INkqubo Efanelekileyo Njengentsika Yokusesikweni

Isiqinisekiso senkqubo efanelekileyo singomnye wezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokhuseleko kunoma yiyiphi inkqubo yomthetho ethi ixabise ubulungisa. Asikokufumana nje ubuchule obusemthethweni kodwa sisiqinisekiso esisisiseko sokuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele imithetho emiselweyo aze ahlonele amalungelo omntu phambi kokuba ahlube nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, ingcebiso esemthethweni ibeka engozini yokuba zizixhobo ezingeyomfuneko zegunya kunokuba zibe zizixhobo zokusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa intsingiselo yenkqubo efanelekileyo, imvelaphi yayo esisiseko, indaleko yayo, ukuguquka kwayo kwimbali, kunye nokusebenza kwayo okusebenzayo kwimicimbi yale mihla esemthethweni.

Yintoni Efanelekileyo?

Inkqubo efunekayo ifakwe kuMphetho-Mgaqo wesihlanu, osebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, kunye noMthetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine, oyandisa loo mfuneko kumazwe. Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu luthi akukho mntu uya "kupheliswa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho." IsiHlanziso-Mthethwe se-1448 sisebenzisa ulwimi olufanayo. Emongweni, imfuneko ifuna ukuba imicimbi engokwasemthethweni iqhutywe kakuhle kwaye abantu bafumane isaziso esaneleyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo ngokuchasene nabo.

Isiqinisekiso senkqubo efunekayo sisebenza kwiinqwelo-moya ezimbini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Zombini zibalulekile, kodwa zikhusela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Indlela UMthetho Osetyenziswa Ngayo

Inkqubo efunekayo igxininisa kwiindlela kwaye inyathelo likarhulumente kufuneka lilandelwe xa efuna ukunqanda amalungelo omntu. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo ziquka isaziso sesenzo esicetyisiweyo, ithuba lokuva, ilungelo lokunika ubungqina nokubiza amangqina, ilungelo lokudibana namangqina angalunganga, kunye nesigqibo ngomenzi-zigqibo ongakhethiyo. Ezi mfuneko ziyahluka-tshintsha kuxhomekeka kumongo. Umzekelo, ukulingwa okupheleleyo kwetyala kuyimfuneko kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngelixa ukuva okuncinane kolawulo kunganela impikiswano ngoncedo lukarhulumente. Inkundla ephakamileyo imisele ukulungele ukuvavanyanisa okokubakho kwemigaqo ekufuneka kuchaphazeleke, ukuvavanyaza inzala yokunganyaniseki okukhoyo, umngcipheko wokungaphaza ngenxa yenkqubo yolawulo. [FLT] [0]

Ukuphawula Nomathuba Okuviwa

Iintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yokubonisa intsingiselo zisaziso esaneleyo kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo elimele ukuviwa. Isaziso kufuneka sibelwa ngobuchule ukwazisa umntu ochaphazelekayo ngesenzo esithe ngqo kunye nezizathu zaso. "Umanyano lokuviwa" luthetha ithuba lokunika icala lomntu phambi kwenkundla engakhethiyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuva makuvele ngaphambi kokuba ukunqandwa kusebenze, nangona iimeko zongxamiseko zinokuvumela ukuva kweposi kukhawuleziswe ixesha elide xa kufumaneka uhlolo olukhawulezileyo.

Inkqubo Ebalulekileyo: Oko UMthetho Ungenakukwenza

Inkqubo esezantsi efunekayo igqitha kumlinganiselo wemithetho ngokwayo. Ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleni koburhulumente ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente angasibonisa isizathu esinyanzelisayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla ziye zaluqaphela uludwe lwamalungelo asisiseko phantsi kwenkqubo ephantsi kwesatifiketi, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokunika abantwana, ilungelo lokukhokelwa kwemfuno epheleleyo, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokuzimela, ilungelo lokufumana imfihlo, nokungawaphathi-mphambili kwingqibelelo yomzimba. Xa iinkundla zifaka inyathelo elingundoqo, iqondo eliphezulu lokuhlola ikomiti lisebenzisa uphando olungqongqo, lifuna urhulumente ukuba uqinisekise ukuba umthetho umiselwe ngokulula ukuba usebenze umdla osebenzayo. Ukuqalisa kokungasemva, bona iprojects [[FLD]

Imbali Ephucukileyo: Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kuMgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Iingcambu zayo zibuyela emva nakweyiphi na enye indlela eManglane, ngokukhethekileyo kwiMagna Carta yowe-1215. Isahluko 39 seMagna Carta sathi "akukho mntu okhululekileyo oya kuthi abanjwe okanye avalelwe entolongweni, okanye ahlulwe amalungelo akhe okanye izinto zakhe, okanye abhaliswe phantsi kwemithetho okanye agxothwe, okanye ahluthwe ukuma kwakhe nangayiphi na enye indlela, okanye sithunywe nabanye abantu ukuba benze njalo, ngaphandle kokuba kugwetywe umthetho osemthethweni walingana nabo okanye umthetho welizwe." Esi sivumelwano sazisa ingcamango yokuba ukumkani ngokwakhe wayephantsi komthetho, okanye engekho mthethweni, okanye ekufuneka alandelwe phambi komntu, kwaye imigaqo ethile imele ilandelwe phambi komntu.

Ibinzana elithi "umthetho welizwe" ekugqibeleni lajika laba "umthetho osele ukho" ngo-1354, umthetho ophantsi kukaEdward III ngokucacileyo wathatha indawo "yomthetho welizwe" ngokuphinda uvuselelwe kweMagna Carta. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wavelisa ukhuseleko olufana nelungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-mthetho, ilungelo elichasene nokuzinyoba ngokwawo, kunye nelungelo lokucebisa, konke okuphembelela ama-Melika.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kumaxesha Angaphambili EUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ekuqaleni wawuneenkqubo ezimbalwa ezifunekayo zokukhusela. UHlaziyo lwesihlanu, olwagunyaziswa ngowe-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, lwanika isiqinisekiso sokuqala esicacileyo. Noko ke, inguquko yaye yasetyenziswa kuphela kurhulumente karhulumente wezwelonke. Amazwe ayeshiywe ukuze achaze iinkqubo zawo, kwaye amaninzi awakwazanga ukuhlawula imigaqo eqinileyo. Uhlaziyo lwe 14neth, olwagunyaziswayo ngowe-1868 emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, lwatshintshwa ukuba ngokusebenzisa i-SClassiasces kwilizwe. Le nguqu yayiseko yayisekwakuchaza i-Commilt Prote Provices Claces Clace, eyayineembeka kunye nenkqubo elungele ukukhuselwa kwemigaqo yamalungelo asekuhlaleni yomthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Iziphumo Zophawu Zelizwe Ezaguqula Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zanikela intsingiselo ecacileyo kwisiqinisekiso esicacileyo senkqubo efunekayo. La matyala alandelayo aphakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo:

  • [[NTLA:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): INkundla yathi ilungelo lokuHlaziya kwesihlanu nxamnye nokuzidibanisela ngokwayo kufuneka amapolisa azise abakrokrele ngelungelo labo lokuhlala bethulile kunye nelungelo labo kwigqwetha phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Iziphumo "Miranda" ziyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Eli tyala laqinisekisa ukuba uLawulo lweSithandathu lokuLandliswa lunelungelo lokunika isiluleko lusebenza kurhulumente abamangalelwa ngokweSigwebo se-14th Somthambeko i-Claus. INkundla yagqiba ukuba inike igqwetha eli limele linikezele kubamangalelwa abajongene nezityholo zetyala, kwaye kamva landiswe kwityala eli ngaphaya kwetyala elithwele isigwebo sokuvalelwa.
  • KwiGault (1967): INkundla yanika ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kulutsha kwimicimbi yobuhlolo, ifuna isaziso setyala, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo elichasene nokuzithethelela.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) kunye neCanned Parenthoous v. Casey (1992: [ La matyala, ngelixesha impikiswano, ibonisa inkqubo encinci efunekayo esebenzayo. INkundla yavuma ilungelo elisisiseko kwimfihlo elibandakanya isigqibo somfako webhinqa, esilawulwa ngumthetho emva kokusebenza.
  • [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Inkundla yathi iNkundla yeshumi elinesine Lokwenziwa Komgqibelo ne-Ulinganiselo wokhuseleko luka-Celas iqinisekisa izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni ukuba zinelungelo lokutshata.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kumthetho Wolawulo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idlulela ngaphaya kweemvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezezoburhulumente. Amasebe olawulo, enza izigqibo ezichaphazela iinzuzo zoKhuselo loluntu, izibhengezo, ukufuduka, imvume yokufuduka, imvume yobuchule, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi, kufuneka anikezele iinkqubo zobulungisa. Ityala lephawu le- Goldberg v. Kelly[[[FLT:] [1970]] [1970]) abameli bemeko yokuba abafumana intlalo-ntle banelungelo lokuva iinzuzo ezicacileyo phambi kokuphelisa inzuzo. Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla ziye zafuna ukuba amagosa anikele isaziso, ithuba lokubonisa ukuba ngumenzi wesigqibo esingenamkhethe, kunye nengxelo ebhaliweyo yezizathu ezifunekayo. Iinkqubo ezithe ngqo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke kwinzala ekhukweni, kodwa ngaphezulu komgaqo womgaqo-mthetho othe ngqo: akukho nto ikhuselwa inzuzo elungileyo. [Ft.]

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Ekuqheliseni: Oko Kuthetha Ngako Kwinkqubela Esemthethweni

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo kwingcamango kubalulekile, kodwa uvavanyo lokwenene lufumaneka kwindlela esebenza ngayo kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zokwenene. Oku kulandelayo yeyona ntsingiselo icacileyo yenkqubo efunekayo eqinisekisiweyo.

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

IsiHlanulo soHlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulunqwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke ngokungenamdla kwityala labachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo. Oku kusetyenziswa ngqo kwinkqubo efunekayo yeqhinga. Ityala elifanelekileyo lifuna ijaji nejaji engondileleyo, imithetho yobungqina evumela ummangalelwa ukuba anikele ingqwalaselo, kwaye ithuba lokunqumla amangqina angenamingeni. Kwityala likarhulumente, ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwejaji alikhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo kodwa lisekukhuselwe yiNguqulo lweNtlanga. Isenzo sokulungisa ngokusesikweni sikwafuna ukuba kuqhutywe ngaphandle kokulibazisa, njengokuba isantya esigqithisileyo sinokuthi ikhethelo lommangalelwa lilungiselele, kwaye ukulisela ummangalelwa ithuba eligqithisileyo linokuphazamisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

Njengoko kumiselwe kwi Gideon v. Wainwright, abamangalelwa abagwebi abakhotyokisiweyo banelungelo lokumisela icebiso. Eli lungelo libalulekile ngenxa yokuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni intsonkothileyo, kwaye abantu abangaqeqeshwanga bangakwazi ukuyisebenzisa kakuhle. Ilungelo lokucebisa likwabela kumacandelo abalulekileyo eenkqubo, kuquka ukucetyiswa, ukuvavanywa, ukuvavanywa, ukugwetywa, kunye nesibheno sokuqala njengokwasekunene. Noko ke, ilungelo alinwebi kuzo zonke iimeko zoluntu okanye izibongozo ezisemthethweni. Iintlangano ezininzi ezisemthethweni zisebenza ukugcwalisa lo msantsalwano, kodwa ukuswela kwesiluleko kwimicimbi yesizwe kuhlala kungumngeni obalulekileyo. I-Melika kunye ne-Melika kunye no-Assombutho wonikezelo lwenkonzo olusemthethweni.[5]

Ibhunga Elingakhethi Buso

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba abagwebi bangacaluli. Oku kuthetha ukuba akufunekanga babe nokhethe lobuqu, umdla wemali, okanye ukubandakanywa phambi kokuba bathintelwe kwityala elizakubathintela ekugqibeni kakuhle. I-'Act Procession Claus' itolikiwe ukucela ukungxengxezwa xa amathuba enyani okucalucalula ephezulu kakhulu ukuba angabi nakunyamezela ngokwemithetho-siseko. Umzekelo, I-Caperton v. A.T. Mnary Cool Co. [2009], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ikholelwa ukuba umgwebi ofumene inkxaso eninzi yemirhumo yemiza evela kwiliganethi. Kwaye kwafuneka ukuba aphinde anikezele kubaphathi bezolawulo kunye nomgwebi.

Isaziso Neengxelo Ezibhaliweyo

Kumele abantu bafumane isaziso esicacileyo, esifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo salo naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nabo. Esi saziso kufuneka siquke uhlobo lwezityholo okanye izityholo, igunya elingokwasemthethweni elithathwa phantsi kwesenzo, nemiphumo enokubakho. Kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka afake uxwebhu olusemthethweni. Kwiziko lasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa kufuneka asebenzise izicelo kunye nesikhalazo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba iziphumo zibhalwe okanye isigqibo esibhaliweyo sikhutshwe, ukuze kulungiswe isizinzi sesigqibo.

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Kwinkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Nakuba ingumgaqo - siseko, inkqubela efunekayo ijongene nocelomngeni olunzulu.

Ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni

Oluna celomngeni lusasazekileyo kukungakwazi kwabantu abaninzi ukufikelela igqwetha. Ngelixesha abamangalelwa bemimangaliso benelungelo lokucebisa, iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke kwiingingqi ezininzi zixinzelelwe phantsi, kunye neziphumo ezibangela ukuba impumelelo ingabonakali. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, akukho lungelo liqhelekileyo lokucebisa, kwaye uninzi lwabamangalelwa abaphantsi abafumana imvume ngaphandle kwegqwetha, ngokufuthi bajongene notshaba olumelwe ngugqirha. Oku kusilela isithembiso sokwenza okufanelekileyo ngenxa yeziphumo zetyala ngokufuthi kuxhomekeke kumelo olusemthethweni kunokuba kuxhomekeke kwizizathu.

Ukuntsonkotha Kwenkqubo Yomthetho

Umthetho ngokwawo uye waba ntsonkothile ngokungaqhelekanga. Imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho yenkundla ibhalwe ngolwimi olunzima. Izahlulo zahlukile phakathi kweenkundla zoburhulumente nezorhulumente, kunye naphakathi kweenkundla zoluntu, zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Kumntu ongaqeqeshwanga ngokusemthethweni, oqonda amanyathelo afanele athathwe, naluphi na ummiselo wokuhlangabezana, kwaye bubuphi ubungqina obungenakuthelekiswa. Oku kuntsonkotha kudala umqobo owenzileyo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ngenxa yokuba abantu ngabanye basenokuphulukana namalungelo abo bangaziyo okanye abawaziyo ukuba bawafanelekele ukukhutshwa ngokugqitha.

Ukudityaniswa kwe-Plea kunye nokuxinana

Kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho, uninzi lwamatyala luconjululwa ngokufaka isibongozo kunokuba luvavanywe. Nangona abamangalelwa kufuneka bawayeke ngokuzithandela nangokwazi amalungelo abo, uxinzelelo olukhulu lwezigwebo ezinokwenzeka lubangela imeko-bume enxulumeneyo. Abamangalelwa abaninzi bamangalela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olungekho semthethweni, okanye kwityala elincinane, ukuze nje baphephe ubungozi besohlwayo esiqatha ekucinyweni. Le nkqubo inyusa inkxalabo enzulu ngenxa yokuba iphumele ngokunempumelelo imigaqo yokukhusela imigaqo elungiselelwe ukuvavanywa. Ingxaki yokwenene: uphando olumsulwa luqikelela ukuba 4-6% yamabanjwa anyanisile, uninzi lwabo abakhalazekileyo.

Inkqubo yobuxhakaxhaka kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ubugcisa obutsha bunika amathuba kunye nezisongelo kwinkqubo efunekayo. Ii-algorithm ezixeliweyo ezisetyenziswa kwizigqibo zebheyile, ukugweba, kunye nokusebenza kobupolisa zingaba nobuqhetseba kwaye zisebenze ngokungazinzanga, ukukhanyela abamangalelwa amandla okukhuphisana nobungqina obuchasene nabo. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa kwe-elektroniki kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-data ngurhulumente kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nesaziso kunye nelungelo lokujamelana nabamangaleli. Iinkundla zisasebenzisana nendlela imigaqo yesithethe yenkqubo engokwezikodibi, yokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo, kunye nemithetho-algosalthi yemfihlelo. Ukuvavanya ngokweenkcukacha, bona Iziko zesazingezo zesazingeso solwazi olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yamanani.[FLT]

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke nokwaziswa okuphosakeleyo

Imigaqo elindelekileyo yokukhusela idla ngokuqondwa okanye igxekwe. Abahlalutyi bangababonisa njengezinto ezithe zasetyenziswa ukuze abantu abanetyala bakhululeke, bangahoyi ukuba ezi zikhuseli zikhusela abantu abangenatyala kunye. Xa uluntu luphelelwa yintembelo kubulungisa benkqubo, kukho ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yokuba iphinde ifumaneke kwizinto zokukhusela. Ngokuchasene noko, inkqubo esebenzayo ikhuthaza ukuthembana kumthetho. Imfundo malunga nenjongo kunye nexabiso lenkqubo efunekayo iyafuneka ngokuqhubekayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Isiqinisekiso senkqubo efunekayo asibobunewunewu okanye umngxuma. Yinkqubo apho imo ibonisa ukuba ihlonela isidima namalungelo abo bonke abantu abaphantsi kwegunya layo. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwisigqibo samva seNkundla ePhakamileyo, umgaqo uguqukele ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni olutsha ngexa uhlala unyanisekile: akukho mntu ofanele ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenalo ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuvakala. Njengoko iinkqubo zomthetho zikhula zintsonkothile kwaye zihambelana nobugcisa, imbopheleleko yokuqhuba inkqubo ekhoyo kufuneka ihlale iqinile. Sisikhuselo esikhusela abantu ngabanye kwigunya elingokwantiyo nesiseko sobulungisa esisekelwe ekuthembeni kukawonke.