Table of Contents
UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengenye yezona zixhobo zihlala zihleliyo zokulawula idemokhrasi kwimbali yehlabathi. Kodwa ubude bobomi bawo abusuki ekungqongqoni, kodwa kumandla awo okuguqula ngokutshintsha komgaqo-siseko. IBhili yamaLungelo, ishumi lokuqala lokubuyiselwa kurhulumente we-U.S., yamiselwa ngowe-1791 ukuze ilinde urhulumente wesizwe ocinezelekileyo ngokuseka amalungelo athile. Ukususela ngoko, inkqubo yokuzinziswa kwayo iyaqhubeka isulungekiswa nokubuyiselwa kokulungelelaniswa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, phakathi korhulumente norhulumente, naphakathi korhulumente nabantu abakhonzayo.
Ukuqonda indlela utshintsho olubumba ngayo urhulumente wethu kufuna ukuba sihlolisise ubugcisa besakhiwo esibudala nemigaqo yentanda-bulumko eziyiquletheyo. Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yeriphabliki ukuya kumaxesha anamhlanje, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuye kwasebenza njengezixhobo zokuguqula, ukubhekisa yonke into kumalungelo abantu asisiseko ukuya kumsebenzi wobugcisa wamaziko karhulumente.
ISicwangciso somGaqo-siseko: Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya noManyano
Phambi kokuhlola ulungiso olungqalileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo esisisiseko abasilungisayo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo kodwa alinganayo karhulumente: isebe lowiso-mthetho (limisela umthetho), isebe elilawulayo (ligunyazisa umthetho), kunye nesebe lezomthetho (lichaza umthetho). Abalawuli bamisela urhulumente ngale ndlela ukunqanda isebe elinye lorhulumente ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu, kwaye benze inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso.
Ukwahlula amagunya ukuba ahlule, aphumeze, kunye nokudibanisa kumasebe karhulumente ahlukeneyo yayiyingcamango eyaziwayo kumasebe eFrame. Olu lwahlulo lwalungacetyelwanga ukuba lube lugqibelele, nokokuba kunjalo. Ngexa umGaqo-siseko wawusebenza kakhulu, ukwahlula kwamandla, amaFramers ayengaqinanga, kodwa waquka inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa apho elinye isebe lalinokujonga amandla abelwe omnye.
UMgaqo-siseko wokuqala waseka inkqubo yokwahlula igunya lorhulumente wesizwe nowamazwe. Abaseki balo balufumana olu lungelelwano ngokunika urhulumente omtsha wesizwe amandla alinganiselweyo nawabalwayo kuphela nokushiya umgaqo wezorhwebo zelizwe kwimimandla. Eli candelo legunya, elibizwa ngokuba ngurhulumente, liye lahlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko.
IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukukhusela Umntu Ngamnye Inkululeko Negunya Elilinganiselweyo
Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zimela utshintsho lokuqala olungundoqo kulungelelwano lwamalungelo lomGaqo-siseko. Ukungabikho "kwesixa esiphezulu samalungelo" kwabonakala kungumqobo kukwahlulwa komGaqo-siseko ngamaphondo. Ingxoxo phakathi kwamaFederali kunye namaCandelo alwa noLuntu lwaseFedali yabumba uhlobo lokugqibela lwale miqathango.
Abalungelelani bachasa kuquka irejista yamalungelo emhlabeni yokuba yayingeyomfuneko. Abachasi-Anti-Fedalist, ababesoyika urhulumente onamandla ophakathi, abazange bavume ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko ngaphandle komnye. Ekugqibeleni, umnqweno wabantu wokuzikhusela ngokucacileyo kurhulumente waba neqhayiya.
UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Sentetho Yedemokhrasi
UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela inkululeko esisiseko engundoqo ekulawuleni ngedemokhrasi. Abaseki bakujonga ukukwazi ukuthetha nokunqula ngokukhululekileyo njengelungelo lendalo elikhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala. IBhunga alivumelekanga ukwenza imithetho emisela unqulo okanye inkululeko yokuthetha engalawulekiyo. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokugxeka urhulumente wabo, baqhelisele ukholo lwabo, bahlanganisene ngoxolo, yaye bacele uncedo lokulungisa izikhalazo ngaphandle kokoyika ukuphindwa ngurhulumente.
Ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala ludlulela ngaphaya kwentetho ethandwayo. Kwanentetho engathandwayo ikhuselwe ekucinezelweni okanye ekuhlolisisweni kwemithetho. Lo mgaqo uye wavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ukusuka kumatyala atshisa iflegi ukuya ekuvuthelweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ebonisa indima ebalulekileyo yokulondoloza uluntu olukhululekileyo.
Okwesine Kukuhlaziywa KweziHlabathi Ezisibhozo: Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Kuyakhusela
ISichimi-Mpanzi sesine sikhusela ilungelo lokukhululeka ekungeneleni korhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni emakhayeni abantu ngemvume efunekayo. Oku kukhuselwa ekuphandweni ngokungekho mthethweni nasekuxhuzuleni kubonisa umlinganiselo osisiseko wamandla karhulumente, ufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukubonisa ukuba ubangela unokwenzeka phambi kokuba abemi bahlasele.
IsiHlanu ukuya kuSembo soHlabathi simisela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kwabo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuzichasa, ilungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchotshelwa kwabantu, kunye nokhuseleko kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Ezi zindululo zidibene ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente okugweba nokusohlwaya anyanzelelwa kukukhusela nokukhusela isidima soluntu.
UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukubuyisela Amandla Kumazwe
Ngo-1791, la maphondo avuma ukuba iSihlaziyo seshumi leMimiselo njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo. Eso sigwebo sinye sinika oorhulumente borhulumente onke amagunya angawaphathi ngokungqalileyo urhulumente wesizwe ngoMgaqo-siseko. Le nguquko isebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwaseMerika.
Ifundeka ngolu hlobo, "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo eUnited States, agcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye abantu." Oku kulinganisela urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kumagunya akhethekileyo achazwe kumGaqo-siseko.
Amagunya okubuyisela oorhulumente bamazwe anceda ukugcina ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwabo norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Kwakhona ivumela inkululeko yokuzama iingcamango neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Maxa wambi amazwe abizwa ngokuba "ngamaqumrhu edemokhrasi" ngenxa yesi sizathu. Esi sakhiwo sivumela amaphondo ukuba azame imigaqo eyahlukileyo yemfundo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, unyango, neminye imicimbi, ivumela ukuvela kwempumelelo ekusasazeka ngexa equlathe impembelelo yovavanyo olungaphumelelanga.
Uhlaziyo lohlaziyo: Utshintsho loManyano lweSizwe
Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye neziphumo zayo zabangela utshintsho oluthathu olwaguqula ulungelelwano lwamandla kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika. IziHlaliso zeMfazwe yamakhaya zawuguqula ngokuphawulekayo ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente worhulumente ngokumisela igunya lorhulumente kunye nokunika iBhunga amagunya amatsha "ukukhusela bonke abantu ukulingana okugqibeleleyo kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho nxamnye nokungaphikwa okanye ukuhlaselwa kukaRhulumente.
IsiHlayiso Seshumi Elinantathu: Ubukhoboka Obukhuthazayo
ISichibiyelo se-13 saphelisa ubukhoboka qha, ``imbombo seConfederacy'') yenkqubo ecinezelayo ebangela ukugculelwa kweenjongo zethu zokusekwa. Ngaphandle kokuphelisa ukusekwa kobukhoboka, le nguquko yanika iBhunga amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo alo ngomthetho ofanelekileyo, imisela umzekelo wokungenelela kwesizwe kwimicimbi eyayiqwalaselwe kulawulo lwesizwe ngaphambili.
UMthetho - siseko we - 13 awuvumeli ubukhoboka nokukhotyokiswa kwabantu eUnited States.
UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwemigunyathi Weshumi Eline: Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo
UMthetho - siseko weshumi elinesine mhlawumbi umela eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo yokulawula amagunya karhulumente kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Uhlaziyo lwe - 14 lwaqinisekisa ukuba onke amaMerika ayenenkululeko esisiseko yaye wenza ukulingana kwaba lilungelo lomGaqo-siseko.
Icandelo 1 lalela amatyala okophula amalungelo asisiseko abemi bawo, ebeka imiqathango emitsha yorhulumente kuwo onke amasebe amathathu oorhulumente borhulumente. ICandelo 5 lanika iBhunga amandla okunyanzelisa ezo zithintelo. Ngokudlula koMphengululo we-14, urhulumente wesebe ngoku unokuthintela amazwe ukuba angaphuli amalungelo nokukhusela abemi bawo; ehlupha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo; kwaye ekhanyela nabani na olinganayo.
ISindululo soMphetho seshumi elinesine sika-Sixeko sika-Claus sitolikiwe ukuquka uninzi lweSigqeba samaLungelo, sisenza ukuba sisebenze koorhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe. Le nkqubo yokudibanisa ikhethe ithe yandisa ngokuphawulekayo umgangatho wokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko worhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe ekuphazanyisweni kwalo naluphi na umgangatho karhulumente.
UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwamalungelo: Ukudlulisela Ilungelo Lomntu
IsiHlanzi se-15 seMimiselo-Mpanzi siqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota "alingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe nguUnited States okanye nguRhulumente ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili" njengeeMvumelo-Mpanziso zeshumi elinesithathu nezeshumi elinesine, liquka iBhunga elinika igunya lokukhupha umthetho okhusela amalungelo okuvota.
Bobathathu banikwe amandla aphangaleleyo kurhulumente wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba idinga lethu lokusekwa lenkululeko nokulingana lisebenza kubo bonke. Ezi ziHlaliso zoQokelela zidibeneyo zidibene nokubuyiselwa okusisiseko kolwalamano lukarhulumente wesizwe, ukutshintsha kwamandla kurhulumente wesizwe ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuchaswa ngurhulumente.
IziHlaliso Zexesha: Ukuhlaziywa Kolawulo Negunya Lomanyano
Ngexesha leNkxaso eManyano yasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, abantu baseMerika baphinda bawutshintsha kwakhona umGaqo-siseko ukuze bomeleze amandla orhulumente okuthatha inyathelo kwintlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele nokukhusela ubumi obulinganayo. Eli xesha lavelisa iinguquko eziliqela ezaguqula isakhiwo sikarhulumente kunye nolungelelwano lwamandla ngaphakathi kuwo.
UMthetho Weshumi Nesithandathu: Irhafu Yemali Ehlawulwayo
ISindululo se-16 saqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linegunya lokunyanzelisa irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo. Oku kuphuculwa kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule borhulumente, kwayibangela ukuba ikwazi ukuxhasa iinkqubo kunye namanyathelo anzima ngomlinganiselo owawungenzeki ngaphambili. Ubuchule bokuhlawula irhafu yengeniso ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi basekuhlaleni banika urhulumente worhulumente imali efunekayo ukucombulula iingxaki zesizwe nokuzalisekisa imimiselo yenkcitho.
Xa uMphetho we-17 wadityaniswa noMphetho-mthetho we-16, owanika iBhunga igunya loku "lalisa nokuqokelela irhafu kwingeniso," kwaye owavunywa ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka mnye, urhulumente wengingqi wayenako ukwandisa ngokuphandle ukusetyenziswa namandla akhe ngaphandle kokuqwalasela izilangazelelo zamazwe okanye iziphumo zegunya lolawulo lwamazwe.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesixhenxe: Unyulo Oluthe ngqo Lwabaququzeleli
IsiHlaliso seSevententh sayitshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga ezisebenza ngayo nolwalamano lwayo noorhulumente. Uhlaziyo lwe-17 lweSindululo lwaphelisa amandla eendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukumisela iiNtlanganiso ze-U.S., nto leyo eyanika abantu elo gunya ledemokhrasi.
Phambi kokulungisa oku, ukwenziwa kokuqala komGaqo-siseko kwiGatya I yanika oorhulumente besizwe uvavanyo olubalulekileyo, lwesibini oluthe nkqo kumandla karhulumente worhulumente.
Ngonyulo olungqalileyo, abaququzeleli abanasizathu sokukhusela oorhulumente noqingqo-mali lukarhulumente ngokuphulukana neenkqubo ezinkulu, ezikhutshiweyo zemali ezisikhokelela kwindlela yokungena kwi-internetic. Enoba le nguqulelo yomeleziwe okanye ibuthathaka kurhulumente waseMerika ihlala ingumbandela wengxoxo phakathi kwabaphengululi bomGaqo-siseko nabezopolitiko.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa
ISinyuso se-19 saqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa anelungelo lokuvota. Oku kulungiswa ngokuphindwe kabini konyulo kunye nokuguqulwa kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Njengamanye amalungelo okuvota, kwaquka iBhunga eligunyazisa ukudlulisa umthetho okhusela eli lungelo.
Ukuhlaziywa koMthetho woHlaziyo we-1992 kwamela incopho yamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobuGawulayo kunye nokulawula. Ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo lamabhinqa lokuvota, kwaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba uya kufuna ukusabela kwinkxalabo nezinto eziphambili zabo bonke abemi, kungekhona nje abavoti abangamadoda kuphela. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kuye kwaba neziphumo ezinzulu kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, kwezobupolitika ezinyulwayo, nakusungulwa kwamaqumrhu karhulumente.
IziHlayiso Zale Mihla: Ukubuyisela Iinkqubo Zedemocratic
IziHlaliso ezavunywa phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu zaqhubeka zicombulula isakhiwo nokusebenza korhulumente waseMerika, zithetha ngemibandela esusela kulandelelwano lomongameli ukusa kumalungelo okuvota.
Uhlaziyo oluMatshi 20: Imida yeMiqathango yoMongameli
UHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1951, lwamisela oomongameli kumabinzana amabini aseofisini. Oku kulungiswa kwamiselwa njengesithethe esamiselwa nguGeorge Washington kwaye saphulwa nguFranklin D. Roosevelt, owanyulwa ukuba abe ngamabinzana amane ngexesha loBudodobala obukhulu neMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ngokubeka imida yegama, le ntshukumo ichaphazela ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nawowiso-mthetho. Umongameli wexesha lesibini, ongakwaziyo ukufuna unyulo kwakhona, usenokuba unciphise ukuxhathisa kwezobupolitika kodwa kwakhona inkululeko engakumbi yokulandela iinkqubo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela okukhethiweyo. Isehlo siqinisekisa ukujika rhoqo kwisebe eliphetheyo, ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwamandla anokuvela ngokwanda.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine: Irhafu ebhengeza iintlawulo
ISichibiyelo sama-24 saphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lukarhulumente. Iirhafu ezirhafu zasetyenziswa, ingakumbi kumazwe aseMazantsi, ukuphelisa abavoti baseMerika kunye nabemi abangamahlwempu. Ngokususa lo mqobo ekuvotelweni, ukupheliswa kwentsebenziswa kwentsebenziswano yedemokhrasi kwagxininisa umgaqo wokuba imeko yezoqoqosho ayimele imisele amalungelo ezobupolitika.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko
ISichibiyelo se-26 sandisa ukuhlaziywa kwabavoti abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo okanye ngaphezulu (85) kwaye onke la malungelo okuvota anika iBhunga igunya elicacileyo lokunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso zabo. Ukuqiniswa kwamandla ngonyaka ka-71 ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, le ntshukumo yaphendula kwingxoxo yokuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafumane umkhosi kufuneka bakhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote.
IsiHlanziso samashumi amabini anesithandathu sandisa ukuvota kwezigidi zabavoti abaselula, okunokwenzeka ukuba kuguquke izinto eziphambili zezobupolitika kunye neziphumo ezikhethiweyo. Kwaphinda kwagxininisa umgaqo wokuba amalungelo okuvota afanele aquleleke, athintelwe kuphela ngokuqwalasela umlinganiselo osekelwe kubudala kunokuba kuqwalaselwe imiqathango engekho ngqiqweni.
Inkqubo Yokwenziwa KomHlomelo: Ukulungelelanisa Uzinzo Notshintsho
Ubunzinyana bokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo bunguphawu olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo karhulumente waseMerika. Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko limisela inkqubo efuna ucelomngeni ngabom kwii-asethi ezimbini-ntathu zezindlu zomabini zeBhunga okanye indibano ebizwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezizii-3 ezimbini zephondo ukucebisa ngokulungisa, ilandelwe kukuhlulwa kwamaqela amathathu anesine amazwe.
Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lubonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kunokuba kubonakale koothunywashe bezobupolitika bokwexeshana. Ukhusela umGaqo-siseko ekutshintsheni ngokukhawuleza ngoxa usavumela indaleko eyimfuneko. Inkqubo yokulungisa ibandakanya uxinezeleko phakathi kozinzo nokuguquguquka okuphawula ubuGaqo-siseko baseMerika.
Kumawaka eenguqu ezicetyiweyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMelika, amashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela avunyiweyo. Oku kukhetha kubonisa ubunzima benkqubo kunye nokubaluleka kwezo zimo ziphumelelayo. Utshintsho ngalunye olunempumelelo lumela umzuzu xa abantu baseMerika befikelela kwisivumelwano esaneleyo sokuguqula umthetho wabo osisiseko.
IziHluzi Nohlobo Lwenkqubo Yomanyano
Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente luye lwasoloko lulungiswa ngokutsha lutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa abanye beye bachaza umGaqo-siseko njengoxwebhu olumalunga nokulinganisela urhulumente, umongo wembali ubonisa ukuba abaBaseki babefana, ukuba abangaphezulu, bexhalabele ukuseka urhulumente wesizwe onamandla, ophumelelayo kunasekumiseleni imida ecacileyo kumandla orhulumente. Yaye "Thi People" kuphela ewomeleze elo gunya lorhulumente ngenkqubo yokulungisa.
UmGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wamisela oko abaphengululi bakubiza ngokuba yi-"Ecurebralty Mands Federalism". Urhulumente wesizwe wathathwa njengomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo nawabalwayo. Amagunya karhulumente ayesele yonke into emva koko kudweliswe. Esi siseko sabeka umthwalo kurhulumente karhulumente wesizwe ukuze kuthethelelwe izenzo zakhe ngokusekelwe kwigunya elithile elisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko.
IziHlayisho zoQokelela zawuguqula ngokusisiseko lo mlinganiselo. Kunokuba uvale amandla karhulumente wesizwe, njengoko iConfederacy yayifuna ukukwenza, amaMelika ongeza iinguqu ezintathu zomGaqo-siseko emva koloyiso lwe-Union kwiMfazwe yamakhaya, nganye yenzelwe ukunika urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe amatsha ukukhusela abantu baseMerika.
Olu tshintsho lwabangela oko kunokuthiwa "iFoundation Rights Federationism," apho urhulumente wesizwe enegunya lokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuchaswa korhulumente. Phantsi kotshintsho oluvunyiweyo emgqeba - siseko emva nje kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iBhunga lisenokulawula ngokuthe ngqo iimeko ukuthintela abantu ekunqandeni amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko.
Unxibelelwano Phakathi Kohlaziyo Nengcaciso Yogwebo
Izilungisi zomGaqo-siseko azisebenzi ngokuzikhetha. Intsingiselo yazo kunye nesicelo sazo zibunjwa lutoliko lwezomthetho, ingakumbi yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Indima yeNkundla ekutolikeni iinguqulelo idala ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kokubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo okusebenzisekayo.
INkundla Ephakamileyo inendima enkulu ekuchazeni la magunya xa ivavanya ukuba imithetho karhulumente ingumGaqo-siseko kusini na. Ngokuhlolisisa okugweba, iNkundla imisela indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile neempikiswano, izalalisa iinkcukacha ezibangela ukuba umbhalo ohlaziyiweyo uvuleke.
UMthetho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine unikela umzekelo oyintloko woku mandla. Ulwimi lwawo olubanzi malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lutolikwa ukugquma yonke into ukusuka kwisikolo ukuya kulingana emtshatweni. Kamsinya emva kokumiswa kwayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha iPrefetrance Rights Federationism yamaLungelo eReconsoleon kwiimeko ezinjenge iSlainter Cases (1873), U.S. v. Cruikshman (1875), i-Population Rights Cases (1883), Plesson v.Genegues (18666), kunye neGerles (73).
Iinkundla zamva zavuselela zaza zandisa ukhuseleko loMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine. Ekugqibeleni, ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1930 de kube namhlanje, iNkundla yarhoxa kakhulu kule ndawo ifuna ukukhusela "amalungelo angokwesithethe" kunye namalungelo asekuhlaleni "ooonobumba beqela" njengamaqela amancinane angokobuhlanga. Le ndaleko ibonisa indlela ulungiso olunokuba neziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela ezichazwa ngayo nezinyanzelelwa ngayo.
IziHlanziso Norhwebo LukaClaus
Ngeli xesha intengiso yeChwethengiso uClaus ithe yachaphazeleka ngokuphawulekayo kukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kwaye ibonisa indlela ulungelelwano lwamandla oluguquka ngayo. INkundla iCandelo elitolika I ukunika iNkqutyana amandla okulawula ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ochaphazela ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yokuba umlinganiselo nokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho lwesizwe kuye kwawunciphisa kakhulu umbono worhwebo oluphakathi lwamazwe ophethwe ngabasunguli, amandla okulawula nantoni na echaphazela urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo alingana nolawulo lwezo zonke izinto.
Oku kwandiswa kwegunya lolawulo lorhulumente, lidibene nokunikwa kweSihlalo seSinethi soMphengululo weSigunya lokuhlawula irhafu kunye namalungiselelo omthetho wokuhlaziywa koMthetho wokuHlaziya, kuye kwadala urhulumente wesizwe onegunya elibanzi kunalo abasunguli babelicinga. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente wesizwe ngoku unokulawula kwiindawo ezazilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngamaphondo.
Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo
IziHluzi ziye zayiqinisa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente. Ukhuseleko olukhulu ekuxinzeleleni ngokuthe ngcembe amagunya aliqela [kumthetho] ofanayo, luquka ukunika abo baphethe [umgunyathi] ngamnye, iindlela ezifunekayo zomGaqo-siseko, kunye neentshukumisa zobuqu, ukuxhathisa ukungenelela kwamanye... iMbewu kufuneka yenziwe ukuze kuphetshwe ukunyanzeliswa kwamabhongo.
Ngokomzekelo, iBhili yamaLungelo, imisela onke amasebe karhulumente. IBhunga alinakubeka imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha, isikhulu esiphetheyo asinakukwazi ukuphanda ngokungaqiqiqiyo, kwaye iinkundla zimele zihlonele ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala. Ezi zithintelo zisebenza nokuba liliphi isebe elisenokunqwenela ukuphazamisa amalungelo akhuselekileyo.
UMongameli angahlola iKhonkxamente ngokukhupha ityala lerhafu igqithe. IKhomishini ingayigqitha i-veto ngokuvota komongameli ii-3 ezimbini zezindlu zombini. INkundla ePhakamileyo iyakwazi ukukhangela omabini amasebe ngokumisela umthetho ongekho semthethweni. Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokusebenza ngaphandle kokuzibamba.
Inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo isebenza njengovavanyo kuwo onke amasebe amathathu. Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo itolika umGaqo-siseko ngeendlela abantu abazifumanisa zingamkelekanga, ukulungisa kungakuphelisa oko kuchazwa. Xa iBhunga okanye uMongameli engaphaya kwegunya labo, ingqwalaselo ingawacacisa okanye ibeke imiqathango amagunya abo. Abantu, abasebenzisa inkqubo yokulungisa, bagcine igunya elipheleleyo phezu korhulumente wabo.
Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nekamva Lohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko
Ukuxakeka kolawulo phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente kusaqhubeka nanamhla. Kusoloko kukho iingxoxo zale mihla eziphathelele unyango, umgaqo wemekobume, ukufuduka, neminye imibandela ezibonisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo malunga nokulungelelana okufanelekileyo kwamandla kwinkqubo yorhulumente.
Inkqubo yokulungisa isekhona ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki, nangona ibhatlthi ephezulu yokulungisa impumelelo ithetha ukuba ukuphumelela kokulungisa akuqhelekanga. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba kucetyiswa ukutshintshwa kwemibandela esukela kuqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo ukuya kulwahlulo lwemali, kodwa akukho nanye ephumele kwisivumelwano esifunekayo sokusetyenziswa kwemali.
Ubunzima bokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kule mihla buphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba le nkqubo yokulungisa ihlala isebenza kusini na xa kutshintshwa umGaqo-siseko. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo inzima kakhulu, ithintela uhlaziyo olufunekayo ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki zale mihla. Abanye bathi umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ngokufanelekileyo kwiimfuno zezopolitiko zokwexeshana.
Indima Yokwenziwa Kwezigwebo Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Amancinane
Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ubukukhusela amalungelo amaqela amancinane kwingcinezelo enkulu. Ulungiso-nkqubo, uLawulo lweSinesesithoba, namalungelo okuvota, zonke izikhuseli ezandisiweyo zamaqela awakhutshwayo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.
Lo msebenzi uphikisanayo notshintsho ubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yabo kulungelelwano lwamandla. Ngeli xesha inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ifuna izinto ezinkulu, xa zivunyiwe, iintlawulo zikhusela amalungelo angenakususwa ngomthetho onegunya eliqhelekileyo. Oku kwenza iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo, apho amalungelo aye aqashelwa ukuba afakwe ngaphaya kokuchasana kwekamva.
Amalungelo awayefunwa ngabameli bomGaqo-siseko ukukhusela ekuxhatshazweni kukarhulumente ayebhekiselwa kuwo kwisindululo senkululeko njenge "amalungelo angenakuphambukiswa". Babekwabizwa ngokuba "ngamalungelo okwemvelo", kwaye kuJames Madison, ayengamalungelo amakhulu oluntu. Ukuhlaziywa komthetho kuye kwandisa ukugqalwa nokukhuselwa kwala malungelo asisiseko akhutshwa ngaphandle kolonwabo lwawo.
Ukuhlaziywa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi
Izilungiso eziliqela zijolise ngqo ekuphathweni kwe-demokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela ebantwini. IGadatha, 19th, Amashumi amabini anesine, kunye neziHlayithi zokuHlayishwa zonke ezinamalungelo ovota, ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSeventeenth lweNtsimbi yeNtlanganiso lweNqanawa yeNtlanganiso lweNqanawa imele iphendule ngokungqalileyo kubantu abavoti.
Ezi zindululo zibonisa intsingiselo engaguqukiyo yokungakhathaleli okungakumbi nokungalawuleki kolawulo-moya kurhulumente waseMerika. Ziquka umgaqo wokuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, kwaye loo mvume imele ibe nentsingiselo.
Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota ngokulungisa izinto kuye kwaba neziphumo ezinzulu kwiziphumo zenkqubo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente. Njengoko amaqela akhutshiweyo aye afumana ingqwalaselo ephambili, urhulumente wasabela ngakumbi kwinkxalabo nezilangazelelo zawo. Oku kubonisa indlela ukubuyiselwa okunokupheliswa ngayo kungekuphela nje kwisakhiwo esisesikweni sikarhulumente kodwa kwanomsebenzi wakhe osebenzayo kunye neziphumo zenkqubo.
I-Claus eququzelelayo kunye neSizwe seSizwe
Nangaphandle kwelungiselelo elicacileyo lokukhulula, imithetho karhulumente ithatha indawo yokuqala kwimithetho karhulumente ukuba ezi zinto zimbini zisemphikiswaneni. Oku kungenxa ye "Umthetho ka-Xuprák'" kwiGatya le- VI lomGaqo-siseko. Lithiya umGaqo-siseko we-U.S. ngokuthi "ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe," kunye nemithetho yesizwe ebhalwe phantsi kwegunya lawo.
Ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, njengenxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, kukwisikhundla esiphezulu kweli qela lemigangatho. Xa izindululo zinika urhulumente worhulumente okanye amalungelo omntu ngamnye, la malungiselelo athathe indawo yemithetho yombuso engqubanayo okanye imimiselo yesiseko. Le gunya liqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlenga-hlengiswa komgaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo kunokububuyisela ngokutsha umlinganiselo wesizwe naxa kujongwe nokuchaswa kwemeko.
Imiqathango yonyanzeliso equkiweyo kwiiNgqungquthela ezininzi inika igunya elicacileyo lokudlulisela imithetho ezalisekisa imiqathango yazo. Ngokulawulwa yimiqathango ethile, iKhomishini ingasebenzisa ukurhafisa nokuchitha kwayo amandla okukhuthaza amazwe athile ukuba enze izenzo ezithile, kwanaxa iBhunga lingenalo igunya elisemthethweni lokuthatha ezo zenzo ngqo. Oku kudala iindlela ezongezelelekileyo zokulungisa ezinokuphembelela indlela yokuziphatha nenkqubo.
Oko Sikufundayo Kwimbali Yomgaqo-siseko
Imbali yokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko inika izifundo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ngorhulumente waseMerika nolungelelwano lwamandla. Okokuqala, umGaqo-siseko asilulo uxwebhu oluthe ngqo kodwa sisakhiwo esiphilayo esikwaziyo ukuguqula nokuziqhelanisa. Le nkqubo yokulungisa inika inkqubo yenguqulelo eluxolo, ecwangcisiweyo eye yanceda iUnited States iphephe iinguqulelo eziye zachaphazela ezinye iintlanga ezininzi.
Okwesibini, ulungiso lubonisa ukuba ulungelelwano lwamandla alulungiswanga kodwa lusoloko luxolelwano kwaye lukhutshwa kwakhona. Isizukulwana ngasinye samaMelika sinethuba lokubuyisela urhulumente waso kwinkqubo yokulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka usamkela imilinganiselo neemeko eziguqukayo.
Okwesithathu, utshintsho oluphumelelayo lubonisa ukuba kukho imibutho ebanzi enxulumene nentlalo nomanyano kunokuba kufuneke ukuba abantu batshintshe. Ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa iziphumo zentlalo buthetha ukuba lutshintsho olunokuphumelela ngenkxaso esasazekileyo, kuqinisekiswe ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lumela ukutshintshana kokwenyaniso kwemilinganiselo yesizwe kunokuba kube ziimpumelelo zokwexeshana kwezobupolitika.
Ukususela ekuFunyanweni, abantu baseMerika baye bawutshintsha umGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linazo zonke izixhobo elizifunayo ukucombulula iingxaki zesizwe nokukhusela amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu baseMerika.
Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhubekayo Kozinziso LomGaqo-siseko
Kwixesha lenguqulelo ekhawulezileyo yobugcisa, yentlalo, nezoqoqosho, indima yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo lwamandla isebalulekile. Imingeni emitsha (ukusuka kwimfihlo yamanani ukuya kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kubuchule bokuzenzela) isenokufuna iimpendulo zomgaqo-siseko ezicacisa igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo abantu kwiincwadi.
Inkqubo yokulungisa inika indlela yokusingatha ezi ngxaki ngendlela ethi ivumela uphakamiso olubanzi kwaye yenze izisombululo ezihlala ixesha elide. Ngexa ubunzima bokuguqula umGaqo-siseko buthetha ukuba esi sixhobo sisetyenziswa ngokucotha, ukufumaneka kwaso kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho osisiseko ungaguquka xa kuyimfuneko.
Namhlanje, ilizwe lethu lijamelene neengxaki ezintsha kunye nocelomngeni oluphalala kwiingingqi zikarhulumente kwaye luchaphazela umdla woluntu lonke lwelizwe. Ngethamsanqa, umGaqo-siseko wethu ohlala uhleli unika amandla aneleyo karhulumente ukucombulula ezi ngxaki. Enoba ngotshintsho olutsha okanye ngokuqhubeka nokutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwazo, umGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka unako ukukhokela urhulumente waseMerika kwiingxaki zale mihla.
Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Okunamandla
Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luye lwalomeleza ngokusisiseko ulungelelwano lwamandla kurhulumente waseMerika. Ukusuka kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nolawulo lukarhulumente ukuya kulwandiso lwegunya lorhulumente lokulungisa ulawulo lorhulumente ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu, ukusukela kutshintsho oluqhubekekayo lweNkathi ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota, ukuhlenga-hlenga-hlengiswa kolu tshintsho luye lwahlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye lwachazwa kwakhona ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, phakathi korhulumente norhulumente, kunye naphakathi korhulumente nabemi.
Inkqubo yokulungisa iquka imilinganiselo engundoqo yamaMelika: ukukholelwa kulawulo oluphambili, ukuzimisela ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukuvunywa ukuba urhulumente makaguquke ukuze ahlangabezane neemeko ezitshintshayo, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuba iinguqu ezingundoqo zifuneke zivumelane ngokubanzi. Ngokulungisa, abantu baseMelika baye babonakalisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla abo okuzilawula kunye nokuzimisela kwabo ukwenza "umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi"
Ukuqonda indlela utshintsho oluyiyo ulawulo lukarhulumente oluyilwe luyimfuneko ngayo kubemi abanolwazi. Olu tshintsho lomgaqo-siseko asiyozinto zembali nje kodwa yimigaqo ephilayo eqhubeka iseka ingxoxo yezopolitiko, izigqibo ezikhokelayo, kwaye ichaza umgangatho wegunya likarhulumente. Njengoko iingxaki ezintsha zivela kwaye ibutho labantu laseMerika liqhubeka liguquka, inkqubo yokuzinziswa kwenkqubo ihlala ikho njengesixhobo sokuguqula ngoxolo, ngokwedemokhrasi.
Ulungelelwano lwamandla olumiselwe nolucocekileyo ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko lubonisa uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwamaMelika kurhulumente wawo. Alumi kwaye alufezeki, kodwa luye lwangqinelana nolwaphakade kwaye lunokuvumelana nemeko. Ngokufunda indlela utshintsho oluye lwawuguqula ngayo urhulumente wethu, sifumana ukuqonda kokubini umGaqo-siseko wethu wexesha elidlulileyo kunye namathuba ekamva lethu lomGaqo-siseko.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngokulungisa umgaqo-siseko kunye nempembelelo yabo kurhulumente waseMelika, i-Constitution Antonion esuka kwiThala leencwadi leeKhorasi linikela uhlalutyo olubanzi lweZiko ngalinye lamaLungelo kunye notoliko lwalo. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] unika ugcino-Malikeko lweZibonelelo lwelizwe [[[FLT:]] olunesiseko sobuzwe kunye nomthombo onxulumene nenkqubo yokushenxiso olunxulumene nomgaqo-siseko. [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] unika izicwangciso-mali zeZiko lomgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[FLT] [FT]] oluthe ngqo]
Ibali lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni libali leMelika ngokwayo, `lisizwe esizinikele kumthetho, esikwaziyo ukuzilungisa, kwaye esizinikele kwisicelo sokuba urhulumente afumane amandla akhe okusesikweni ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawulwa. Ngenkqubo yokulungisa, isizukulwana ngasinye samaMelika sithatha inxaxheba ekuxoleleni ulungelelwano lwamandla oluchaza urhulumente waso kwaye lukhusele amalungelo aso.