Table of Contents
Ukunyanzelwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko: Ingqikelelo-bume
Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, asebenza njengekhaka lenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nolungiselelo lokuphendula kukarhulumente. Kwibutho labantu elizabalazela ukuphunyezwa kokusesikweni nokulingana, ukunyanzeliswa kwala malungelo akungomthetho nje; liphulo eliqhubekayo elifuna ukuba abemi bathathi-nxaxheba, ukuphaphazela kwemi, nokusabela kwamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho. Oku kwandisa ukuhlalutya ubume bemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo yokunyanzeleka kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ukunikela abafundisi, iinkokeli zezentlalo-ntle, kunye nabemi abathenjiwe ngokunzulu ngendlela ezikhuselwa ngayo.
Isivumelwano sentlalo esixhasa ulawulo-mGaqo-siseko sithetha ukuba amalungelo omelele nje ngendlela asebenza ngayo. Ngaphandle kokwakhiwa okuqinileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba unokuba sengozini yokuba yindlela yokufumana iminqweno enqwenelekayo kunokuba ube yiyo imigaqo esebenzisekayo. Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa phakathi kwemibutho yesizwe, uhlolo-mthetho, inyathelo lomthetho, kunye neenguqu zobugcisa kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba okanye ukufundisa amandla okugcinwa kwamalungelo kwinkulungwane yama-21.
Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko
Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko yinkululeko esisiseko nekhuselwayo eqinisekiswe ngabantu ngabanye abachasene nezenzo zikarhulumente, kwezinye iimeko, abadlali bobuqu. La malungelo avela kwizithethe zentanda-bulumko ezigxininisa isidima somntu, ukuzilawula, nokulingana. Ngoxa uludwe olukhethekileyo lwamalungelo lungahlukanga ngaphaya kolawulo-mthetho, inkoliso yezolawulo-siseko yomgaqo-siseko iyawamkela amacandelo amaninzi angundoqo.
Iindidi zamalungelo omGaqo-siseko
Amalungelo oluntu aquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa indibano, yonqulo, kunye neyokushicilela, kunye nokukhusela ekuvalweni nokuthuthunjiswa ngokungekho mthethweni. Amalungelo ezobupolitika aquka ilungelo lokuvota, lokusebenzela isikhundla, nokuthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni. Amalungelo ezoqoqosho namalungelo entlalo, aqashelwa ngokukhulayo kwimimiselo yale mihla, agubungela ukufikelela kwimfundo, impilo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye neemeko ezisesikweni. Umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo angentle, okungavumeli ukungenelela kokugxambulela, namalungelo alungileyo, afuna ukusetyenziswa ngurhulumente, indlela yokuyila imigaqo yokunyanzelo.
Isiseko Sembali
Ukuqonda kwale mihla amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kubuyela kwinkcubeko enjenge-John Locke, owathetha amalungelo endalo kubomi, kwinkululeko, nakwimpahla, kunye neMontesquieu, owaxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya njengendlela yokuwakhusela kubuzwilakhe. I-American Bill of Rights ([[FLT: 0]] yagunyaziswa ngo1791) kunye noMgaqo-siseko wamaFrentshi wamalungelo abantu (ngowewaka eli-18789) wasungula izindululo eziphembele inkqubela yesiseko somGaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, iSindululo seSindululo sehlabathi samaLungelo samaLungelo Oluntu (1989) sanikela isigqeqesho sehlabathi lonke, esikhuthaza amalungelo abantu ukuba angenise angeni angeni angeni angenise kwimimiselo yasekhaya.
Ukupheliswa Kwamalungelo
Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akami ndawonye. Ayaguquka ngokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, ukucaciswa kwezomthetho, kunye nokuvumelana kwezentlalo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuzifihla liye lanweba ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha lamanani, okuquka imigaqo yokukhusela ukujongwa nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi okungeyomfuneko. Ngokufanayo, ukugqalwa komtshato kumazwe amaninzi kubonisa ukunyanzeleka komthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo. Le ndaleko igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqhubeka kwencokola yengingqi nenkcaso esemthethweni.
Indima Yabemi Ekunyanzeleni Amalungelo
Abemi abangeneli ngokulula kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko; banenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yabo yokugcinwa komthetho. Ulawulo lwedemocratic luxhomekeke kubantu abathembiseneyo abawaqondayo amalungelo abo nabakulungeleyo ukuwakhusela. Ukudityaniswa kwamalungelo abantu kungenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba ekunyulweni kwengca ukusa ekuhlambeni.
Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ngokuzimisela
Ukubhalisa kuyindlela esisiseko yokunyanzelisa amalungelo. Ngokunyula abameli ababophelele ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabemi, abemi babumba amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya alawulayo amisela ezona zinto ziphambili zenkqubo. Uvolo olunolwazi, ukuvota, nokuphendula ngobuchule bokukhumbula okanye ngonyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonke, konke kunegalelo ekuhlolweni kwamalungelo olawulo.
Ubuchule kunye namaqela anomdla
Ulungelelanisiweyo uququzelela amazwi abantu ngabanye. Iintlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU), Amalungelo abantu, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni ajonge izenzo zikarhulumente, iifayile zokumangalela, kwaye aququzelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke. Abami banokuthelela okanye baxhase le mibutho, bathathe inxaxheba kumaphulo-ncwadi, kwaye bangene kumatyala kawonke-wonke ukuze baphembelele ingxubusho.
Indibano Noqhankqalazo Olunoxolo
Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo sisixhobo esinamandla sokutsalela ingqalelo ekuphulweni kwamalungelo abantu. Imizekelo yembali iquka ukuhambela phambili kwamalungelo abantu eUnited States, umbutho olwa nolwaphulo-mthetho eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nokuqhankqalaza kwe-pro-democracy ehlabathini lonke. Ingcelele yoxolo ayibonisi nje kuphela ukungavumelani kodwa ikwabangela uxinzelelo lweenguqu ezingokwasemthethweni nenkqubo. Ukuphumelela kokuqhankqalaza kuxhomekeke ekukwazini kwayo ukuphatha imfesane kawonke-wonke nokupapasha kwengxelo ye-media.
Ingcebiso Yasesidlangalaleni Nobungqina Bolawulo
Imibutho emininzi karhulumente icela ucweyo kwimigaqo nemigaqo ecetyiweyo. Izakhamuzi zinokunikela amagqabaza, zinikele ubungqina kwiikomiti zokuchotshelwa kwetyala, okanye zibe nenxaxheba kwiikomiti zobugcisa. Olu hlobo lokuganana luvumela abantu ukuba baphembelele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho echaphazela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, njengokuvota, ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango yokungena kwimicimbi yangasese okanye imigaqo yokugweba indalo.
Uphuhliso lobuqu nonikezelo loluntu
Ubuchule bommi bunokuvuma ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu nokuthatha inyathelo. Iindawo zoshishino, iincwadi, izifundo ze-intanethi, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo yezentlalo-ntle zixhobisa abantu ngolwazi malunga nemfundo yabo yezomGaqo-siseko. Imfundo yoontanga ukuya kwizifundo zoontanga, imibutho enxulumene noluntu, nemibutho esekelwe elukholweni ingasebenza njengemigangatho yokusasaza ukuphapha nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano.
Ukunyanzelwa Kwamalungelo Ejaji
Ijaji isebenza njengomxhasi oyintloko weempikiswano zomGaqo-siseko. Ngamandla ohlalutyo lomthetho, iinkundla zihlola ukuba imithetho, izenzo zolawulo, okanye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana na nemigangatho yomGaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphamba nokunika amayeza okulwa kwamalungelo.
Uhlolo lwejaji kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko
Uhlolo lwezomthetho luvumela iinkundla ukuba zichithe imithetho engqukuvayo edibanisa imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Ityala eliphawulayo le- Marbury v. Madison (1803) wamisela eli gunya eUnited States, emisela umzekelo olandelwa lulawulo-mthetho-siseko. Iinkundla zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika, kuquka inkqubano yokuqala, i-moscript, kunye nomgaqo-siseko ophilayo, ngalinye elineembekiselo zamalungelo. Kumazwe aneenkundla zemithetho-siseko, njengeJamani, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye neIndiya, inkundla ezikhethekileyo zisingatha imicimbi yomGaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ngamandla okuhlola okugqibelela.
Ukufikelela Kubulungisa Nakumanyathelo Asemthethweni
Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo kufuna ubuchule obufikelelekayo bomthetho. Oku kuquka ukufumaneka koncedo olusemthethweni, ukukwazi ukumangalelwa kweefayile zodidi-zomsebenzi, nobukho beenkqubo ezixolelweyo zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo okungxamisekileyo. Inkxalabo yoluntu, evumela abantu okanye amaqela ukuba banxulumane neenkundla, ingakumbi eIndiya, eMzantsi Afrika, naseBrazil. Iingcaciso zomthetho ziquka imiqathango, iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iisigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemiyalelo yokuhlaziywa kwemithetho.
Ityala lophawu lwelizwe kunye neZiqalelo
Izigqibo zomthetho zibumba ucwangciso lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. EUnited States, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yaphelisa ukuhlahlelana kwesizwe ezikolweni, ngelixa Roe v. Wade [19773]) yamkela imigaqo-siseko yokukhuselwa kokususwa komnyaka, kamva yabhukuqwa ngo-20222, ibonisa i-17, i-679 yemizekelo yetyala. EYurophu, iNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oluntu ikhuphe imithetho eyimfihlo, indlela ekhululekileyo, nangangeni-dityaniwayo edibanisa amalungu amazwe. Le meko ibonisa indlela yokusebenza kwemithetho ekhongopheleli okanye imiqathango, ukuxhomeke kumaxesha okumiswa kwemithetho yetyala, nokuvavanyaniswa kwemithetho-mo-mo yetyala.
Imida Yonyanzelo Lomthetho
Iinkundla zijongene nemigaqo ethintelweyo ekunyanzeleni amalungelo. Zixhomekeke kumasebe alawulayo nawabemi-wiso-mthetho ukuze aphumeze izigqibo zazo, yaye ukungahambelani nemithetho-mthetho kuselucelomngeni oluzingisileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukubekwa kwetyala kungacotha kwaye kubiza imali eninzi, yaye asiyiyo yonke imibandela yamalungelo ekwaphulweni kwamalungelo e-othoba. imibuzo yezobupolitika, njengehambo yenkqubo yamanye amazwe, inokugqalwa njengengenabulungisa, ishiye amalungelo athile ekhuselwa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.
Imilinganiselo yoMthetho yokuKhuselwa kwaMalungelo
Imimiselo yenza indima ephambili ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo ngokumisela imithetho echaza, ekhusela, neyandisa imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa imimiselo inika isiseko, umthetho uzele kwiinkcukacha kwaye wenze iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa.
Umthetho ogunyazisa amalungelo e-Ofisi
Imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu iyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisiseko esinjengesizwe, ubufanasini, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, kunye nendlela yokuziphethe ngokwesini. UmThetho wamaLungelo we-U.S. ka-1964, umThetho woManyano woManyano woManyano loManyano loMgaqo-siseko, kunye noMthendeleko woManyano woLuntu woManyano noMgaqo-siseko weSithintelo-mthetho olawula ukulingana kwemithetho esemthethweni. Le mithetho imisela imilinganiselo yokuqeshwa, yemfundo, yemfundo, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke, kunye nokwenza imibutho yolawulo ukuze ilungelelalise.
Ukulawula nokuphendula
Imimiselo yowiso-mthetho ingamisela amaziko azimeleyo okulawula ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Iikhomishini zokuthotyelwa kwamalungelo abantu, iiofisi zoonontlalo-ntle, kunye namagunya okukhusela ugcino-lwazi ahlola izikhalazo, iiNkcubeko, kunye neengxelo zokuba unyanzelo loorhulumente ukuba bathethe nolwaphula-mthetho. Umzekelo, i-Unimec Bloacsport Obportunity Commission (EOC) iqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi unyanzele imithetho echasene nokungalawuleki kwamalungelo abantu, ngoxa i-Ombuds eSweden ihlola ulawulo olungekho mthethweni.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemali nokufuduswa kwezibonelelo
Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yequmrhu elilawula uqingqo-mali, okukwenza kube yinto ebalulekileyo ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu. Ukusebenzisa oovimba kwiinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, abakhuseli boluntu, imfundo yamalungelo abantu, kunye namaziko okuxhasa amalungelo abantu kwenza ukuba kungenelwe okusesikweni. Ngokuchasene noko, ukunconywa kwala maqumrhu kunokwenza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kube yilahleko. Ulawulo lomthetho lwenkcitho yesebe elilawulayo lukwaqinisekisa ukuba amaziko ahambelana nemithetho-siseko.
IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko nokuHlaliswa kweMimiselo
Xa kuvela utshintsho okanye izithuba ekukhuselweni, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingacebisa ukuhlaziywa okanye ukuhlaziywa komthetho-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uhlaziyiwe izihlandlo ezingama-7, kuquka ukupheliswa okuphelisa ubukhoboka, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga okanye ubufanasini, kwaye zithobe isigaba esiphambili sokuvota. Ngokufanayo, imigaqo-mthetho yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukuphinda iphinde imisele imithetho ephelelwe lixesha ephazamisa amalungelo, enjengemithetho yobudoma okanye imimiselo yokuvota. Le mithetho-mthetho ingundoqo wokusebenza kwamalungelo edemokhrasi.
Impembelelo Yobugcisa Ekunyanzelweni Kwamalungelo
Ubugcisa buye baguqula indlela yokugcinwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, bengenisa izixhobo ezinamandla zokukhusela kunye nezisongelo ezitsha kwimicimbi yobuqu, ukuchaza ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kudityaniswa kobu buhlobo kubalulekile kwizivumelwano zoluntu zale mihla.
Inkxalabo Eninzi Neyobuqu
Ubugcisa bokujonga urhulumente, kuquka ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, ukuqokelelwa kwemiqukumbelo yee-metadata, kunye nokugadwa kwe-drone, kunyusa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yezomGaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iKarpaent v. United States [2018])] yabambelela ekubeni ukufunyanwa kokungaqiniseki kwendawo yesemnxebeni ye-data kuchasene noThambelo-mthetho olukwiNyaka Yesine, okubonisa ukuguquka kobugcisa. Noko ke, ulawulo lwezikongamela izithuba ezisemva kobugcisa, ukwenza imiqobo.
Iiplatform zamanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanani okukhululekileyo
Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle athe aba ziindawo zokuqhelisela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kodwa akwaneengxaki ezinxulumene nolwaneliseko, ulwandiso lwemithetho-mithetho, kunye nohlalutyo. Uxinzelelo phakathi kweqonga kunye nemigaqo yokuthetha ekhululekileyo yemithetho-siseko lungumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo. Icandelo 230 loNxibelelwano loMthetho woKhupho kuMgaqo-nkqubo woKhupho ku-U. linika ukhuseleko kwiqonga malunga noko kuqulethwe ngumsebenzisi, ngelixa uMthetho woMbutho wamanani we-European Umthetho ubeka ityala kakhulu. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso zomthetho kunceda abemi baqhubekela izithuba zamanani ngelixa bekhuthaza imigaqo yokukhusela amalungelo abantu.
Ubuxhakaxhaka njengesixhobo sokuhlohla
Ubugcisa bunceda ukubotshwa kwemibutho yoluntu ngesilinganiso esingazange sibonwe. Izibongozo ezikwikhompyutha, ukumiliselwa kwemingeni engokwasemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqobo yonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo kumalungu oluntu, namaphulo onxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo anceda ukuququzelela ngokukhawuleza imicimbi yamalungelo abantu. IiPlatforms ezifana noTshintsho.org, iTwitter, kunye neMithetho yeSigqeba iye yasetyenziswa ukulungiselela ukuqhankca, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo oxwebhu, kunye nabenzi beenkqubo zokunyanzelisa. Noko ke, ukwahlulwa kwamanani kunye nokungachasana okunganyanisekiyo kusenemiqobo. Ukufunda nokufikelela kwi-intanethi kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kuyafuneka ukuze kungenelele igalelo lombane.
Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobulungisa Bemithetho Yomthetho
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqesha, ukubolekisa, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke kuzisa iingozi zocalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko olunokulwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo namalungelo afanelekileyo. Iimpazamo zolwazelelelo zichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abanombala, ngeli xesha izixhobo zobupolisa ezithe zaxelwa kwangaphambili zisenokuqinisa ukuchana kwezi zinto zikhoyo kwinkqubo yokucalula amanani. Ukungabhaliswa kwemithetho-mthetho kumele kuqinisekiswe ukugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo.
Imfundo nokulumkiswa
Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo aqinisekisiweyo kufuna ukuba abemi abafundileyo bayiqonde imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko yaye bayazi indlela yokuyiqinisekisa. Imfundo nokuqonda kusebenza ngomlinganiselo omninzi, ukususela kwimfundo esemthethweni ukuya kwimfundo esekelwe kuluntu.
Imfundo Yesiko Ezikolweni
Imilinganiselo yeCurricum equka amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, kunye nomthetho ubeka isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu. Imfundo yezentlalo ephumelelayo ithatha ingongoma yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko; ibandakanya izifundo zamatyala, iimvavanyo zokuhlekisa, iingxoxo, kunye neeprojekthi zenkonzo yoluntu. Iinkqubo ezifana neZiko lemfundo yeCuvic’s We People uLigart for United States and Association for Citiganity Teating in United Kingdom inika abafundisi kunye nabafundi oovimba abazibonelelo. Xa abafundi bebandakanye neemfuno zamalungelo, bavelisa ubuchule kunye nentshukumisa ekufuneka ukuba babe ngabami abahlali belizwe.
Ukufundiswa komthetho okusekelwe kuluntu
Iindawo zomsebenzi, iintlanganiso ezikwaziyo ukukunika ilungelo, kunye neekliniki ezingokwasemthethweni ezinikezelwa ziingeniso, izikolo zomthetho, kunye nemibutho yoluntu yenza ukuba ulwazi lomgaqo-siseko lufikeleleke kubantu abahlukahlukeneyo. Ezi nkqubo zisoloko zijolise kuluntu oluchaphazelekayo olusenokuba aluqondi amalungelo abo okanye lungaboni miqobo yokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni. Izinto ezifumaneka ngeelwimi ezininzi, iifomati ezifikelelekayo, kunye nemeko ezinxulumene nenkcubeko ezikhuthaza ukufikelela nokuphumelela. Iinqanawa ezikunye namaziko okholo, amathala eencwadi, kunye namaziko ebutho asekuhlaleni zinokuchaphaza impembelelo.
Imfundo yamanani nokufunda kwezamayeza
Kwixesha lobuninzi bolwazi kunye nokungafumaneki kwamanani, ukufunda nokubhala kuyinxalenye yokugcinwa kwamalungelo. Abahlali kufuneka bakwazi ukuchonga imithombo ethembekileyo, ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho, kwaye bahlule phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela amalungelo kunye namalungelo. Iikhomishini ze-intanethi, ii-webinar, kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo zingafundisa abantu ngezicwangciso ze-mfihlo, iingozi zokuhlola, namalungelo amanani. Imibutho efana ne-Electronic Foundation Foundation ([[FLT: 0]]]EFFF ) inikela ubuncwane kwinkululeko yamanani.
Ukufunda Ubomi Bakho Bonke Nemfundo Yabantu Abadala
Imfundo yamalungelo azimele iphele ngokufundiswa ngokwemfundo esemthethweni. Iinkqubo zemfundo yabantu abadala, iintetho zikawonke-wonke, ungcelele lweencwadi, kunye neebhusayithi zoshishino zinika amathuba okuqhubeka ukufunda. Abahlali, iingcali, neenkokeli zoluntu, kunye neenkokeli zoluntu banokuba ngabacebisi nabameli, badlulisele ulwazi phakathi koluntu. Njengoko amalungelo omgaqo-siseko eguquka, ukuqhubeka kwemfundo kuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bahlala benolwazi ngenkuselo entsha, iingxaki, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelo.
Indima Yemibutho Yamakhaya
Imibutho yamakhaya (CSOs) isebenza njengemibutho ephakathi kwabemi norhulumente, ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo, ukubonelela ngoncedo olusemthethweni, nokukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ukuzimela kwayo kunye nobuchule bayo kwenza abadlali bagxeke kwizinto ezihlala zikho
Ukujongwa nokuxelelwa
Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ibhala ulwaphuko, iingxelo, kunye nokupapasha iingxelo zemiqathango yezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kujongwa kubangela ingcinezelo yokuziphendulela koorhulumente kwaye kunika ubungqina kwimingeni esemthethweni. Iintlangano ezifana ne-Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch zisebenza emhlabeni wonke, ngelixa amaqela asekuhlaleni egxininisa kwimibandela efana nemisebenzi yamapolisa, imicimbi yokusingisele kubume bemekobume, okanye amalungelo abomthonyama. Ilungu elinikela ingxelo ngamaqonga, njengeUshahididi, yenza ukuba kubekho uxwebhu olune nesiseko lwamalungelo afanelekileyo.
Uncedo lwasemthethweni nomthetho ocwangcisiweyo
Ii-CSOs ezininzi zinikela iinkonzo zomthetho ezikhululekileyo okanye eziphantsi ezisemthethweni kubantu abangakwaziyo ukufikelela imvume. Iinkonzo zoncedo olusemthethweni, ii-ofisi zoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zeprobono ziqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa kwamalungelo akupheleliselwanga kwabo banemali. Ingcebiso ecwangcisiweyo, apho imibutho yeefayile ivavanya amatyala asemthethweni, iye yasetyenziselwa ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo anxulumene nezindlu, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume yemekobume. Imizekelo iquka umsebenzi weZiko Lemithombo Yemali eMzantsi Afrika kunye noMthetho Wendalo Ihlabathi Lonke.
Ukuzibandakanya nomgaqo-nkqubo
ICSOS ibandakanyeka ekusebenziseni imigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi, yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe. Bafaka amanyathelo amafutshane kwiinkundla zenkundla, bangqinela phambi kweekomiti zowiso-mthetho, kwaye baba nenxaxheba ekuhloleni inkqubela-phambili yenkqubo. Oku kusetyenziswa kolawulo kusoloko kujolisa ekuvaleni izithuba ekukhuseleni okusemthethweni, ukwanda kwenkxaso-mali yamasebe okunyanzelisa, nokomeleza iinkqubo zolawulo. Ukubhalisa kweCSOs kunganyusa impembelelo, njengoko kubonwa kumaphulo okulingana komtshato, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokugweba kwemozulu.
Izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo kunye namandla oluntu
ICSOs esebenzayo ingenisa imali yokwakha ubuchule boluntu bokuzithethelela. Oku kuquka ukuqeqeshwa kokuphaphanyiswa kwamalungelo, ukuthetha esidlangalaleni, ukudityaniswa kwamajelo eendaba, kunye nolawulo lwentlangano. Ngokunika iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni namaqela angenisa iingca, iCSOs ivelisa iimyuziyam ezizinzileyo zokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo aqhubeka ngaphezu kwamaphulo omntu ngamnye okanye imijikelo yemali yentlangano.
Iimbono Zezizwe Ngezizwe Namalungelo Abantu
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko ngokuqhubekayo kudibana nenkqubo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke. Ngoxa umgaqo-siseko uhlala ungowona mthombo uphambili wokukhuselwa kwamalungelo eentsapho, izixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe zinika imilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo, ulawulo, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula.
Izixhobo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi
ISindululo soMsebenzi weNtshona Koloni samaLungelo oLuntu (UDHR) kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo, kuquka uMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe waMazwe Ngamazwe wamalungelo aBalelwana nawasekuhlaleni (ICCR) kunye noMvumelwano weZizwe Ngezizwe ongobuNtlanganiso, i-Ecomputer neNkcubeko (ICECR), imisela izibhengezo ezisehlabathini lonke zokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Amazwe amaninzi afaka ezi zixhobo kumthetho wasekhaya, mhlawumbi ngokuzichazi ngqo okanye ngokuwenza kube ngumthetho. Iofisi yeKhomishanelo ePhakathi ePhakamileyo yamalungelo abantu [[[FLT]]]
Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yephondo
Izixhobo zolwakhiwo lwengingqi zongezelelelo lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo jikelele. INdibano yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECHR) kunye neNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo abantu inika abantu ilungelo lokucela inkundla yezizwe ngezizwe emva kokudinwa kweengxelo zelizwe. Inkqubo yamaLungelo abantu eMelika, kuquka iNkundla yaMazwe aseMelika yaMazwana, ithetha ukwaphula umthetho kwiiMelika. I-Afrikan Chater on Human and Peoples’s Commis and African Commis on Human Rights isebenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Le mibango yephondo ilawula ukukhutshwa kwemithetho elawula umgaqo-siseko nomthetho wesizwe.
Ukunyanzeliswa Kwamandla Nemiqathango Yamazwe Ngamazwe
Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekhaya kusilela, iindlela zezizwe ngezizwe zinokusikel ’ umngeni. Abantu bangazifaka izikhalazo kwizivumelwano zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iNkundla yeSigebe-mthetho (ngezolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu nokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga), okanye iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zengingqi. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zidla ngokucotha kwaye zifuna oovimba ababalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, inkxalabo yolawulo nokuchasa kwezobupolitika zingamisela ukuthotyelwa kwengcinezelo engokwesithethe kwaye ziyakwazi ukuguqula iintsapho ngokweziko, njengoko kuboniswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya abantu abatshayo, ubuqhophololo, namalungelo emihlalo.
Ukufunda nolungelelwaniso olunqamlezileyo
Izicwangciso zamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke zinceda abantu bafunde kunye bamanyane. Abaququzeleli kunye nabagwebi kwelinye ilizwe bangasebenzisa imizekelo nezenzo ezivela kwamanye. Basebenzisa amaphulo okuxhasa ukhuthuzo lomthetho-mthetho, njengalawo ohlangula amatyala, imozulu, kunye nokulingana kwendoda nebhinqa, unxulumano lwezizwe ngezizwe ukuze zomeleze ukunyanzeliswa kwamakhaya. Iingqungquthela, iingqungquthela, kunye nophando olusebenzisanayo luxhasa ngakumbi ukukhutshwa kweminyaniswa kwamalungelo esiseko.
Ukuqinisa Inkqubo Yokunyanzela
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwemekobume ebandakanya ukudityaniswa kwemibutho, ukulawulwa kwemithetho, ukuhambelana nobugcisa, imfundo, ubuchule boluntu kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.
Ukwakha Ukukhululeka Ekuzikhuseleni
Imikhosi yamalungelo ejongene nomngcipheko wokuphethuka kwamalungelo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika, amanqam ezoqoqosho, okanye izisongelo zokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zonyanzelo lokuzimela ziquka imiqobo ezimeleyo yejaji, uluntu oluqinileyo, ushicilelo olukhululekileyo, kunye nokugaxelwa kwemitshato okunokukhuthaza ukukhusela amalungelo. Izikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko, ezifana neemfuno ezinkulu zokulungisa nokuzimela, zisebenza njengemiqobo ekupheliseni ukukhukuliseka. Ukuqapha kwabemi nokuhlolwa kwamajelo eendaba kubaluleke ngokufanayo ekuboneni nasekuceleni ukuchatshaza amalungelo.
Ukulwela Ukulwela Amalungelo
Ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo oqhelekileyo, inkcubeko yokuhlonelwa kwamalungelo nokubekwa komGaqo-siseko. Le mpucuko ikhuliswa ngokukhuliswa kwentsapho, imfundo, ingxelo yamajelo eendaba, nangendlela yoluntu. Xa amalungelo eqondwa kwaye exatyiswa ngokubanzi, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuyinto enye ejongene noluntu kunokuba kube yindawo yokulwa. Izifundo, imibhiyozo, neziganeko zesikhumbuzo, ezifana neMihla Yamalungelo Abantu, ikhuthaza esi siseko senkcubeko.
Ukubonelela
Umthetho onyanzelisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kufuneka ucombulule ukungalingani okuchaphazela amaqela aphantsi. Ucalucalulo lwembali, ukwahlukahlukana kwezoqoqosho, kunye nekhethe loluntu lungabangela imiqobo ekufikeleleni iinkqubo zoqikelelo. Amanyathelo aqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa koncedo olusemthethweni, ajolise ekufumaneni iingeniso eziphantsi, ukufikelela kwiilwimi ezininzi, kunye neenkonzo zomthetho ezifanelekileyo, anceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwamalungelo lufumaneka ngeyona ndlela iphela. Ukufikelela kolwazi olupheleleyo olubonisa ukufaneleka kogcino-MALI kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemiqathango kuyimfuneko ekusebenzeni
Isiphelo
Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kungumsebenzi onamandla nonesabelo obandakanya abemi, iintsebenziswano, iintsebenziswano, ibutho labantu, abafundisi-mfundo, kunye namaqumrhu ehlabathi. Akufuneki kuphela ukuba kubekho izakhiwo ezisemthethweni kodwa kufuneke nokuba nenxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu, ukukwazi ukumelana nobugcisa, kunye nokuxhathisa okunzulu kwamalungelo. Umcuphi ngamnye kule nkqubo yendalo udlala indima eyahlukileyo kodwa enxulumeneyo, kwaye ukungaphumeleli kwayo nayiphi na into ekhoyo kunokwenza buthathaka yonke inkqubo.
Kubafundisi-mfundo nakubaphathi-mikhosi, umsebenzi kukuhlakulela ukuphaphela, ubuchule, nokuzinikela phakathi kwabemi, beqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko akayonjongo nje engaqhelekanga kodwa aphila. Kubemi, ubizo lukuhlala benolwazi, bethembile, yaye bephaphile, besebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunenkathalo ngoxa bewakhusela abanye. Kwimibutho, imfuneko imele ihlale ifikelelekile, imele iphendule, kwaye isabela kwiingxaki.
Kule nkathi yenguquko ekhawulezileyo, ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kufuna ukufunda, ukulungelelanisa nokusebenzisana. Ngokuthobela le mbono yentlalo, ibutho labantu linokwakha idemokhrasi ekwaziyo ukumelana nedemokhrasi ebeka isidima somntu, ikhusele inkululeko, isukele bonke okusesikweni.