maqela akameli amaxhoba kuphela kodwa akwathatha “uvavanyo lokuvavanya” oluziimviwo ezithelekisayo zeentlanga ezahlukeneyo okanye ubufanasini ukubona ukuba aphathwa ngokwahlukileyo kusini na, ukutyhila ucalucalulo nokuzisa amatyala edata.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

Phezu kwako nje ukusekwa ngokusemthethweni, imiqobo emininzi iphazamisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Amaqumrhu azimeleyo afana ne-EEOC kunye ne-DOJ’s Civil Rights Division kudala ejongene nokungahoywa nokunqongophala kwamagosa. Ngokomzekelo, iEEOC, inentlawulo yamawaka etyala, kwaye izikhalazo ezininzi azikhange ziphandwe. Amaziko aseburhulumenteni asoloko enezinto ezimbalwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni lungabekwa mthethweni, kwaye amaxhoba angalinda iminyaka emininzi ukuba afumane isigqibo.

Ii-bias ezisisixokelelwano kunye nezipheleleyo

Ucalucalulo ludla ngokuqatshelwa kwimigaqo-nkqubo nakuqheliso olubonakala lungathathi cala ngaphandle kodwa lungakhuselekanga ngokugqithisileyo. Umzekelo, iimfuno zemfanelo yomsebenzi ezingahambelaniyo nomsebenzi zingabashiya abantu abanombala; imithetho encinci enokungakhutshelwa phantsi kwemali ehlawulwayo encinane encinane enokuba ziinkozo ezincinane. Ukuqhatha kweziphumo ezithe shwakatha.

Ukoyika Ukuziphindezela

Amaxhoba amaninzi ocalucalulo ayathanda ukubeka izikhalazo mbombo ngenxa yoloyiko oluthe ngqo lokuziphindezela. Ingxelo yokubuyiselwa kwemali ichazwa ngezantsi.

Ubuntsonkothile Beenkqubo Zomthetho

Amalungelo oluntu anyanzelekile ngokobugcisa. Imiqathango yemiqathango idla ngokufutshane iintsuku ezilishumi elinesibhozo okanye 300 kwityala le-EEOC, kwaye iimfuno ze-procedro zolawulo `ezifana neengcaciso zokuphatha ezidinisayo phambi kokusutha/ukungenalwazi kumaxhoba angenamava. Ngaphezu koko, amatyala amaninzi kufuneka ahambe ngendlela esemthethweni ngaphandle kwegqwetha; nangona eminye imimiselo inika ukutshintsha, ukufumana igqwetha elizimiseleyo ukuthatha ityala ngokulingana nemeko enzima, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa ngokungekho ngeniso eninzi njengezindlu okanye amalungelo okukhubazeka.

Ukuguquka Kwezobupolitika Nezeejaji

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu kuye kwahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kwiinkalo zezopolitiko zolawulo ngalunye. Amanye amagosa anganciphisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, anikeze ingcaciso ecuthekileyo yeeklasi ezikhuselweyo, okanye amisele abagwebi abangawathembiyo amalungelo ahlukahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku Shelby County v. Baker [2013]) yawisa phantsi ilungiselelo elingundoqo leVong Rights Act, ivumela ukuba kubekho imbali yocalulo localulo lokwenza ityala ngaphandle kolawulo lomthetho womthetho wokuvota ovelayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kwegalelo kumavoti.

Uphuhliso Lwangoku kunye nendlela engaphambili

Umthetho wamalungelo oluntu uyaqhubeka uguquka. Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwi Bostock v. Clayton County ukuba ucalulo lwemisebenzi ngokweziziziqinisekiso zesini okanye ubufanasini luluhlobo localulo lwesini olwalelweyo nguSihloko VII/a ulwandiso olubalaseleyo lokhuseleko. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe bezisebenza ngokunjalo, namazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho elungileyo yezindlu, ukuphendula kwamapolisa, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunyusa imingeni emitsha: i-algorithm ezisetyenziswa ekuqesheni, ekuqesheni izindlu, nasekugxininiseni ityala zingaqhubekisela phambili ucalucalulo ngaphandle kocalulo olucacileyo loluntu. I-EEOC namanye amaqumrhu aphengulula indlela yokusebenzisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ekhoyo kubuchule obungeyomvelo nokusebenza kwesigqibo sokwenziwa. Okwangoku, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukubhala nokuphanga, kodwa kukwabangela iingozi zokuncitshiswa nokukhathazwa kwabo bathethayo.

Kumaxhoba nabameli, eyona ndlela isebenzayo idla ngokudibanisa iindlela ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho uluntu: ukudibanisa umbutho woluntu, ukuququzelela ityala labucala, ukusebenza nemibutho yobugcisa, nokucinezela abenzi benkqubo ukuba batshintshe imithetho. Amandla abangelwa kukuzingisa nokusebenzisana kuwo onke amacandelo ebutho labantu.

Isiphelo

Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo amakhaya kuseyinto yokwenene eqhubekayo kubomi baseMerika, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwemithetho kunika izixhobo ezinamandla zokulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela yokunyanzelisa abanyanzeli nkonzo . Ukusuka kumaqumrhu karhulumente ukuya kwizenzo zodidi lwabucala, kwaye uludwe olukhoyo lwendlela yokunyanga lunika amandla abantu kunye nabantu abahlala kunye nemimandla ukuqinisa amalungelo abo. Umzabalazo wokulingana ngokupheleleyo uyaqhubeka, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwemithetho namaziko akhiweyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu edluleyo kunika isiseko esiqinile. Ngokuphaphaphaphile, ukuphaphapha, nokuvuma ukubeka ityala, inkqubela ebhekisa kumatyala.

Funda okungakumbi ngokufaka ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi nge-EEOC ngekho U.S. Isebe lamaLungelo eSihlalo samaLungelo eSimi samaLungelo [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .