Ukuqonda Urhwebo Lwenkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Izigqibo zikarhulumente zinqabile ukubandakanya ukhetho olucacileyo olulungileyo nolucacileyo. Endaweni yoko, abaququzeli benkqubo basebenza kwindawo apho ukuhambela phambili enye injongo kudla ngokufuneka ukuncama ngelinye, ishishini elinamandla elibizwa ngokuba yi-thenanti. Ezi ziko zichaphazela lonke umgangatho wolawulo, ukusuka kwimithetho yolawulo yasekuhlaleni ukuya kutshintsho lwezempilo yesizwe kunye nezivumelwano zemozulu yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuvuma, ukuhlalutya nokulungisa ezi ntshukumo kungundoqo wokukhuphisana ukuze kubekho ulawulo olusebenzayo ngenxa yokuchaphazeleka ngqo kolawulo, intlalo-ntle yoluntu, kunye nokusasazwa kweenzuzo kunye nemithwalo kuluntu.

Kwisiseko sawo, inkqubo yorhwebo kawonke-wonke ivela xa kuququzelelwa enye inkqubo ebeka iindleko okanye imida kwenye injongo exabisekileyo. Oku kunqongophala kwemiqathango `imali, indalo, okanye abantu) abenzi besigqibo sokubeka kuqala. Ubuchule bokwenza inkqubo bubandakanya ukwenza ezi zinto zibalulekileyo, ezicace gca, nezigwetyelwe. Ukungavumi ukurhweba kungayikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, inkqubo ebangela ukungathembani, nokungathembani kwabantu.

Ukusetyenziswa kweTrendoff ngaphaya kommandla wemithetho

Intengiso ibonakala ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kummandla wenkqubo, kodwa uxinezeleko oluninzi olusoloko lulawula umhlaba:

  • [[FLT: 0] esebenzayo vs. I-Equt: Imithetho enyusa iziphumo zezoqoqosho ezidityanisiweyo isenokukwandisa ukungalingani kwengeniso, ngelixa iinkqubo zokunika inkxaso zinokunciphisa intshukumisa yokusebenza okanye ukuhlawula. Umzekelo, ithetha ukuba iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle ziphumeza ubuchule kodwa zinokudala imigibe yobuhlwempu ethintela ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwemakethengi.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko ezimeleyo v. Ukhuseleko oluqokelelayo: lulinganisa uthelekiso olufana nokulandelelana ngexesha lesifo esigqugqisileyo okanye ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko lobugrogrisi olulwa nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kodwa lungenelela kwimicimbi yobucala nenkululeko yabemi. Ulungelelwano lusoloko lukhuphiswano, njengoko kuboniswa kwiingxoxo zokuvulwa kofihlo nakwiimfuno zonyango.
  • Ingeniso zexesha elide. Ukuzinziswa kwemijukujelwa yeTerm: Ukusetyenziswa kwelahleko yelahleko kunganyusa unyuko olukhawulezileyo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomsebenzi, kodwa kuqhubela phambili ukukhutshwa kwekharbon ebangela iindleko zemozulu ende. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe kudinga ukuveliswa kwemali eninzi ekuchitheni ezinye iimfuno zoxinzelelo.
  • Imigangatho yolawulo oludityanisiweyo. I-Autonomy yengingqi: i-Fomati ingaqinisekisa ukulingana nokulingana kwemimandla kodwa ingathintela ukuphuhliswa nokusabela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwamalungelo egunya likarhulumente kwimfundo, kwimpilo, kunye nomgaqo wemekobume ngumzekelo ongapheliyo.

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda abaququzeleli bemigaqo bafumanise ukuba kukho phi na ukurhweba kunokuba bajonge isigqibo ngasinye njengesikhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Amathuba Afunekayo: Ingcamango Yesiseko

Inkqubo nganye yokurhweba iquka umgaqo wezoqoqosho oxabisayo .

Indima Yabaxhasi Kwizigqibo Zorhwebo

Iitranoff azisombululwa kwi-athom; zakhiwa kwaye zakhuphiswano ngabaxhasi abahlukeneyo, ngamnye ezisa iminqweno eyahlukileyo, amaxabiso, kunye nemithombo yamandla kwinkqubo yenkqubo. Ukuqonda iziphakamiso zomchasi kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba izigqibo zokurhweba ngentengiselwano zidala abaphumeleleyo nabahluphi. Indlela inkqubo yokurhwebiswa kwenqanawa ifakwa kwisakhelo qham. kwaye inomdla wayo uxhomekeke kakhulu kumntu ohlala etafileni.

Amagosa Karhulumente Namagosa Oorhulumente

Amagosa aqatshelweyo kunye nezicaka zomsebenzi woburhulumente zisebenza kwimiqathango elawula uqingqo-mali, izigunyaziso zomthetho, nemijikelo yonyulo. Abezobupolitika badla ngokuxhasa iinkqubo ngeengenelo zexesha elifutshane kwaye bakhuphe iindleko ezithe xhaxhe, utyekelo olwaziwayo njengengxaki yexeshana elifutshane”. Ngelinye ixesha, ii-ofisi zoorhulumente zingakhusela uqoqosho lwawo okanye zixhase iinguqu eziphazamisa inkqubo esunguliweyo. Le ngxaki yangaphakathi yenkxaso-xaso-xaso yangaphakathi ichazwa njani kuluntu.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Izilangazelelo ezilungelelanisiweyo . ngokomzekelo, ishishini lobugcisa lingaxhasa ukhuseleko olunamandla olusemthethweni (ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo) ngokubhekiselele kwiindleko zokusingqongileyo kunye nemibutho yonqulo elungelelanisa iinkqubo zokuthelekisa ii-asethi ezithe nkqo ekuzithandeni. Impembelelo yalo ixhomekeke kwimali yobuncwane, ubulungu, kunye nonxulumano lwezopolitiko. Umzekelo, ushishino lwezonyango lungaxhasa ukukhuselwa okunamandla okusemthethweni (ukukhuselwa phambili) ngendleko yokufumana iziyobisi (ukungafikeleleki). Uphando olusuka ku- Nhlangano yezemali [[FLT] ]

Abemi

Abemi abaqhelekileyo bobabini bafumana iingenelo ezipheleleyo kunye nabathwali beendleko ezipheleleyo zokurhweba ngokwenkqubo. Noko ke, impembelelo yabo idla ngokuxutyushwa zizenzo zombutho wamaqumrhu.

IiAcademics, Cinga Ngezintlondi, Neziqhubi Ezineengcali

Iingcali zinika ugcino-lwazi, iimodeli, kunye nezicwangciso zenkcubeko ezikhanyisa ukuthengiseka. Ukuthembeka kwazo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezibonwayo, kodwa nazo zisebenza phakathi kweparadigms ezigxininisa amaxabiso athile (umz., izazi ngezoqoqosho zisoloko ziphuhlisa ubuchule, ngelixesha imigaqo-nkqubo igxininisa ubulungisa). Iintyatyambo ezifana ne Harvard Kennedy School i-oliwe yenkqubo yexesha elizayo abakhi boqeqesho ukudibanisa iimbono ezininzi zemithetho elungelelanisa iimbono zorhwebo xa belinganisa umlinganiselo worhwebo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo sokuhlolisisa ii-Credioff ze-Pign

Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwethuku kunye nobuchule bobugcisa, abenzi benkqubo baxhomekeke kwizixhobo zenkcubeko ezilinganisa kwaye zithelekise imilinganiso eyahlukeneyo yentengiso. Ezi zicwangciso aziyiphelisi imfuneko yokufumana imilinganiselo yokugweba, kodwa benza iindleko neengenelo zokukhetha ezinye iindlela ezicace ngakumbi.

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso-lendawo (CBA)

I-CBA izama ukudibanisa zonke iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo, kuquka nezingakholelekiyo ezifana nemekobume okanye ubomi bomntu obugciniweyo. Ixabiso elikhoyo leengenelo ezifumaneka kulwahlulo oluthabatha amaxabiso linika i-metric enye ukukhokela izigqibo. Noko ke, i-CBA inemida eyaziwayo: ixanduva nokusasaza i-equity (imali e-dola kumntu osisityebi ibala elilingana nedola kumntu olihlwempu) kwaye ifuna iinkcazo malunga nexabiso lobomi kunye nokuhlahlela amaxabiso eziphumo zolawulo lwexesha elizayo. I-U.S. I-ofisi yolawulo nohlahlolo-mthetho ye-CBA yemithetho emikhulu, kodwa ihlala iyisixhobo sokuzisa (i-atrot)

Uhlalutyo lwesigqibo se-Criteria ezininzi (MCDA)

Xa ukurhweba kubandakanya amaxabiso angenakuthengwa (umz., intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zihambisana namalungelo empahla), iMCDA inika indlela yokufumana kunye nobunzima obuninzi bemilinganiselo ngaphandle kokunyanzela i-metric enye yemali. Amaqela akwimiqathango ekwimiqathango efana nexabiso, iziphumo zemekobume, i-equator, kunye nokungalawuleki. Le nkqubo ingokwemvelo yeyopolitiki ngenxa yokuba ukumisela amaxabiso. MCDA iyasetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kwi IBHANGELAM

Umngcipheko wovavanyo kunye nolawulo

Uninzi lwee-ntervection lubandakanya ukungaqiniseki: inkqubo ethintela ubugcisa obutsha bungangavumela iinzuzo ezinokwenzeka, ngeli xesha bungavumela ukuba kubonakale uluntu kwingozi engaziwayo. Uhlolo lomngcipheko lubonisa umlinganiselo wokunokwenzeka kweziphumo ezingalunganga, ezinokulinganiswa kwiinzuzo ezilindelekileyo. Umgaqo wesilumkiso, osetyenziswa kwinkqubo yemekobume ye-European Union, utshintsha umthwalo ukuba ubonise ukukhuseleka kwemisebenzi eyingozi.

Imisebenzi Esetyenziswayo

Ukuxhotyiswa ngezixhobo ze-alytical kunye nezibonelelo ezisetyenziswayo, abenzi benkqubo bangasebenzisa iindlela eziliqela eziluncedo zokuqhuba intengiso ngokunempumelelo. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekubalaleni iindleko ezifihlakeleyo, ukwakha izivumelwano, nokwenza iinkqubo ezisebenzayo nezisemthethweni.

1. Undululo lukawonke-wonke oluqulunqweyo

Kunokuba kuxhomekeke kuphela kuhlalutyo lobugcisa, amagunya afana no-Oregon aye asebenzisa izigqibo zabemi kunye nophando olungenazintlu-ziphene ukuze angenele uwonke-wonke kwiingxoxo ezicacileyo zokuthelekisa ii-akhawunti. Umzekelo, i-Inshorensi yempilo ye-Oregon i-Exchange yahlanganisa iqela le-Exchange yezonyango elizimeleyo ukuze ligqibe iinkonzo zonyango ezinokubekwa phambili phantsi koqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo. Amaqela afunde ngeendleko zethuba aza afumana izigqibo zembutho, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni abantu bamkele ngakumbi ekukhetheni iinketho ezinzima.

2. Ukwenza inkqubo esunguliweyo yobungqina

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kuvavanyo olungqongqo . olufana novavanyo olulawulwa ngokungacwangciswanga, i-quasi-experiences, kunye ne-meta-analys js inguqu ukusuka kwingqiqo ukuya kubungqina. Imisebenzi efana neZiko lemfundo kunye neU.K. Le misebenzi inika abenzi bemisebenzi ulwazi oluthembekileyo ngoko kusebenza ngokwenene. Xa abenzi benkqubo beqonda umlinganiselo onokubakho weziphumo, bangenza uhlolo olusengqiqweni lwentengiso lokurhweba/ukusuka kumzekelo, beqonda ukuba ingeniso ephantsi yoqeqesho lwemisebenzi ingaluthetheleli ulwazi oluphezulu ngokoqobo lunokusetyenziswa kwezinye iindleko.

3. Ukucwangcisa uClaus kunye noLawulo oluzinzileyo

Ngenxa yokuba ukurhweba kubandakanya ukungaqiniseki, imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka iquke ulungiso lolungiso njengoko ulwazi olutsha luvela. Iirejista zelanga ziphelelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwinkqubo emva kwexesha elibekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba livunyelwe, ukunyanzelisa ukususwa kwakhona kwenzuzo yomnatha oqhubekekayo. Ulawulo lokulungisa, oluqhelekileyo kwimigaqo yemiba yogcino-mali, luphatha iinkqubo njengovavanyo lokuhlola okwakhiwayo kunye neerhintyela. Le nkqubo ivumela abenzi benkqubo ukuba balungise indlela ukuba ubalo lokuqala lokuthengisa ngentengiso lubonise ukuba aluchananga.

4. Ulwahlulo kunye nokuxhotyiswa koMphathi-majoni onqamlezayo

Ngamanye amaxesha ukurhweba kungancitshiswa ngokudibanisa iinjongo ezininzi kwipakethi enye yenkqubo. Umzekelo, irhafu yekharbon inganciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ngexesha elinye (usukelo olunzulu) ngeli xesha isebenzisa ingeniso ukucutha iirhafu zerhafu okanye ukuxhasa amandla acocekileyo eR&D (usukelo lokukhula kwezoqoqosho). Ngokufanayo, “imigaqo-nkqubo yokungangeni siseko sokuhlala kwezindlu zangamakhaya idibanisa ulungiselelo lokuzikhusela kunye neenkonzo ezixhasayo, ukufikelela iziphelo zokunceda abantu ngexa ukunciphisa iindleko zobomi ezinde zoluntu kunye neendleko zolwaphulo-mthetho. I-Bounding ingaguqula i-zeroot-sum-sloff ibe yiziphumo ezifanelekileyo zempumelelo yobuchule kunye neziphumo ze-mathireverbator.

Imilinganiselo Eqhelekileyo Yorhwebo Lwenkqubo

Imicimbi yokurhweba ingukhetho lwendlela ibutho labantu eliwasasaza ngayo amathuba, iingozi nemithwalo. Uhlalutyo lwenzululwazi luhlolisisa kungekuphela nje iziphumo zezigqibo zokurhwebelana kodwa kwanendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.

Okusesikweni Okusasazwayo

Ngubani ohlawula iindleko ze-tenaff, kwaye ngubani ofumana inzuzo? Inkqubo enciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon ngokunyusa amaxabiso ombane ingenza umonakalo ongathethekiyo kwizindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi ngaphandle kokuba kuqukwe imilinganiselo yokusetyenziswa kwe-complation. Ngokufanayo, ukufumana isityalo sokulahla amanzi amdaka kwindawo ephantsi ukuze kulondolozwe iindawo ezifumileyo kubandakanya ukuthengiswa kwezavezi zemekobume. Abenzi-mthetho mabahlole ngokucacileyo indlela okuchaphazeleka ngayo ukuthengiseka kwemali ekhoyo kumaqela amanani emali efunyenweyo, uhlanga, inzululwazi yendalo, indalo, kunye nesizukulwana.

Okusesikweni

Nokuba iziphumo zokurhweba zithathwa njengezobulungisa kumgaqo, inkqubo yokufikelela kwimicimbi yesigqibo. Abantu abachaphazelekayo kufuneka babe namathuba afanelekileyo okuvakalisa inkxalabo yabo kunye neengcinga eziphembelelayo. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba ukurhweba kubekwa ngaphandle kokuxilonga, banokuchasa okanye bayigatye imithetho esemthethweni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufezekiseni ukungaphumeleli. Izigwebo ezifak'emali ekungeneni ngokunempumelelo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kawonke-wonke wonke, ukuva, ukugqabaza, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuvelisa iibhodi eziqinileyo nezigqibo ezivumelekileyo zorhwebo.

Okusesikweni Okubonisa Ubungqina

Ukuthengiswa kwemali phakathi kwezizukulwana zangoku nezizayo kuphakamisa imibandela eyahlukileyo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, utshintsho lwempesheni kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya konke kubangela iindleko kubenzi benkqubo banamhlanje ukuphepha iingozi kubemi bexesha elizayo. Amanani asetyenziswa ekuhloleni indleko anzima kakhulu, uqheliso olugxekwa ngabaxhasi bemithetho-mthetho njengokwaphula inzala engekho mthethweni. Abanye oorhulumente, njengoWales kunye neFinland, baye bamkela iziphumo zexesha elizayo zeeNkqulukwano ezifuna abenzi bemithetho baqwalasele iimpembelelo ezithe ngqo kwixesha elide, beqinisekisa ukuba ukurhwebela ngaphandle komthwalo ongafanelekanga.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwimida Yorhwebo

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa indlela ukuthengwa kwemali okulawulwa ngayo, okanye okuxhatshazwa ngayo okukonakaliswayo kwemigaqo-nkqubo entsonkothileyo. Ezi meko zilandelayo zibalaselisa ukuhlaziywa, ukudityaniswa kwabafaki-tyala, kunye nomthetho wendlela yokuziphatha.

Isifundo Setyala 1: IsiXeko SaseNew York Esibona Ukhuseleko Lomjelo Wezithuthi

Yaqaliswa ngo-2014, i-Resoion Zero ejolise ekupheliseni iingozi zeenqwelo-moya ngemilinganiselo encitshisiweyo yesantya, i-redece sigingqining, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwesantya esizenzekelayo. Ukurhweba bekuphakathi kokhuseleko lwendlela nokuhamba: isantya esicothayo nezitrato ezimxinwa zazinokuphazamisa abaqhubi kunye nokwandisa amaxesha okuhamba. Isixeko esiquququzelela iibhodi zoluntu, abaxhasi bezothutho, kunye nomthetho wokusebenza kwengxoxo, kusetyenziswa isantya sokungqubana nezixhobo zokujolisa isantya kwindawo eziphezulu, kunye nokuzibeka phantsi kwengxelo ecacileyo yobomi babantu. Ucwangciso lwanciphisa ukufa kwabantu abahamba ngeminyaka engama-45% yokuqala emihlanu, okubonisa ukuba urhwebo olulawulayo ngesantya esithile kukhuseleko.

Isifundo setyala 2: Imali ebhalisweyo yaseCosta Rica kwiiNkonzo zeEcosystem (PES)

Ukususela ngo-1990, iCosta Rica yafuna ukubuyisela umva ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngeli xesha ixhasa iindlela zokuziphilisa zasemaphandleni. Ukuthengiselana kwakuphakathi kolwando lwezolimo (ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho) nokulondoloza amahlathi (ukhuseleko lwezenzululwazi). Urhulumente wadala inkqubo yePES eyahlawula abemi belizwe ukuba balondoloze amahlathi, ixhaswe yimali yerhafu nemali yokuwa kwamanzi. Le nkcithela ixhotyiswe ngezikhundla zezoqoqosho, iguqulela ukurhweba nge-zerom-iwin. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-25, igquma ihlathi lakhula ukusuka kuma-26% ukuya kwi-25% elizwe, ngexesha eli-ecocoorstism kunye nolistries. Ucwangciso lwempumelelo luxhomekeke kwimiqatha ecacileyo, ukuqwalasela, ukuphatha, nokuzibandakanya koluntu kumazwe asekuhlaleni olulungele ukungeneyo.

Isifundo Sesi-3: IMedicaid Resistation yaseOregon (ISicwangciso Sezempilo SeOregon)

Ngoo1990, uOregon wajamelana nothengiso olucacileyo: ukwandisa inkcaso yeMedicaid kubemi abangakhangelwanga kufuna iinkonzo zokwabelana ngeendleko. Urhulumente wahlanganisa uluntu kunye nekhomishini yeengcaphephe ukuba bamisele unyango lwezamayeza ngokwexabiso lexabiso eliphezulu kunye nexabiso loluntu. Uluhlu olulandelayo olucacileyo olufakelweyo lwexabiso eliphezulu (umz., inkathalo yangaphambili) kwixabiso eliphantsi (umz. utyando lobuhle). Le nkqubo yayithandabuza ingxubusho “ukudibanisa,” ngoxa abanye bencomela ukuba lucace. Ngokubandakanya ukunyuka kwalo kurhwebo okunzima okunxulumene nobunzulu bobunzulu bobunzulu, i-Oregontion, i-ognorensitivel ebanzi kwi-artrovertivel eqhubekayo, i-al eqhubekayo nengxoxo yezopolitiki. Le meko igxininisa kumsebenzi wezo-mthetho-occutmental.

Isiphelo

Urhwebo-nkqubo lukawonke-wonke luphawu olungenakuphepheka lolawulo, oluvela kwinyaniso engundoqo yobuncwane obunqabileyo kunye namaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ukuzikhupha kakuhle kufuna okungaphezulu kobuchule bobugcisa; kufuna ukuzinikela ekucaceni, ekubopheleleni abafaki-tyala, nasekuqiqeni ngemigaqo yokuziphatha. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka bavume ukuba ukhetho ngalunye lunexabiso, oluchaphazela uluntu lufanelwe lilizwi, kwaye ukusasazwa kweendleko neengenelo zemicimbi njengesiphumo se-agleredite.

Izixhobo zohlalutyo lwexabiso, uhlolo lwesigqibo esineendleko ezininzi, kunye nohlolo lomngcipheko zinika isakhiwo esixabisekileyo kodwa azinakuthatha indawo yemimiselo yexabiso. Ezona nkqubo zinamandla zezo zidityanisa ubungqina obuqinileyo kunye nokuzinzisa, nokuvumelana, kunye nemvume ecacileyo yokuba ngubani ophumelelayo kwaye ophulukana nayo. Ngokuzibiza ngokucacileyo iintengiso kunye nokuzibeka uxanduva lukawonke wonke, oorhulumente banokulwakha ukholo kunye nelungelo, kwanaxa ukhetho olunzima kufuneka lwenziwe. Ekugqibeleni, isenzo sokulinganisa somgaqo kawonke asingokususa ukurhweba-------ekho okubonakalayo, okulungileyo, nokungagwetyekiyo, kunye nokunga.