Ukuqala: Iintsika Ezimbini Zobulungisa

Inkqubo yokugweba isebenza njengesixhobo esisisiseko solwazi lwemfundo, inika iindlela zokucombulula iimpikiswano, ukuqeqesha ububi, nokuphakamisa umthetho. Ngaphakathi kwesi sakhiwo, amasebe amabini angundoqo ``umthetho wecacil' nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ,'izinto ezikhethekileyo kodwa ezihambelanayo. Ukuqonda umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kwala masebe asiyonkqubo yemfundo nje yolwazi; kubalulekile nabani na oqhuba iingxoxo zomthetho, ofunda umthetho, okanye ofuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi. Eli nqaku lichaza iindima ezicacileyo zomthetho wamakhaya nowaphuli-mthetho, linikela ukujonga kwimigaqo yawo, iinkqubo zenkqubo zeli hlabathi. Ngesiphelo, uza kuba nenyathelo elicacileyo, elinokuqondwa ngendlela ecacileyo yendlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo ngezantsi, amashishini, okanye imibutho, apho elinye iqela lizibanga lingxwelerhekile zizenzo okanye izenzo zomnye. Injongo engundoqo yomthetho wamakhaya asikokumohlwaya, kodwa ukunikezela ngesicombululo kwiqela elilimeleyo. Lo nyango ludla ngokuthabatha uhlobo lwembuyiselo yemali, kodwa lungaquka imiyalelo (imiyalelo yequmrhu yokuyeka okanye ukunyanzela isenzo) okanye ukwenza okuthile (ukudibanisa iqela ukuba liphumeze imbopheleleko yokwambutho). Umthetho wamakhaya usekelwe kwingcamango yokubuyisela iqela elilimeleyo kwimo elilimeleyo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo, kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

  • Iimpikiswano ezithintelayo: Ityala livela phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, hayi urhulumente. U-Placttiff (umntu ozisa i sut) uqalisa ityala ngokuchasene nommangalelwa.
  • Injongo eyintloko yenjongo ye- kukwenza iqela elinzakeleyo liphelele. Umonakalo wokunika isiphumo unganikwa kwiimeko ezingekho mthethweni, kodwa imbuyiselo iqhelekile.
  • [[NTL: 0] Lower Burders yebugcisa: I-Placttiff mayibonise imeko yabo ukuqwalasela ubungqina, okuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa afanelwe yityala. Oku kumgangatho osezantsi kunomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulungiso nozinzo: Amatyala amaninzi abemi aconjululwa phambi kokuvavanywa ngengxoxo, nge-media, okanye ngokuhlaliswa, ukuphepha iindleko nokungaqiniseki kwetyala elipheleleyo.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka uthotho lweengxabano.

  • Inkxwaleko ebhaliweyo: Xa iqela lisilela ukuxhasa isiphelo sesivumelwano (umz., ishishini aliphumeleli ukuhambisa impahla njengoko kuthenjisiwe).
  • [[NTL:0] Iingxelo zeTort:[ iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo, njengomonakalo wobuqu (umnyama nomsinga, ingozi yemoto), ukunyelisa (ibhele okanye ukunyelisa), okanye ukungaqhelisi kwezamayeza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izichasi-zimo ezithe tye: Ingxabano phezu kwemigca yomda, izivumelwano zomnini mhlaba, okanye ubunikazi befazi.
  • Umthetho wosapho: uqhawulo-mtshato, ulawulo lomntwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nolawulo lwabanye.
  • Impikiswano yemposiso: Ukuphelisa okuphosakeleyo, ucalulo, okanye umvuzo kunye nophulo lweyure.

Amancedo Asemthethweni

Xa kukho ummangalelwa kwityala loluntu, inkundla isenokunika omnye okanye amayeza angakumbi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo wokophula: Imali yemali ehlawulwayo, njengemali yezamayeza, ilahleko yomvuzo, okanye umonakalo wempahla.
  • Ilahleko ekhawulezileyo: Imali eyongeziweyo inikwa ukusohlwaya ingakumbi ukungakhathali okanye ihambo embi, kwaye ithintele ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo.
  • [[Uncedo:0] Isiphumlisi esingeyongozi:[[FT:1] Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze okanye angayeki ukwenza into (umz., yeka ukwakha isakhiwo esiphula amalungelo empahla yommelwane).
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo: ayisetyenziswa rhoqo, oku kunyanzela iqela ukuzalisekisa amagama achanileyo esivumelwano, ngokufuthi kwintengiso yefama.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Ihambo yomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho egqalwa njengehlazo kwibutho labantu liphela. Nokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lumenza umonakalo ngqo umntu, luchazwa njengokwaphulwa komdla kawonke-wonke. Urhulumente (urhulumente) umangalela ummangalelwa . umangalelwa . ulindele isohlwayo esifana nokuvalelwa, intengo, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Iinjongo ezigqithisileyo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukohlwaya abo bagwetyiweyo, ukubuyisela abo bagwetyiweyo, nokuvala ityala eliyingozi ukukhusela uluntu. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usekelwe kwimimiselo (imithetho ebhaliweyo) echaza izigwebo ezithile kunye nezigwebo zabo.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulwaphulo-mthetho luthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho olungalunganga kumbuso okanye kuluntu, hayi nje kwixhoba ngalinye.
  • Ingtshutshiso yeGovernment: Ityala liziswa ngumtshutshisi (igqwetha lephondo, igqwetha likarhulumente, okanye iAttorney yase-U.S.) ngenxa karhulumente.
  • Burden ephezulu yobuMqondisi: Ingxengxezo kufuneka ingqine ityala lommangalelwa ngapha kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni]
  • Ityala elisisigxina elinika imvume: lilungiselelwe ukusohlwaya, hayi ukuhlawula amaxhoba. (Note: iinkundla zingayalela ukuba kuhlawulwe, kodwa elo lahlulwe kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho.)

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubalwa ngobunzima:

  • Imilinganiselo encinci yokwaphula umthetho, idla ngokuba ngamathikithi endlela okanye ukungcola. Isohlwayo sidla ngokuba lixesha elihlawuliweyo, elingekho ntolongo.
  • Imisdemers: onzulu kakhulu kuneemposiso kodwa onzima kuneempazamo. Imizekelo: ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala. Ixesha elininzi lokuvalelwa lidla ngokuba ngunyaka omnye okanye ngaphantsi.
  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ezifana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukurhweba ngeziyobisi, ukungxengxezela isigwebo sonyaka omnye entolongweni, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukuvalelwa kobomi okanye ukufa.

Isohlwayo Nesigwebo

Isohlwayo sezaphuli-mthetho siyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwityala, igunya, nangembali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa.

  • [[Ukwahlulwa konyaka: 0] Intambo yenqanawa esetyenziswayo: I Jail (kwimpazamo) okanye intolongo (yokuququzelela).
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso zemali ezihlawulwa kurhulumente.
  • Iprojekthi: Ulwahlulo olukhulu kuluntu phantsi kweemeko (umz., uvavanyo lweziyobisi, umhla wokufika kwexesha).
  • Inkonzo yekomyunithi: Umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kumaziko angeyonzuzo okanye urhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala:[ ithe yalungelelanisa intlawulo kwixhoba kwilahleko ebangelwa ngqo lulwaphulo-mthetho (nangona oku kubekwe njengenxalenye yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho).

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngoxa omabini amasebe ezimisele ukuxhasa okusesikweni, asebenzisa imigaqo eyahlukileyo ngokusisiseko.

Imisebenzi Nezihlanganisi

  • [[NTLA: 0] I-Civil: A coltiff (umntu okanye umbutho) uqalisa ukumangalela ummangalelwa. Igqwetha lommangalelwa limela izilangazelelo zabo.
  • Icala: Urhulumente (umtshutshisi) uqalisa ityala elinxamnye nommangalelwa. Ixhoba aliloqela; lisenokuba lingqina. Ummangalelwa umelwe ligqwetha elikhuselayo.

Umthwalo Nomgangatho Wobungqina

  • ICIIL: I-placttiff mayibonise ukuba imeko injalo uqwalaselo lobungqina[].
  • Ngokuphindiweyo: Ingxengxezo kufuneka ibonise ukuba unetyala ngapha kothandabuza olusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho nkcazelo ikhoyo yenye indlela yobungqina. Lo mgangatho uphezulu ngabom ukukhusela iinkolelo ezingalunganga.

Iziphumo nemali

  • [[FLT: 0] ISigqibo siphumela kwityala okanye ekungabini natyala. Imiqathango iquka umonakalo wemali, imiqathango, okanye umsebenzi othile. Akukho xesha lasetokisini okanye ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Isigqibo sibophelelekile okanye asinatyala. Xa inkundla inyanzelisa isigwebo: ukuvalelwa, iityala, ukuvalelwa, njl.

Ukuya Kum Jury

  • [[FLT: 0] ICivil: Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likhona kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, kodwa amaqela angaliphelisa ngenxa yokuvavanywa kwebhentshi (umgwebo ogqibekileyo). I Justices kumatyala asekuhlaleni iqulathe amalungu ama-6 ukuya ku-12.
  • Ityala: AbaKhuseli banelungelo elisemthethweni kwityala labachopheli-mthetho elinzulu kwityala (IsiHlazo se-Sxth). Iintlanganiso ezikwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho zidla ngokuba namalungu ali-12, kwaye izigwebo kufuneka zihlangane kwimiqathango emininzi.

Umelo olusemthethweni

  • [[FLT: 0] ICIIL: Izivumelwano zingaqesha amagqwetha obuqu okanye zizimela ngokwazo (pro se). Akukho lungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwigqwetha elikhululekileyo kwiimeko zabemi.
  • Elicala: Abamangalelwa abangengomthetho-siseko banelungelo elimiselwe igqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla ukuba ukuvalelwa kwentolongo kusisisohlwayo esinokwenzeka (Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Sixth, Gideon v. Wainwright).

Imizekelo Yamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibalaselisa indlela isenzo esinye esiphosakeleyo esinokukhokelela ngayo kwityala letyala lezaphuli-mthetho elinokwahluka, imilinganiselo neziphumo.

Imizekelo yoMthetho wamakhaya

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqukumbela kweContract: A freflancer akaphumeleli ukugqiba umsebenzi emva kokwamkela intlawulo. Umxhasi umangalela ukubuya kwemali yomonakalo dibanisa nezo lahleko ngexesha elilahlekileyo. Inkundla ibuyekeza imbuyekezo ukuba isiqinisekiso singqinwa ngokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kobungqina.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingozi yesiqu sakho (Ingozi): Umqhubi ubaleka isibane esibomvu aze onakalise omnye umqhubi. Iqela elilimeleyo limangalela omnye umqhubi ngeendleko zonyango, liphulukana nomvuzo, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka. Ijaji igqiba ityala elisekelwe kubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impixano egqithisileyo: Abamelwane ababini abaphikisanayo ngocingo olungena kwimpahla enye. Ummelwane ochaphazelekayo umangalela ukususwa kocingo kunye nomonakalo. Ijaji inganika umyalelo odityanisiweyo kunye nembuyekezo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba olahlekileyo.

Imizekelo Yomthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

  • " ft (Isalathisi): Umntu uba i-laptop evenkileni. Iifayile zetyala lezwe. Ityala kufuneka lingqine amatyala obusela (ukudla impahla, ngaphandle kwemvume, ngenjongo yokuyirhoxisa ngokusisigxina) ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuba ubanjiwe, ummangalelwa angajongana nenkontsho kunye nentolongo.
  • ``I-Mnurder''':[ Umntu ubulala omnye ngabom. Urhulumente umangalela ukubulala. Isohlwayo sinokuba kukuvalelwa entolongweni ubomi okanye, kwamanye amazwe, ukufa. Ummangalelwa ugqalwa njengomsulwa de agwetyelwe ngetyala elingenakuphikiswa.
  • Amapolisa afumana iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kwimoto yomntu. Abamangalelwa bajongwa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba bagwetyelwe, bangafumana uvavanyo, unyango lweziyobisi, okanye ixesha lasentolongweni lixhomekeke kubuninzi nakubhaliso lwangaphambili.

Unqamlezo: Umthetho Ofanayo, Ityala lesibini

Akunto ingaqhelekanga ukuba isiganeko esinye sinyuse ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neloburhulumente. Umzekelo, O.J. Simpson wakhululwa kwityala lokubulala ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kamva wafunyanwa efanelwe kukufa okuphosakeleyo ekumangalelweni kwamakhaya. Umahluko kwiziphumo usuka kwimithwalo eyahlukeneyo yobungqina: abagwebi kufuneka beyiseke ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, kanti abachobi bejaji bephondo babefuna ukufumana kuphela ngokuqwalaselwa kobungqina bokuba babangela ukufa. Oku kusingisa okubini kuqinisa iindima ezahlukileyo zomthetho wesigebenga nowezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Indima Yecudie Kuzo Zombini Iinkqubo

ABagwebi namaqumrhu ejaji angundoqo ekufunyanisweni kwamatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, iindima zabo negunya labo ziyahluka phakathi kwamasebe amabini.

ABagwebi

Kwiinkundla zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho, abagwebi basebenza njengabagwebi abangoondileleyo abaqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo engokwasemthethweni iyalandelwa, ubungqina buyavunywa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye imithetho iyavumelana nomthetho. Kwityala lebhedi (akukho jaji), ijaji igqiba zombini imibuzo yenyaniso (okwenzekileyo) kunye nemibuzo yomthetho (imithetho esemthethweni). Kumatyala abachopheli-mthetho, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho kwaye ilawula inkqubo yenkundla. Kwimigwebo, kwane, abagwebi bagwetyelwe abamangalelwayo kwimigaqo yomthetho. Kwimibango yamakhaya, abagwebi basoloko bephumelela ekufumaneni kwangaphambili ukuqulungelana kwetyala kwaye basenokuvumela iintlanganiso zokuphepha ukuqulungwa.

Juries

Juries uzisa imbono yoluntu kwinkundla. Kumatyala angolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho bamisela ityala okanye ubumsulwa obusekelwe kubungqina kunye nemiyalelo yejaji esemthethweni. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, abachopheli-mthetho bakhetha ityala kunye nomlinganiselo womonakalo. Ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala asekuhlaleni lifakwe kwiSindululo seSeptimente samatyala angaphezulu kwe-20, nangona amazwe amaninzi aqinisekisa ukuba amajaji kwimicimbi ethile yasekuhlaleni. Ukukhetha ijaji yetyala [1] i-voir shaf [FLT] [12] [11]

Imilinganiselo Yokuzikhumbuza Ngomtsalane

Emva kwetyala, iqela elingaphumeleliyo lingafumana isibheno. Iinkundla zetyala zihlola ityala lezobutyala obusemthethweni. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umgangatho usoloko ungqongqo ngenxa yezibonda eziphezulu `ukurhoxiswa kufuneka kutshitshintshwe ukuba kukho impazamo enkulu eyenzekayo. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, iinkundla zekomiti zibonisa ukulibandeza iingxelo ezichanekileyo zejaji ngaphandle kokuba ziphazamile. Oku kubonisa ubunzima obahlukeneyo kwisigqibo sokugqibela kwisebe ngalinye.

Ukudibana Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho: Ukuphangalala Nokwahluka

Nangona umthetho wasekuhlaleni nowakwaphula umthetho usebenza ngokwahlukeneyo, zisebenzisana ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo, yaye ukuqonda ezi zindawo kubaluleke kakhulu kwiingcali nakwabemi.

Ingozi Ephindwe kabini kunye nezilingo Ezahlukeneyo

Uhlaziyo lweNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeMbetho lweNtlanganiso ka-Gaqo-siseko u-Claus uyalela umntu ukuba agwetywe kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba imicimbi yezehlo zomzimbi nezolwaphulo-mthetho zithathwa njengozohlukene, umntu angamangalelwa kwityala likarhulumente emva kokuba ekhululwe kwinkundla yakwaphuli-mthetho (njengoko ku-O. J. Simpson unotyala). Ngokuchasene noko, ukugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokusetyenziswa njengobungqina obunxulumene nelungelo (okwaziwakuyeka ukuvalwa kwetyala kwezinye iindawo).

Ukuphuma kwesiseko ngaphezulu

Eminye imithetho ibangela iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezolwaphulo-mthetho ezibangela ihambo efanayo. Umzekelo, ukuqhatha ngezibambiso zetyala kunokubangela ukuba umntu obekelwe ityala letyala (iSebe lezeMithetho) abekwe ityala lamakhaya (ngamalungu e-SEC okanye ababambi-nxaxheba). Ngokufanayo, ukuphulwa kwemekobume kusenokuphumela kwintlawulo yezaphuli-mthetho nakwizigwebo zoburhulumente zokucoca. Oku kwenza ukuba urhulumente ohlwaye ngelixa efuna ukohlwaya amaxhoba nokulungisa umonakalo.

Indima Yexhoba

Kwimiba yakwaphuli-mthetho, ixhoba lidla ngokubona ukwanda kwamalungelo amaxhoba axhasa imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, kungekhona umtshutshisi. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, ixhoba (ityala) lilungu leqela eligqibayo ukuba lifanele liyingenise ityala, nokuba lizinzise ntoni na, nokuba lizinzise kusini na. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje liye labona ukwanda kwamalungelo amaxhoba axhasa ukuba nenxaxheba ekwaphulweni kwezaphuli-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuthetha (amatyala achasene neziphumo). Kodwa ke, umahluko osisiseko usala: ixhoba kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho alinawo amandla okulahla izityholo, ngoxa ityala elikwityala lamakhaya linokuwalahla nangawo nangalo naliphi na ixesha.

Isiphelo: Ulwalamano Lwenkqubo Yokusebenzisana

Umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala awukhuphisani; ziintsika ezixhasayo zobulungisa. Umthetho wamakhaya unika abantu indlela yokufuna ukubuyiselwa kwezono zabucala, ukunikela imbuyekezo kunye nokuhlawulelwa okungaguquguqukiyo. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ukhusela ibutho labantu ngokuvala nokubohlwaya ihambo esongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, nomthwalo onzima wokuqinisekisa ukukhusela isohlwayo esiphosakeleyo. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi ingaqhelekanga kwenza abafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi bakwazi ukuqhuba imicimbi esemthethweni ngokucacileyo. Ukuba ufunda ngodidi lomthetho, ufunda ngetyala eliphezulu, okanye ujonga imicimbi yakho esemthethweni, ukuqonda ukwahlukahlukana phakathi komthetho woluntu nolwaphulo-mthetho kuya kukunika amandla okubandakanye nolwazi olufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwinkqubo yokugweba.

[[FLT: 0] [[FLT]] Isixhobo solwazi se Wex se-WeLT'. ukwenzela iinkcazelo zenkqubo yempumezo kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. [[FLT]].gov inkqubo esemthethweni yenkcazo[[FLT]][FLT][12]] inika intloko entle kwindlela iinkundla esebenza ngayo. [FFFT][15] inikeza lengcaciso yendlela yolwazi kubungqina, [[FLT] [FLT] kunye nelungu eligunya le siseko senkqubo.[FT][12]