Ukuphumelela Kwengqubano Yophuthuzo Kwimibhobho Ehambayo

Amaphulo ezobupolitika asoloko efuna iindlela ezintsha zokufikelela abavoti abangakhange baqhutyelwe. Phakathi kwezona ndlela zokuziphikisa kukucingela ngokunyanzela ngezantsi isixhobo sokudibanisa ukuvota kunye nenkcazelo exonxiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolisiso olusemthethweni olucetyelwe ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi, ukunyanzela iinjongo zokuyila iimbono, ngokufuthi ngemibuzo elahlekisayo kunye nokuqhatha. Abavoti abazimeleyo.

Ukuchaza Ukusasaza: Akuphelelanga Kuhlolisiso

Kuqala, uhlolo lokunyanzela lubonakala luluhlolisiso oluqhelekileyo loluvo lukawonke-wonke. Umfowuni ubuza uthotho lwemibuzo malunga nabatshati, imiba, kunye neenjongo zokuvota. Noko ke, umahluko obalulekileyo uxhomekeke kwinjongo nakwizinto eziqulethweyo. Uqhubo lothotho lunikela ngabom iingxelo ezilayishweyo okanye umahluko ocacileyo ukuxhokonxa iimpendulo ezingokweemvakalelo. Umzekelo, umbuzo ofana nothi, “Ngaba unokuba nokwenzeka okanye ungayivoti X ukuba uyazi ukuba baxhasa ukunyusa irhafutho kwiintsapho ezikwisigaba esiphakathi?" ayicetyelelwa ukulinganisa uluvo olubi.

Uphando lwemithetho lulandela iindlela ezingqongqo: imizekelo engakhethiyo, amagama angekho mgaqweni, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olucacileyo. Uhlolo locutha-gosa lushiya le migangatho. Zisoloko zijolise kwinani elimxinwa labemi `ngokuzimela okanye ngokujijela' kwaye zisebenzisa iintetho eziphindaphindiweyo ukuqinisa ibali elinqwenelekayo. Igama elithi “uphando” ngokwalo lufumaneka kusukelo lwamacebo:“ ukuvota kumntu omnye okanye omnye ngaphantsi kophando.

Imvelaphi Yokungcoliswa Koontlondi Bembali

Uphando lokunyanzela aluyonto intsha. Imvelaphi yayo isukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kodwa yafumana iziphumo ezivakalayo kwiminyaka yonyaka wama-1994. Iphulo lokulwa kweNdlu yeQela yase-U.S. eMassachusetts labona omnye wemizekelo engalunganga, apho ukunyanzela uphando kwacebisa ukuba ngoko iSiphathi-Sikhululo uTed Kennedy wayebandakanyeke kwihlazo elibandakanya ingozi yemoto nokufa kwebhinqa eliselula elingenazizinziso. Iphulo lokusebenzisa ezo mfono lacela uxolo kamva kodwa umonakalo wodumo lukaKennedy phakathi komvoti ozimeleyo wawubalasele ubalasele kwimijaho yomongameli, igrate, kwanonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ukukhula kweminxeba kweminxeba ne-mfo-mfono ye-mfono-mfono kubangele ukukhuthuka okunzima nokukhuthuka, ukukhuphiswa kwemizwa kweminywana kwemi - mpula.

Isizathu Sokuba Iijelo Ezizimeleyo Zibe Zizisulu Eziphambili

Abavoti abazimelanga (-) abo bangasoloko behambelana neqela elikhulu lezobupolitika ``liyigray engcwele yoochwepheshe bephulo. Babumba malunga nesithathu sesithathu sonyulo kumazwe amaninzi, kodwa ukunyaniseka kwabo lulwelo. Ngenxa yokuba abazimeleyo benganyanzelwanga kangako ngokobuphini, bayakwazi ukuyeyisela, kodwa bachanabeka kakhulu kulwazi oludidayo. Abakhi bophenyo basebenzisa oku ngokuqwalasela “imibango encomekayo” okanye iziphazamiso zobuntu ezinokuveza indlela yokucinga ezimeleyo.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo zengqondo ezidlalwayo. Okokuqala, iziphumo zokonakaliso : ukuphinda imbono engakhiyo `````nakuba kamva yaliwe' inyusa/inyani yayo. Uphando oluninzi lujikeleza rhoqo kumbuzo omnye amaxesha amaninzi kwifowuni enye, uqinisa uhlaselo. Okwesibini, umbalo wobungcathu [: ubuchopho bomntu bunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kulwazi olubileyo kunelukhathsayo. Kuba abanokuswela iimvakalelo ezinamandla ngako nakuphi nakuphi na okuzeka, umbuzo odibeneyo. Imidyano ingenza ukuvavanya okuhlala kuhleli.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Ukubuza Amazwi Nemtsalane Engokweemvakalelo

Akuyo yonke imiba yokuxinanisa esebenzayo ngokulinganayo. Impumelelo yabo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela efakwa ngayo imibuzo. Uhlolisiso olusetyenziswayo lungaquka “umbuzo wesiqalo” othi umxhasi aqalise:“ Ingaba ucinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba umntlola anyaniseke ngemali yakhe?” lulandelwa ngamazwi obuxoki aphathekayo angemanyala emali. Umbuzo wokuqala uveza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha; eyesibini ithetha ukuba umphikisi uphelelwa ngumgangatho. Lo buchule, obaziwa [[FLT: 0]] ukuba unyanise kwaye ujikelele , ungaguqula indlela abacinga ngayo abaphicothayo abafuna imali abafuna ukuthelekisa iinjongo zemali. Umbuzo obalulekileyo xa besazi injongo yophando olunjengo Krosscrick kunye noBnon.

Isitsalane semvakalelo yenye into ebangela uloyiko, umsindo, okanye ukucaphuka ziluncedo kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukutyhalela phambili abavoti abazimeleyo kummandla wasemaphandleni kungabuza, “Ngaba ungayixhasa i-Candidate Y ukuba uyazi ukuba bavote ukuba bavote ukuphelisa inkxaso-mali yokulima, banyanzelisa iintsapho zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kwelizwe labo?” Umfanekiso wemvakalelo uphazamisa uhlalutyo olusengqiqweni, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abanoxanduva ukudiselwa kwezobupolitika. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ukubhenela ngokubaluleka okucingelwayo kwembambano ngo-10/15% phakathi kwezifundo ezizimeleyo ngokufanelekileyo, ngokokufundisiswa konyaka ka-2018 kufundisiso lwe-Protellitical Martiesting[FT[FLT]

Ukuhlolisisa Ukuphumelela: Oko Kuboniswa Bubungqina

Umbuzo obalulekileyo uhleli: luphengulula uphando olunyanzelisayo ngenene ukutshintsha ukuziphatha kwabavoti abazimeleyo? Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zahlukene. Olunye uvavanyo lwexeshana olufutshane lubonisa iziphumo ezingenakulungiseka. Uvavanyo lwentsimi 2016 ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-gubernerator sikhulu lufumanise ukuba abavoti abazimeleyo abafumana ubizo olunye olunyanzelisayo lungama-4/6% anokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuveza imbono engentle kubavotezi abajoliswe ekujoliseni kwintlukwano ezisebenzayo emva kweveki ezimbini, kwaye uninzi lwabavoti-mvume babuyela kwimiqathango: batyekele ekuveliseni utshintsho olukhawulezayo kunokuba lunyuso oluhlalayo.

Ezinye izinto ezisebenzayo eziphakathi. Uphando lwama-2020 lwePew Research Center lwabonisa ukuba abavoti abanolwazi oluphezulu lwezobupolitika bambalwa kakhulu ukuba baphenjelelwe yimibuzo yenkcubeko ejolisekileyo xa kuthelekiswa naleyo iphantsi kwesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi. Ngokunjalo, bayakwazi ukunyanzela ukutyhalela phambili uphatho lwemiba enzima. lokutyhafisa. Amajelo abekwe kufutshane nokhetho lokhetho lonyulo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Apho Ukutyhala Kwabangela Umahluko (okanye Akuzange)

Uhlolisiso lokwenene lutyhila iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Ngonyaka ka-2012 kwiRiphabliki yase-U.S. i-Riphabliki ephambili, uphando lokunyanzela eMzantsi Carolina lwasetyenziswa nxamnye noNewt Gingrich, lubonisa ukuba wayeneentambo ezingalunganga kumboleki wezindlu. Abavoti abazimeleyo abafumana unxulumano oluphezulu oluthandabuzekayo lukaGingrich, kwaye inkxaso yakhe phakathi kwelo qela laphoswa kuphando olulandelayo. Noko ke, iphulo likaGingrich laphendula ngokukhanyela ngamandla nangokuzingela inyani ekwalandula ukubolekisa; umonakalo wapheliswa.

Kwelinye icala, kunyulo lwango-2014 lwelizwe lase-Australia lwephulo lophando lonyanzelo olunyanzelisa ukujoliswa kwezakhono ezizimeleyo kwisihlalo esisemgangathweni. Olu nxulumano luthi lungumntu ozimeleyo oxhaswe ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango oluzii-prigratis/indawo engathandwayo kakhulu. Kodwa unyulo luyakwazi ukuvelisa iingxelo zokuvota ezibonisa okuchaseneyo. Kunokuba lunyanzele abavoti, ukunyanzelela uvavanyo lokuvota kwabuya nomxhasi wokuzimela nokuqhuba ngokuzimela ukuze bafumane. Oku kubonisa ingozi enkulu: ukunyanzela ukuvota [[FLT: 0] uphoma i-boomang ukuba uvicekisi uluvo oluqhathe okanye uphelo.

Imilinganiselo Engokwasemthethweni

Uphando locoselelo lukwindawo ebanzi kumthetho wonyulo. E-United States, iKhomishini yoNcinwa yoNcedo idla ngokukhulula uhlolo olusuka kwiimfuno zobheno lodwa logama nje lufakwe njengefreyithi “ekhangela” kunokuba“kufuneke”. Ngoko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna ukuba abaceli-mnxeba bafune ukuzichaza kwaye batyhile abahlawulayo. Umzekelo, uMthetho wePrician Reformation ka-Colinianism umya ukuba naluphi ubizo olusebenzayo olusetyenziswa ukuphembelela ukuvota umntu okanye umbutho kufuneka uquke igama lonyuso.

Ngokuthe ngqo, uphando olunyanzelwayo lugwetywa yimibutho ephandayo enjenge-American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), ethi “uhlolisiso lwe-apost luluhlobo lokuzifihla ngokungafanelekanga njengophando.” Ingxaki kukuba umahluko phakathi kophando olusemthethweni nothotho-zincwadi olunyanzelekileyo unokuba lulula. Amanye amaphulo aphikisa ukuba ukubuza ngobuthathaka bombangi kuyinxalenye yophendlo olunyanisekileyo. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa into yokuba injongo yokuqhatha ukupheka iintsolo olusuka kuphanda uphando olusemthethweni. Oku kudla ngokushiya abavoti badidekile kwaye bangathembani novavanyo lwezopolitiko, kubangela ukuba ugcino-data oluxhomekeke ekuqondeni kwabo abavoti.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi nokufunda amajelo eendaba: IAntidote ekusebenziseni

Ibonelele ukuba kunokwenzeka ukusetyenziswa kakubi, amaphulo okufunda nawamajelo eendaba avele njengemilinganiselo yokuthintela. Ingeniso efana ne-Check.org kunye nezikhokelo zeAnnenberg Policy Center ezishicilelayo ezinceda abavoti baphawule ukutyhala iiflegi ezibomvu: ubude obugqithisileyo, imibuzo yohlaselo lobuqu, ulwimi olukhokelayo, nokungavumi ukwabelana nabaxhasi. Xa abavoti abazimeleyo bexhotyiswe lolu lwazi, ukuphumelela kokunyanzela uphotho lwee-folisho. Uhlolisiso olulawulwa yiYunivesithi yaseChicago lwafumanisa ukuba emva kokuba befumene intloko emfutshane ekutyhaleleni imigaqo yokuhlola, amaxhoba ayengena amanqaku angama-45% anokuphenjelelwa ngomdla olandelayo.

Amaqela ngamanye amaxesha asebenzisa ukubonakala ngaphaya kokhuseleko. Xa uphakamiso olunyanzelayo, abatshateli banokukhupha iintlobo ezibhaliweyo zonxulumano, bacele iziphumo ezirekhodiweyo zezixhobo zokukhupha uphando. Kwixesha lamanani, ubhedu olunjalo luhamba ngokukhawuleza. Amaqonga e-media akhuthaza ukuvota, ukuguqula umgudu wobucuphi bokuzifihla ukuba kube yingxaki yonxulumano noluntu. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo, iingcali ezininzi zephulo zinokubona ukuxinanisa unyulo njengecebo eliphezulu lokuhlola nge-risk , kodwa elisoloko likhutshwa likhutshwa ligobe ligosa inteko yokhetho oluzimeleyo olubonisa ukunyaniseka.

Ezinye Izinto Ezinokuphembelela Ukungcolisa: Unxibelelwano Olunempembelelo

Ukuba ukunyanzelisa uvotelo luyingozi kwaye lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, yintoni esebenzayo ukufikelela abavoti abazimeleyo? Ikampathiso ziguqukele kwiindlela ezifanelekileyo nezisekelwe kubungqina. Peer-peer uku-intsimi ye-[ kunye ukulungelelanisa [[FLT]] okuphakathi] ulungiso oluthe tyaba luvumela iphulo lokuzibandakanya kwincoko yokwenene. Ezi ndlela zikhuthaza uvoti ukuba ibuze imibuzo kwaye ichaze inkxalabo, zikhokelele ekujuleni okunzulu. A 202020 ye-metaana-'a - folueye- metaus exp olk afumana ukuba ubuso obunyukayo ngo 2/6% yokhetho oluzimeleyo, lokwenza ukhupho lwe-unyuso lwezigoqoko lwe-otho lwe-offotolu.

Ingumsebenzi ojoliswe kwimiba encinci efakwayo yenye indlela. Endaweni yokusebenzisa iintlaselo ezingalunganga, amaphulo achaza imibandela ekhethekileyo enokuba yiyo eninzi kubavoti abazimeleyo kwisithili. "njengenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho okanye yempilo] kwaye inika iingcebiso ezinika iinkcukacha ezizinzileyo, ezigqithisileyo, ezigqithisileyo, izibhengezo zemiboniso-manani, kunye nonxulumano lokuzithandela. Oku kwakha ukuthemba nokuphepha iimgibe zokunyanzela. Umzekelo, ebudeni be-2022.S, oomatiloshe abaninzi abathengi abathunyelwayo basebenzisa izibhengezo zamanani amanani amaqela ukuveza ukunyuka nokuqhotyo okuphezulu kweminxela. Iziphumo eziphezulu ze-Post-coationstion zibonisa ukuba ezikhoyo, iimpembelelo ezizinkokeleyo ezihlala zihleli ngakumbi kukhetho oluzimeleyo nakunye oluzimeleyo.

Xa Uthutho Lubuyisela Umlilo: Imiphumo Yokukhula Kwendlela

Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela kungekuphela nje xa kunyanzeliswa uphando, kodwa xa lungafezeki ngendlela ephawulekayo. Iziphumo zomdla wophatho ziyenzeka xa umyalezo wothotho ujongwa njengongalungiyo okanye obubuxoki, ubangela ukuba abavoti bavumelane nomntu ojolise ekuhlolweni. Oku kwenzeka ngokuphawulekayo kugqatso lwendlu yendlu yengqungquthela eDelaware, apho uqhutyelwano oluhlaselayo uChristine O’Dennell (umbathili) ujongileyo ozimeleyo) luye lwasohlwaywa lungamkeliswa yi-mdlalo enkulu ka-O’Donnell.

Ingqondo yentlalo ichaza isiphumo somphumo we-bobrown ngengcamango ye- esebenzayo: xa abantu beziva bekhululekile ukuzikhethela besongelwa, bayasabela ngokuzimela nge-webhsayithi yabo. Abavoti abazimelanga, abaziqhayisayo ngokungaxelelwa ukuba bacingeni, ukunyanzelisa uvavanyo kungabangela le ntshukumo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba isityholo sohlolo sicuthelwe lula ukucutha, umzekelo, ngokukhangela intelekiso yenyani kwiwebhusayithi ``ibhithi esemva kwayo iphelelwa yithemba. Umonakalo othelelwayo wodumo oludala lungakhutha naluphi na uhlobo olufutshane lwengeniso.

Isiphelo: Sisixhobo Esilinganiselweyo

Uphando olucinezelayo luhlala luhleli lusebenza ngokuhambelana kwephulo langoku, ingakumbi kwimijaho engqongqo apho abavoti abazimelayo bebambe ulungelelwano. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwabo akuqinisekiswanga. Xa kusetyenziswa ngokujoliswe ngenyameko, ukuphosa iimvakalelo, kunye nokusondela kosuku lonyulo, ukunyanzela uphatho kungenza utshintsho oluncinci kodwa lokwenene kwimbono engakhiyo. Kodwa olu tshintsho ludla ngokudlula, kwaye umngcipheko okhoyo, iingxaki ezisemthethweni, kunye nomonakalo ombi ongowaziwayo

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuzikhusela kubavoti abazimelanga yimfundo nokucingela. Ukuqaphela uphando olunyanzelisayo lobuphi bobuzwe . "propaganda" lufihlakele njengophando----"irobi yamandla ayo. Kumaphulo, ugcino-lwazi lubonisa ukuba ukuveliswa konxibelelwano olucace gca, olusekelwe kwingxelo kunika inkxaso ehlala ihleli phakathi kwabavoti abazimeleyo kunokuxhomekeka kumacebo okuphanda okuzibhijabhija. Njengoko ukubhaqa nokunyulisa konyulo kukhula, ukunyanzela uphatho lokuguqula okuzimele kuya kuqhubeka kuncipha. Kulawulo-demokhrasi oluphilileyo, oko kungumkhwa olungileyo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngempembelelo yezibhengezo ezingalunganga kunye nohlolo olunyanzelisayo, bona i- Melika Association yophando lwezimvo zikawonke-wonke ukwenzela imigaqo yendlela yokuziphatha, iZiko lophando lwe-Projekthi kugcino-lwazi lwezopolitiko, kunye ne- iZiko lomgaqo-Mgaqo-siseko kawonke-wonke [[[FLT]] we-ANT] ukwenzela izibonelelo zolwazi zemfundo yesixhobo sokusasaza.