Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla Ahlukeneyo

Abalahli bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States bakha inkqubo eyakhelwe ukunqanda nayiphi na imo-yodwa. Olu cwangciso lunikwe inkxaso-mali encinane okanye elungeleleneyo (ukungalawuli urhulumente). Embindini walo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwahlula amasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye ne-gwebi. Isebe ngalinye linikwe imisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kodwa linikwe izixhobo zokuhlola abanye. Olu cwangciso, oludumileyo oluchazwe ku [FLT]] uluhlu lwemithetho enguNo.[51], lwenza "ukhuseleko oluphindaphindiweyo" lwamalungelo abantu. Ngokulwa kwe-omatilo, inkqubo yokukhuthaza ukukhuthulwa, iqinisekisa ukuba amasebe angacinwa namaqela angomnye angenamngeni.

Inkcubeko yale nkqubo yeyokuba ayixhomekeki ngokupheleleyo ekuthandweni ngamagosa anyuliweyo. Endaweni yoko, ibangela ukuxabana. Ukuze umthetho udlule, kufuneka uphumelele kwingxoxo ye-bidameral eCongress, iphume kwingxoxo enokwenzeka yokuba ngumongameli iveto, kwaye imelane nohlalutyo lomgaqo-siseko weenkundla. Umqobo ngamnye unika abameli amalungelo amancinane amathuba okunqanda, ukuphelisa, okanye ukuvavanya amanyathelo anokuba yingozi. Oku kuguqula okuzinzisa ngokweziko kungumqondiso wokukhusela okuncinane eMelika.

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko: Umelo noMqathango

IBhunga, njengoko isebe lokuqala libalwe kumGaqo-siseko, lisebenza ekwenzeni imithetho. Isakhiwo salo se-bimeral `iNdlu yabameli eyabiwe ngabantu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi elinganayo ekwiphondo ngalinye() kwaye ngokwayo yayilulalanisa kwenzelwe ukukhusela amaphondo amancinci kwaye, ngokongeza, izilangazelelo ezincinane. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho icotha ngabom. IiBhili-e-e-bell kufuneka zidlule kwiikomiti, zisinde iingxoxo zomgangatho, ze zikhusele inkoliso elula kuwo omabini amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele uMongameli.

Kumaqela amancinane, le santya sangabom sivumela ixesha lokubhalisa. Amaqela anomdla angalungiselela amaphulo okubhala iileta, adibana nabenzi bomthetho, kwaye angqine ekuphulaphuleni. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela uphando lobuchule: umthetho onokuthi ngokungenakulinganiswa ungenelele ubuhlanga okanye uluntu lonqulo ungakhange uhlolwe ngokunzulu phambi kokuvota. Ngaphezu koko, imfuneko enkulu yeCantenet yokukhusela inqaba (ixhasa i-nkwindawo ephezulu ye-ingingqi) ithetha ukuba iqela elizimiseleyo labalinganisi banokuthi bajonge umthetho oyingozi kubantu abangakhuselekanga. Ngoxa i-filibuster igxekwa ngamanye amaxesha iphazamisa amalungelo amakhaya okukhusela, ikwasetyenziswa ukuthintela ukukhuselwa ngokungxama kwemi efanayo.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Ukunyanzeliswa Ngobulumko

UMongameli, njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, kufuneka "Ukukhathalele ukuba uMthetho uphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo. Lo msebenzi unika umlawuli olawulayo igunya eligqithisileyo, kodwa ukwabeka uMongameli kwindawo yokukhusela amancinci. UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya ekhuthaza ukulingana . njengokungathobeli imikhosi exhobileyo okanye ukunqanda ucalucalulo lwamaqumrhu. Umkhosi weveto ukujonga ngqo kwiBhunga; uMongameli angawugatya umthetho oza konakalisa amalungelo amancinane, onyanzelela ukuba iBhunga eliziiintloko-ziintloko-ntathu liquququzelela ukuqulutya ii-equququzelela ukuqulunqwa.

Amasebe alawulayo, njengeSebe leJaji neKhomishini ye-Auncili Yomsebenzi, enyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Imimiselo yawo kunye nezenzo zokunyanzelisa ukuhlaliswa komthetho zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla bengingqi encinane. Ngokucaciswa okuqulunqayo, iSebe leMithetho yeJaji lingazisa ityala elichasene namazwe okanye iindawo ezichasene namalungelo oluntu okuvota okanye imithetho esesikweni yezindlu. Ngalo ndlela amaziko amakhulu olawulo oluphezulu asebenza njengekhama, aphumeza imigaqo yokukhusela egqithwa yiBhunga eliye laqhuba ingcebiso nelo iSebe elixhasayo.

Isebe Lejaji: Umgwebi Wokugqibela Wamalungelo

Ijaji, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, isebenza njengonogada opheleleyo wamalungelo amancinane ngamandla okuhlola okugweba. Imiswe ku [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1803] [iii-Phondo], eli gunya livumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko. Kumaqela amancinane, iinkundla zinika indawo apho iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni ezisekelwe kukhuseleko olulinganayo nenkqubo efanelekileyo zingaphumelela khona kwikhethe eliqhelekileyo.

Amatyala enkcazo yelizwe abonisa lo msebenzi. [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa uhlanga lohlanga lwesizwe kwizikolo ezingamiselwanga, ibhukuqa "kalula kodwa ilingana" imfundiso emiselwe ngokulinganayo kumashumi eminyaka. [[FLT:]][FLT]] [5]] Obergfell v. Hodges[FLT][5] [[2017] [2017] ibhaliswa ngokuchaphaneyo ngokomGUMGUMGUMGUMGUMGUMMMGUMMMNI ONGANXWEYO] kunye neNXAWULO , inika iziphumo ezithenjiweyo zezo zezo.

Isiseko Sembali: Ukusuka Kwiincwadi Zoludwe Ukuya Kwizinto Zamandulo Zale Mihla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwakungeyonto yamva icingwa ngabaseki. Yayiyintsabelo yamava abo ngabom phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane kunye nesifundo sabo soorhulumente bamaRiphabliki. UJames Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, waphikisa ngelithi ukuba abantu babezizithunywa zezulu, akukho rhulumente oya kuba yimfuneko. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba abantu bengezozithunywa zezulu, urhulumente umele ukuba ulungelelaniswe ukuze azilawule. Abaseki babesoyika ubuzwilakhe bolawulo oluphezulu kunye nolawulo olucinezelayo lwabaninzi. Ngokwahlukana kwabo, babenethemba lokudala inkqubo apho amabhongo ajonge amabhongo, ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye, kuquka nabo bambalwa.

Olu cwangciso lwajamelana novavanyo lwalo lokuqala olukhulu ngexesha lobunzima obufana no [[FLT:] kunye nokwakhiwa kwemfazwe. Imfazwe yasemva kwe-Civil War impements ````ii-Antath''', ne-15th' yamiswa yiKhomishini yeKhomyutha ezimisele ukukhusela amaMerika amatsha akhululiweyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo, noko ke, ekuqaleni, ibekelcimla olu khuselo ngezigqibo ezifana ne [[FLT:]] [[5], olubonisa ukuba i-judiary:0]] i-Indlu yeCase Casess [[[FLT]] [1] [iii-FLT] ingunxalayelo-kadenti: [5]

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya lwasinda kwincopho yamaLungelo e-Ovinial Movement kwi-1950 kunye neyowe-1960. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa onke amasebe amathathu: banyanzela iCongress ukuba idlulise uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-Voting Amalungelo abantu ka-1965; bakhuthaza uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ukuba amisele amaqela asekuhlaleni ukukhusela amatshayo; kwaye bazisa izityholo ezahlula indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, kunye nomsebenzi. Isebe ngalinye lasebenzisa indima eyahlukileyo kodwa eyahlukileyo. Isiphumo yaba kukuguqula uluntu lwaseMelika ekungekho sebe elinye elinokuphumelela kulo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo: Indlela Ingqungquthela Ekhusela Ngayo Ubuncinane

Amandla eKhongophela e-Congress okubeka iziphakamiso mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokukhusela amalungelo amancinane. Ngemithetho, iKhomishini ingachaza ukwaliwa kocalulo, ukwabelana ngezixhobo zokwandiswa kwemisebenzi, kwaye ivelise amalungelo omsebenzi obuqu ukuze abantu baphumeze abaphuli-mthetho. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ingumzekelo owenziwe nge-paradigmatic. Ikhethe elingekho mthethweni lisekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwindawo yoluntu ekuhlala kuyo abantu, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa yimithetho egunya elikhulu.

Ngaphandle kwamatyala abalulekileyo alwela amalungelo abantu, iBhunga lisebenzisa igunya lalo lokulawula ukuqwalasela indlela abameli abalawulayo abamisa ngayo imithetho. Iindlebe zamakomiti zingabhenca ukusilela ukukhusela abantu abambalwa, ukukhuthaza utshintsho lolawulo. Inkqubo yokumisela imigaqo-nkqubo yezehlo ikwayiyo: ingeniso yeSebe leMisebenzi eliLingeneyo okanye i-Civinian Rights Division of the Justice Service Divice Division ichaphazela ngokungqalileyo ukukwazi kwabo ukuphengulula izikhalazo. Ngoko amagunya amancinane abandakanya kungekuphela nje kumgangatho weBhunga kodwa kwana kwiipaseji zee-pasethi ezisezantsi zemithetho.

Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekhethekileyo, kuquka i-filbuster, inika amaqela amancinane amandla awongezelelekileyo okuzinzisa ukhuselo lovoti. Xa umthetho usongela ukucutha amalungelo okuvota okanye ukunciphisa ukhuseleko oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, iqaqobana elidibeneyo kwiNdlu yeNtlanga ingavala ukukhuselwa, inyanzeliseka okanye ishiywe kumlinganiselo. Oku kungaphazamisa uninzi lwabasebenzi, kodwa kwakhona kunyanzele iziphumo ezigqibeleleyo. Imbali ye-Dicierbuster ixubene , isetyenziselwa ukuvala umthetho wamalungelo abantu abambalwa omele bawabeke kwi-1950 kunye no 1960, kodwa kusebude bexesha langoku, iphinde ifakwe ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko olukhoyo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuqiniseki ukuba nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphina impumelelo ekufuneka i-entube ye-entube yolu.

Isenzo segunya eliPhezulu: Indima yoMongameli ekukhuleni komgangatho

UMongameli ungenza ngokukhawuleza ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, enamandla omthetho kwisebe eliphetheyo. Kwimbali, le miyalelo ibibalulekile kumalungelo amancinane. Umongameli uHarry Truman's Order 9981 weSigqeba esiphetheyo 9981 wabarhoxileyo kwimikhosi yezixhobo ngo-1948. UMongameli John F.Kennedy wakhupha uLawulo oluPhezulu lwe-Profession 10925, efuna ukuba iintlabakhi borhulumente bathathe inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukungadibaniselwa. UMongameli uBarack Obama wasebenzisa imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo ukukhusela iLBGTQ+ abasebenzi bephondo nokuzalisekisa iSeptembasi soMphathi weZiko-Rhulumente yoBuntwana (DAC), efuna ukuba abaphambukeli abangathunyelwanga kwi-Oventi.

Imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo, noko, ayimiyo. UMongameli olandelayo angaziphelisa, njengokuba kubonisiwe xa uMongameli uDonald Trump wazama ukuphelisa i-DACA (ukuhamba okuthi ekugqibeleni kuvalwe ziinkundla). Oku kuthintela ukubonakalisa ukubaluleka kokwahlulwa kwamagunya: isenzo solawulo sodwa silula. Ukhuseleko olusexesheni lufuna ukudityaniswa komanyano. Kodwa ngexesha elifutshane, imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo inganika uncedo olukhawulezileyo kuluntu oluncinane, ibonakalisa ukuzinikela kukaMongameli ekulinganani.

UMongameli ukwalathisela iSebe leSigqibo ukuba lilungise "iinkxalabo zomdla" ekumangaleleni ityala likarhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ababandakanyeka kuqheliselo lokwahlula amagunya. Umzekelo, iDOJ inikezele imithetho yokumisela imithetho ye-ID efuna ukuvota ngenjongo yokukhupha umthetho okanye isiphumo somphumo. Ngezenzo ezinjalo, isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza njengomnyanzelisi wamalungelo abantu, ukuncedisa ekucinezelwa kwangasese. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba eli gunya liphantsi kolawulo kunye nokuhlola kolawulo, lithintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi komthetho.

Ukuba Ngumkhuseli Nokuhlukana Kwamagunya

Amaqela amancinane awaxhomekeki kukwahlulwa kwamagunya; asebenza ngokukhutheleyo ngawo onke amasebe amathathu. Imibutho ye-Advocacy enjenge- i-American Civil Liberesties Union (]] ALULULA][FLT]]]) kunye [NACP] Esemthethweni kunye neNgxoxokelelwano yemfundo yemfundo izicwangciso zokufaka imiqathango emitsha yomgaqo-siseko. Bakwayamkela iBhunga i-Bhunga lomthetho kunye noxinzelelo lokukhupha imiyalelo elungileyo. Olucwangciso-phambili luphume ngqo kwiziphumo zolwahlulo lwamandla: ngenxa yokuba namandla ahlukeneyo, iingolwahlulo lwezi.

Intshukumo ezi- Grassroot njenge Ubomi Obumnyama Malutha kunye nohlolo lobomi Bethu [[FLT:] lusebenzisa uqhankqalazo lukawonke-wonke ukuguqula imekobume yezobupolitika. Xa uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lukawonke-wonke, abenzi bomthetho nabagwebi balumkela. Icebo leNavil Rights Movement lokuqhayisa elingenabundlobongela licebi benziwe ukuvuselela impendulo kurhulumente wezwe lonke `ongfono yomthetho yasekuhlaleni ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokubhexeka inkohlakalo yesizwe kumabonwakude. Oko kubhiyo kunyanzelela isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lingenele lisebenze.

Kule mihla, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya onxibelelwano kuyenza ibe yeyobugqwirha, kodwa isakhiwo esisemgangathweni asitshintshanga. Iphulo lentsholongwane lingakhuthaza umphathi ukuba azise umthetho, uMongameli ukuba anikezele umyalelo wegunya, okanye inkundla yokuva ityala. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye elinokungakunanzi ukuxhasa ukuphatha ityala ngonaphakade. Isebe ngalinye linobuchule nokusabela koluvo lukawonke wonke, lidala inkqubo enamandla apho amaza ambalwa anokufumana khona ekugqibeleni amaqela anokufumana ubuchule.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Nokubuyiselwa Kwenkqubo

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kujongene neengcinezelo zale mihla ezisongela amalungelo amancinane. Unyuko lwezigqwesi-magunya ezilawulayo, ukuphakanyiswa kwemimandla ehlukeneyo, kunye namacawa agwebayo asusa umlinganiselo wendlela yecawa zonke zivavanya ukumelana kwayo nenkqubo. Umzekelo, abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Shelby County v. Umbangiselwano [2013]) uthenetheza uMthetho weVoling Rights ngokubetha imithetho yayo ethintelayo echaphazela ukuvota abambalwa. Oku kubonisa ukuba ucaciso olukwayo lukhusela amalungelo asemva.

Ngaphezu koko, isebe lowiso-mthetho liye labekwa ngokuya lisiba ngqongqo, likhokela oomongameli ukuba baxhomekeke kakhulu kwimiyalelo yabalawuli nasekumiselweni kolawulo. Ngoxa oko kunokunika amaqela amancinane uphumelele kancinci, kwakhona kugxininisa amandla kwisebe elinye, kudiza umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelanisa. Xa uMongameli engafuni amalungelo amancinane kwiNdlu eWhite, imiyalelo yegunya isenokusetyenziswa ukwenza umonakalo kunokuba ikhuseleke. Ugcino-mthetho lwenkqubo luxhomekeke kuwo onke amasebe amathathu aseleyo nazimeleyo.

Kanti imbali icebisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuhlala kuhleli ngokungqalileyo kuba kuyilelwe ezo ngxaki. Iinkundla zingawisa ityala ngokufikelela kwizenzo zolawulo; iBhunga lisenokungavumi ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezingathandwayo; kwaye uluntu lunganyula abameli abatsha. Kumaqela amancinane, undoqo kukuhlala kudibene kuwo onke amasebe amathathu. Le nkqubo ayiqinisekisi ukuba kokusesikweni kuzenzekela, kodwa inika izixhobo zokukusukela.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kungaphezulu kunelungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko elomeleleyo; sisakhiwo esiphilayo esiye sanceda ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane eMelika. Ngokwahlula-hlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu nokuxhobisa i-ethess, abaseki benza isakhiwo apho kungekho komiti enye enokukwazi ukunyathela lula inkululeko yabambalwa. Isebe lemithetho lilungiselela ukulungiselela ukwenziwa komthetho nokungabaphathi; isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelela ukukhuselwa nokusebenza ngokungqongqo kwingxamiseko; kwaye isebe lenkundla lisebenza njengommeli wokugqibela wentsingiselo yemithetho-siseko.

Ukusuka kwi-Civil Rights Movement ukuya kwiphulo lokwanelana komtshato, amaqela amancinane aye asebenzisa onke amasebe amathathu ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo awo. Le nkqubo ayifezekanga. "inkqubo" ingacotha, idimaze, kwaye maxa wambi ingabi nabulungisa. Kodwa ukuntlukwano kwayo ngabom kuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kumalungelo amancinane luxoxwa ngokucokisekileyo kwaye luphumelele ekuhlolweni okusemthethweni. Kwixesha lokuguquka kwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, ukwahlukana kwamagunya eUnited States kusenamandla, ukuba angafezekanga, ukukhusela ekuxhathiseni kwenkoliso. Ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo lwamalungelo amancinane luxhomekeke ekuphathweni kwabemi nabaxhasi abaqonda ukuba kurhulumente ohlukeneyo, ukulwela ukulingana kufuneka kuqhutyelwe kwimikhosi emininzi.