Unxulumano phakathi kwamagunya orhulumente namagunya orhulumente luyisiseko senkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Olu lungiselelo lubini lokulawula luchaza isiseko somthetho nesezobupolitika sohlanga, lugunya phakathi korhulumente osembindini noorhulumente bengingqi. Ukuqonda indlela la manqanaba mabini negunya asebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuntsonkotha kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni yaseMerika, umthetho, kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. usebenza njengesiseko sale candelo, kodwa iinkulungwane zokutolikwa kwezomthetho, uqheliselo lwezopolitiko, kunye neenguqu zentlalo-ntlalo ziyaqhubeka zibulungisa ulwalamano.

Isiseko Somanyano LwamaMerika

Umanyano, ekusemgangathweni, yinkqubo yokulawula apho igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namaqela asezantsi. E-United States, eli candelo libekwe kumGaqo-siseko, onika urhulumente wesizwe amandla akhethekileyo ngeli lixa egcina onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye kubantu. Esi sakhiwo sazalwa ngokuchasene nolwahlulo phakathi kwabo bafuna igunya elinamandla elisembindini nabo babesoyika ukuxinzelelwa kwegunya. Inkqubo ephumeleyo yadala uxinezeleko olunamandla oluye lwavela ngokuhamba kwexesha.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uchaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente kumalungiselelo amaninzi angundoqo. Inqaku Elibala amagunya owiso-mthetho eBhunga, kuquka amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe, imali yengqesho, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. La asemagunyeni athe abekwa phambili. adweliswe ngokucacileyo. Uhlaziyo lweshumi lomthetho lucacisa ngakumbi ilungiselelo: "Amagunya angaphathiswanga i-United States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinelwe e-United States, okanye abantu." Le i-mendmentmentation isiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko solawulo olufana nemfundo, amapolisa, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

[[NTL:0] i-Gatyani eliyimfuneko nelifanelekileyo (Icandelo I, iCandelo 8, u-Claus 18) inika iBhunga igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" ukwenzela ukuphumeza amagunya ayo adwelisweyo. Le ngxelo iye yaba ngumthombo onamandla ogunyazisa igunya lesizwe elicetyiweyo, elinceda ulwandiso lwamandla esizwe ngexesha. Ukuchaza okuntsonkothileyo lala amalungiselelo, bona [[FLT:]] i-Antonititution Anucity ivela kwithala leencwadi zeBhungamente [[[FLT]]]]]

Isitshixo sokutolika kwasekuqaleni: McCulloch v. Maryland kunye neGibbons v. Ogden

INkundla yamandulo ePhakamileyo yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni ulungelelwano phakathi korhulumente kunye norhulumente. [Ku Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], iNkundla yabambelela ekubeni iNkundla ibonise amandla phantsi kwamandla ayimfuneko nafanelekileyo okumisela ibhanki yesizwe. Ingxelo ebhaliweyo iSikhulu uJohn Marshall ibhale ngodumo ukuba "amandla erhafu abandakanya amandla okutshabalalisa," ukubetha irhafuthe yombuso ebhankini yorhulumente. Le meko iqinisekisile ngokuqinileyo ukuphakama komthetho karhulumente kwaye yandisa umgangatho wamandla achaziweyo. Isishwankathelo sikhona ukusuka kumthetho wesizwe ochaziweyo. [[FLT.FLT:2] [FLT]

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), iNkundla yatolika iCommerce Claus ngokuphangaleleyo, ilawula ukuba amandla karhulumente wezwelonke okulawula ushishino lwezoshishino lwengingqi oluthathe indawo yemithetho yezobuzwe engqubanayo. Esi sigqibo sabeka isiseko solawulo lwexesha elizayo lwemeko yezoqoqosho kwaye sihlala sisesona siseko lolawulo lwezwelonke. Ndawo-nye, la matyala aphawula i-judicantiary njengesitshixo solawulo lolawulo lwezwelonke kwaye aqinisa uSupremacy Claus weSihloko VI.

Umahluko Phakathi Korhulumente Namagunya Omanyano

Ukuziqonda ngokucacileyo iindidi zamandla kubalulekile ekuhlalutyeni uburhulumente bale mihla. Amandla ahlelwa ngokwamaqela adweliswe, achazwe, ahambelana, okanye agcinwe.

Enikwe Intsebenziswano, Esetyenziswa, Namandla Agciniweyo

[[FLT: 0] Amandla adwelisweyo ngalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Ezi ziquka ukuveliswa kwemali, ukulawulwa kwezorhwebo, ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, nokugcinwa komkhosi. Amandla asetyenziswayo [ awachazwanga ngqo kodwa asuka kwimiba efunekayo nefanelekileyo, evumela iBhunga ukudlulisela imithetho esengqiqweni yolwandiso lwemisebenzi yalo. Umzekelo, ukudalwa kweFederal Reserve sisixhobo sokusebenzisa amandla anxulumene nemali engqekelelwa.

Amandla agciniweyo angamalungu kuphela kumaphondo, iindawo zokugquma ezinganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye ezithintelweyo kumazwe. Ezi ziquka ulawulo lwezorhwebo, ukuqhuba unyulo, ukuseka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye nokulawula impilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko. UMthetho-Mthethweno-siseko ngumthombo wamagunya agcinelweyo, uqinisekisa ukuba la magunya alawula igunya elibalulekileyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Amandla Akhoyo NoNoklas Oneengcungela

Amagunya amaninzi ahlangane ngemigangatho yomibini karhulumente, eyaziwa ngokuba 'akhoyo'. Imizekelo iquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Xa imithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente ingqubana nemibandela yamandla akhoyo, [[FLT:] u-ISikhundla sika-Celace Claus [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] weQumrhu LeGaqo VI] ichaza ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni ngu "Umthetho welizwe osisigxina welizwe," kwaye unyanzelisa imithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni ephikisayo. [[FLT] [FLT] ISikolo soluvo] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

Ngoko, umlinganiselo wokukhululwa usoloko uphikiswa. INkundla ePhakamileyo iphuhlise iimfundiso ezifana "nesikhuseli somhlaba" (xa umthetho karhulumente ugqugqisile kangangokuba ume kwibala lonke) kunye "nokhuhleko" (xa kulula ukuthobela yomibini imithetho okanye umthetho worhulumente ume njengomqobo kwiinjongo zolawulo). Ezi mfundiso zibumba imida yegunya elihlangeneyo.

Indaleko yeeNdlela zokuXhotyiswa koorhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente worhulumente luye lwahamba iinkalo eziliqela, nganye yazo iphawulwa kukutshintsha komlinganiselo wamandla.

Umanyano lwe-Dual (Layer Cake Federalism)

Ukususela ekusungulweni kwenkulungwane yama-20, imodeli eyayoyisayo yayiyi- urhulumente. Le ngcamango yawajonga amandla orhulumente norhulumente njengahluleke kakhulu, njengemiqukumbelo yekhekhe. Urhulumente wengingqi wayelinganiselwe kumagunya awo adwelisweyo, ngoxa amagunya ayesebenzisa ububanzi kwimida yawo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yayisoloko ibetha imithetho yesizwe engaphaya kwemida, ingakumbi phambi kweNew Dector. Umzekelo, United States v. C.[FLT] [FL:3] (1855), iNkunyaka elinganiselwe yeNkundla yezoshishino (ethetho).

Umanyano lweManyano (Umanyano lweCake oluMahlaza)

Umgangatho ophezulu woLawulo loxinzelelo lwehlabathi kunye neNew Development yaphawula utshintsho oluphawulekayo kurhulumente wezwe . Ngaphantsi kwalo mzekelo, oorhulumente besizwe kunye norhulumente basebenza kunye ukucombulula iingxaki ezinzima, ngokufuthi ngokusebenzisa inkxaso-in kwaye babelane ngolawulo lweenkqubo. Amandla kunye noxanduva lwamagunya asuka adityaniswa njengemarble kwikeyiki. Iinkqubo ezinjenge-Social Security, Mdicaid, kunye nenkxaso yemijelo yemali yemputha zisebenzisa amandla ayo okusebenzisa phantsi kweQhinga lokusebenza phantsi kweQhinga I-Intelligie, ukuqhuba imigaqo yesizwe, ngokufuthi kunye neemeko eziququze.

Ihlelo Elitsha Lomanyano Nendaleko

Ukuqala koo1970 nokuya phambili phantsi koMongameli uNixon noReagan, umbutho obizwa ngokuba [[FLT: 0] yiNtlalo e-New Federal efuna ukubuyisela amandla kumaphondo. Injongo yayikukunciphisa ulawulo lwamazwe kwaye inike ulungelelwano olungakumbi ekusebenziseni imali yengingqi. INkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji William Rehnquest (1986-2005) iphinde ifumane imida ehlaziyiweyo kumandla orhulumente, ibetha amacandelo ezenzo zobundlobongela ezilwa noMkhosi weSikolo seSixhobo soMkhosi kuMthetho ekwasemgangeso kwimibazwe efana [[FLT:]].[5] IKopez.[5] Imeko olungenagwegwegwegwegwegwe

Noko ke, urhulumente wengingqi uhlala unamandla. UMthetho weAffordal Care (ACA) wasinda kucelomngeni olukhulu lwezorhwebo ku-NFIB v. Sebelius (202), nangona iNkundla yalinganisela amandla okusetyenziswa kwemali eqingqiweyo asetyenziselwa ukwandisa uMdicaid. Uxanduva phakathi kwegunya lesizwe ne-Ecustom luyaqhubeka luchaza ulawulo lwaseMelika.

Ingxabano Nentsebenziswano

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindawo eziliqela zenkqubo ziye zaba ziindawo ezithe gqaba-gqaba zedanyazo loxinzelelo lombuso, zibalaselisa amandla ohlobo lwendlela ephindwe kabini.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

I-ACA imela umzekelo ongundoqo womanyano lwentsebenziswano kunye nokungquzulwano. Ngeli xesha urhulumente worhulumente waseka inkqubo yolawulo kunye nenkxaso-mali, kwanikwa amaphondo ukuba andise iMedicaid phantsi komthetho. Amazwe amaninzi akhetha ukwandisa, kodwa amanye axhathisa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisigqibo esincinci sokugquma. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo NFIB v. Sebelius wenza uMdicaid wokwandisa ngokuzithandela, ukulondoloza ukhetho lwesizwe. EUnited States kwakhona iye yalinga ngemilingo yeminye imiboniso yezonyango, njengomsebenzi weMididial elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango ye-ontaneti kunye nokuzimo .

Umgaqo-nkqubo woTshintsho

Ukuthatyathwa komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, ukanti amaphondo aye azama ngokuqhubekayo ukungenelela. Imithetho enjenge-SB ye-Arizona's 1070 (2070) ifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho karhulumente ukunyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka yesizwe, ekhokelela kucelomngeni olusemthethweni. Arizongaa v. IUnited States [202], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha imigaqo emininzi yomthetho njengelahliwe ligunya likarhulumente, kodwa yaxhasa ilungiselelo lokuvumela amapolisa ukuba ahlole ukuhambelana kwemilo ekuhlaleni ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni. Le meko ibonisa ukuxineka okuphakathi kweminqweno yesizwe yokungena kwabantu kunye nokuphakama komthetho. Ngoku kutsha, kusungulwe "Nxandulo" lwemigaqo-mthetho ye-gropouvestmist" syst transmist, i-present, i-present

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wemisetyenzana ye-geometry karhulumente ngumgaqo-nkqubo womsayini. Phezu kwayo nje inkqubo karhulumente yolu lawulo lweShedyuli Into elawulayo phantsi koMthetho weSubstances Olawulayo, amazwe amaninzi aye agunyazisa umyadi ukuze asetyenziswe kwezonyango okanye ukuzihlaziya. ISebe leJaji liye lakuphepha ukuvavanya urhulumente ngokusemthethweni ngemisebenzi yokhokelo (umz., iCole Menyandrandum), kodwa le nkqubo iphantsi kokutshintsha ngolawulo ngalunye. Ingxabano iye yahlala ingekho myalelo wenkundla ephakamileyo womgaqo-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owisorhulumente kunye nomthetho wamapolisa.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Amazwe aye aba yimizila yeencwadi yezombane yezokongamela imekobume, ingakumbi xa inyathelo likarhulumente lithe lathintela. EKhalifoniya linesikhundla esikhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Cec Air Act sokumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha imoto, amanye amazwe anokuyamkela. Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iKhalifoniya yacela i-Rograine i-roubleback yemigangatho yezombane, kwaye ulawulo lweBiden luye lwayibuyisela kwaye lwaqinisa imithetho karhulumente. Amazwe nawo anokuzilawula ngokuzilawula emhlabeni, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla anokubuyiselwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekharbon, nto leyo ekhokelela kwintlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zendlela yokutshintsha imozulu. Umzekelo, i-GGGGGI) ngumthetho odityaniselwa-omntla-o-omntla-ntla-ma-manto kumazwe athetha ngomgangatho we-omatila.

Unxulumano lwengingqi kunye nomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku le-IV lomGaqo-siseko lilawula ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe, likhuthaza umanyano nokuhlonelana. La malungiselelo asoloko engahoywa kodwa abalulekile kwinkqubo karhulumente esebenzayo.

Ukholo Olupheleleyo Noclaus

Ukholo Olupheleleyo noluTshenxiso lukaClaus lufuna ukuba imo nganye iqaphele izenzo zikawonke-wonke, iirekhodi, neenkundla zomthetho zomnye urhulumente. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ilayisensi yomtshato, ilayisensi yokuqhuba, okanye umgwebo wenkundla okhutshwe kwelinye iphondo uhlonelwe kwelinye. Noko ke, igalelo alifuni mithetho enyanzelisa imithetho yayo eyomeleleyo. Umzekelo, impikiswano ngokuqwalaselwa komtshato omnye phakathi korhulumente waba ngumnqolobi emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0]. Hodge wfell v. Hotges[FLD:1] (20).20), esemthethweni umtshato ofanayo osukrusayo. Ingxelo ihlala igxeko olungolungele ukudibana nomthetho kunye norhwebo.

Ingqokelela kunye noMbutho oYongezelelweyo

Inqaku I, iCandelo 10, iCandelo le-10, i-Classias 3 lifuna ukuba kubekho iingxelo zokufumana imvume yengqungquthela okanye ukudibana komnye urhulumente. Ii-proglate ezininzi eziphakathi kwesizwe zikho ukuze zilawule ubuncwane obabelweyo, ezothutho, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Imizekelo iquka iPort Authority of New York neNew Jersey kunye neColoradorado River Complete Comment. UmGaqo-siseko ukwayalela ukuquluswa kweQumrhu IV, iCandelo 2, elifuna ukuba kubuyiselwe ababhaleki kwilizwe apho benza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa ukuthatyaniswa kudla ngokubakho okuqhelekileyo, ingxabano eyenzeka kwiimeko eziphikisana, njengalawo abandakanya izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene neemeko zezopolitiko.

Ukulungelelana Kwamandla Kwixesha Elizayo

Njengoko kusanda iinguqulelo kwezobupolitika, kwezentlalo nakwezobugcisa, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamandla karhulumente naworhulumente luya kuqhubeka lusibakho.

Ucelomngeni: Ukuqhatha Nokuxoka

Ukwanda kokungavisisani kwezobupolitika kudla ngokukhokelela kwimfazwe engakumbi phakathi korhulumente norhulumente, ingakumbi xa ulawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho emhlophe kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente lusihla. Amazwe angazama ukuphelisa imithetho karhulumente okanye angavumi ukuyinyanzelisa kwiindawo ezinjengokulawulwa kwemipu, ukuqhomfa, kunye nomgaqo wemekobume. INkundla ePhakamileyo isenokubizwa rhoqo ukuphelisa ezi mpikiswano. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kobugcisa kunye nokukhuliswa kwemida yegunya lorhulumente elilawulayo kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nobuchule bokuzenzela izinto. Njengoko uqoqosho lufuna ukuhlaziselwa kwakhona kwamandla amapolisa nolawulo lwezoshishino-orhulumente.

Amathuba: Amagunya Olawulo - melo

Phezu kwayo nje ingquzulwano, urhulumente unika uvavanyo oluxabisekileyo lwenkqubo ephuculiweyo. Ama- States angazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa iindlela zonyango (umz., iindlela zokukhetha zikarhulumente ezisekelwe kurhulumente), ezihlawulelweyo zentsapho, utshintsho lobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nenkxaso yemfundo. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente eziphumelelayo zingakhuthaza ukusebenza korhulumente, ngoxa ukungaphumeleli kunokuthi kuqulethwe ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo kwilizwe lonke. Le migaqo "inkcubeko yedemokhrasi", echaziwe nguJaji Louis Brandeirs, ihlala iyimpikiswano enamandla yokulondoloza igunya lesizwe. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa komthetho kaColoradoradoy we-data enika ingxutyumbo yempilo kawonke kumgangatho wesizwe. Ngokufanayo, imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha ushishino lwezo-omatshini.

Urhulumente womanyano unika namathuba okulungisa ingxaki edibeneyo. Ukuxhasa izibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo, uncedo lwentlekele, kunye namanyathelo oluntu axhomekeke ekuzalisekisweni kwesizwe ngenkxaso karhulumente. Isifo seCOVID-19 sabonisa amandla nobuthathaka benkqubo edibeneyo: ukhokelo noncedo lwemali lwarhulumente kunye nenkxaso-mali zazinzima, kodwa ukwenza isigqibo somgangatho karhulumente kwakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqhubela phambili, ucelomngeni lwabenzi benkqubo kukulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe kunye nobhedusho lwengingo lwengingi.

Ekuqukumbeleni, unxulumano lwamagunya orhulumente norhulumente asilophawu olumileyo lolawulo lwamaMelika kodwa lulwalamano olunamandla olusabela kumongo wembali, ukutolika kwezomthetho, kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika. Ukusuka kwiingxoxo zokuqala kwiConvention yomGaqo-siseko ukuya kumadabi akhoyo empilweni, ekufudukeni, nasekusingqongileyo, inkqubo edityanisiweyo yokulawula ihlala ingumthombo woxinzelelo kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa iinguqu phakathi kohlanga olunye. Ukuqonda le ngxoxo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba ingqwalaselo yempilo, yezakhono zomthetho, yezabano zoluntu, kunye nenkqubo kawonke wonke.