Ulwimi lomthetho lulwimi olukhethekileyo lwesiNgesi, olwakhelwe ukuchanabeka nokucaca ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukuhlisa ukungaqondakali kwinkqubo elawula amalungelo, imisebenzi, impahla, nenkululeko. Kubo bangengoochwepheshe ngokomthetho, abalawuli beshishini, okanye abantu ababandakanyekileyo kwimpikiswano esemthethweni, "iimizuzu efana [[FLT: 0]] ukudidelwa , abantu] baphinda bafumane , okanye [FLT] ababandakanye ababandakanyekileyo kwimicimbi esemthethweni, okanye ababandakanyekileyo, banokubonakala bengenayo into efunekayo. [[FLT]

Le ngxelo ijika umgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo wesigama kunye nobuchule obusetyenziswayo obenza umqolo weenkqubo zomthetho zaseNtshona, ngokuqwalaselwa ngqo kumasebe amabini angundoqo: umthetho wesiphekepheke kunye nomthetho wobuGcisa . Ngelixesha ezi nkqubo zisoloko zingqubana (isenzo esinye, njengohlaselo, zinokuba neziphumo zombini zokumangalelana kwamakhaya kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho), iinjongo zazo, abathathi-nxaxheba, iinkqubo, kunye neziphumo zazo zichaziwe ngokucacileyo. Intetho ekhethekileyo kwinyathelo lokuqala lokuqhubela phambili kwezomthetho ngentembelo. [FLT:] ICellformation Information Information (IFLL) isebenza njengendawo elungileyo yokwenziwa ngobubanzi.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula isisombululo sempikiswano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho. Injongo yawo yokuqala asikokohlwaya, kodwa ukukhulula [ kunye ne-[FLT] intetho[. Xa kusenziwa imposiso yengingqi, iqela elinzakeleyo lifuna unyango, ngokufuthi kuhlobo lwelahleko yemali okanye umsebenzi othile (umyalelo wenkundla onyanzela elinye iqela ukuba lenze into ethile).

Imibandela Neemfuno Zomthetho

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani onokumangalela nakuphi apho banokumangalela khona kusisiseko senkqubo yoluntu.

  • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho oqhelekileyo: Iqela eliqala ukumangalelwa, elichaza umonakalo okanye ukwaphula umthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Defanting: Iqela elimangalelwayo, elimele liphendule kwizityholo.
  • Juridiction: Igunya lenkundla lokuva ityala. Oku kubandakanya ulawulo lwesihloko somba (amandla enkundla kuhlobo lombandela) kunye ulawulo lomntu [ (igunya lenkundla phezu kwamaqela). Inkundla ayinakukhupha umthetho obophelelayo ngaphandle kolawulo olufanelekileyo.
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elisemthethweni le-acttiff ukuzisa ityala. Ukuma, ummangalelwa makabonise ikonkrithi, umonakalo okhethekileyo onokuthi ulandelelwe kwihambo yommangalelwa kwaye mhlawumbi ubuyiselwe ngesigqibo senkundla elungileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukulinganisa iziphene: Umthetho ocwangcisa ixesha elipheleleyo emva kwesiganeko apho ityala linokuqaliswa khona. Ukungalibali eli xesha kudla ngokuvala umcukucezi ekufakeni intengo ngokusisigxina.

Oonobangela Bezenzo Zabemi

Amatyala angaphakathi awela kwiindidi ezininzi ezibanzi, nganye ineziqalelo zayo ezingokwasemthethweni ezimele zingqiniswe.

Umthetho Ochaseneyo

[[FLT:] i-[FLT] idinga elinyanzeliswayo ngokusemthethweni. Ukufumana isivumelwano esisemthethweni, kufuneka kubekho [ ibonelelo, [ ukwamkela[, [[FLT]] kunye ingqwalaselo [ [into yexabiso elitshintshiweyo phakathi kwamaqela]. Ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano kwenzeka xa iqela lingaphumeleli ukwenza imisebenzi yalo phantsi kwesivumelwano. Intelekelelo iquka iimposiso zecopente (ukubeka iqela elingakhangeliyo) kwisikhundla esikhoyo, kwaye kungenziwangaqhelekanga njalo (umzekelo othe ngqo).

Umthetho we Cheyi

[[Umthetho:0] ngumthetho ongalunganga wasekuhlaleni obangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa, okuphumela kwityala lomthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wesivumelwano, imisebenzi kwi-tort ibekwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngumthetho, hayi ngesivumelwano. Ummandla omkhulu wetort ngu iglicece [, equka iziqalelo ezine:3]

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungaqiniseki : Ummangalelwa wayebophelele umsebenzi osemthethweni wonyameko kumphathi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Breach: Ummangalelwa wawuphula loo msebenzi ngesenzo okanye ngokushiya (umz., ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela umthetho wendlela).
  • Ucalulo : Uqhawulo lubangele ngqo umonakalo we-startff, zombini ezinyani ("kodwa") kunye nento eyenzekayo (ukubonwa kwangaphambili).
  • Ilahleko: I-plantiff yabandezeleka, ingxwelerha elinganayo okanye ilahleko.

Ezinye iitorts ziquka iitorts ezizibophelelekileyo (umz., ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuvalelwa kobuxoki, ukutyhina) kunye ne (ukufumaneka ngaphandle kobungqina betyala, okusoloko kusetyenziswa kwiimeko zemveliso). Ungeno lweTort Law lunika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwale ndawo entsokothileyo.

Umonakalo Nendlela Yokuzikhusela Elinganayo

Amayeza akhoyo kumthetho wasekuhlaleni enzelwe ukwenza iflantiff iphelele, okanye ukukhusela umonakalo ongakumbi.

  • [[NTLALA: 0] Imposiso yomonakalo : Unyango oluqhelekileyo, olujoliswe ekuhlawuleni i-paltiff ukulahlekelwa okukoqobo. Ezi zahlulwe ngokweemeko zezoqoqosho zomonakalo [ (iindleko zezonyango, iindleko ezilahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla) kunye nomonakalo wezoqoqosho [[ [uluhlu lomonakalo nokubandezeleka, uxinzelelo lwemvakalelo].
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: Igawulwe ngokweemeko zobugxwayiba, ngengozi, okanye ngehambo engalunganga. Injongo yayo kukubohlwaya ummangalelwa kwaye ithintele ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. Abacetyiswanga ukuhlawula ummangali.
  • IsiXhobo esiNgabangeno: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza isenzo esithile esikhethekileyo. Olu lunyango olungenakulinganiswa[ (esekelwe kwimigaqo yokusesikweni), osetyenziswa xa umonakalo wemali ungonele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo ongaphucukanga: Isixa esincinane (umz. $1) sinikwa xa ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni liphulukile, kodwa akukho kulahlekelwa kwemali okukhoyo.

Isiseko Somthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokwahlukileyo kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ubandakanya ukutshutshiswa komntu ngamnye ( i-defant) ngurhulumente ( umtshutshisi] []) ngenxa yehambo ebonakala iyingozi kwibutho labantu njenge liphela. Injongo kukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukusohlwaya ububi, nokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo. Izibopho ziphezulu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokuba isohlwayo ziquka ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, intelekelelo, kwanokufa.

Izinto Ezibangela Ulwaphulo-mthetho: Umthetho Nomthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lunamalungu amabini abalulekileyo, adla ngokuthatyathwa kwibinzana lesiLatini i-actus engasebenzisi facit reum nisi amadoda ahlala khona kwakhona ("isenzo esithile asenzeli umntu ukuba abe netyala ngaphandle kokuba ingqondo inetyala").

  • Actus Reus (Umthetho weGuilty): Isenzo somzimba sokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kusenokuba sisenzo soyeyisa (ukukhupha isidubu) okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ukungaphumeleli ukwenza (umyalelo) xa kukho umsebenzi osemthethweni ukwenza oko.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imo yengqondo okanye injongo yommangalelwa ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuyahluka ngokwenjongo, ulwazi, ukungakhathali, nokungakhathali. Kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu njengobugebenga, urhulumente kufuneka angqine injongo ethile okanye ububi obungacatshulwanga ngaphambili.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubunyani: Obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo (njengeyokwaphulwa kwendlela okanye umthetho wokwaphula umthetho), alufuni ubungqina amadoda rea. Ukwenza nje isenzo ([FLT: 4]ctus reus []]) kwanele ukuqiniseka.

Uhl_elo lwezono

Ulwaphulo - mthetho lubalwa ngokubanzi ngomlinganiselo oqatha, ogqibayo ngokobuzwe benkundla noludwe lwezigwebo ezinokwenzeka.

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezidla ngokugwetywa ukuvalelwa ngaphezu konyaka omnye, okanye ukufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, nokurhweba ngeziyobisi.
  • Imisdemers: Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oluncinci olugwetywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, ngokufuthi kwisakhiwo sobulali okanye sengingqi. Imizekelo iquka ubusela obuncinci, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye nexesha lokuqala le-DUI.
  • Imilinganiselo yokwaphula-phuka: ukwaphula umthetho okuncinane, okusoloko kusohlwaywa ngentengo kuphela. Akungeni ngokuqhelekileyo kwithuba lasentolongweni kwaye kusoloko kuphethwe kwiinkundla ezikhethekileyo. amatikiti orhwebo ngowona mzekelo uqhelekileyo.

Ukulondolozwa komGaqo-siseko nokwenziwa kwezaphuli-mthetho

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unikela inkxaso eqinileyo kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokuyintloko ngeBhili yamaLungelo. Ukuqonda amagama alolu khuselo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ojongene nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isi-4 Uhlaziyo: Ukufuna nokuncitshiswa

Ukhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni okubangelwa ngurhulumente. Ukunyanzelisa umthetho kusoloko kufuna i-].

IsiHlaliso sesi-5: Umahluko phakathi komntu noMsebenzi

Mhlawumbi eyona khuselekileyo yaziwayo, uMphetho-mvandedwa wesihlanu uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu "uzakunyanzeleka ukuba abe lingqina elichasene naye naliphi na icala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo ngumthombo wamalungelo uMilanda [ ("Unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile..."). Ikwakhusela naku ingozi ephindwe kabini [ (ukuba uzanywe kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye emva kwelahleko okanye ukuqinisekiswa) kwaye iqinisekisa [[FLT:] inkqubo ephambili yezomthetho.

6 UMthetho woHlaliso: Unelungelo lokucebisa nokuvavanya

Iqinisekisa ukuba umangalelwa unelungelo lokutyholwa uvavanyo oluphenduliweyo nolwasekuhlaleni , i-avareji engenamkhethe, ukuze yaziswe ngendalo yezityholo, kumangqina angaphambili [[ ngokuchasene nazo, kwaye ibe ne [[FLT:] i-'4] yecebo [ ukukhusela kwazo.] ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukunikela ngegqwetha, omnye kufuneka anikezelwe zona (lento ibanjwe ], kwaye abe ne-'i-Gideon.[wFLT][FLT][FLT]]

Isigwebo Setyala

[[FUT] [FLT:] [[10]] ityala [[FLT: 1] inkundla ishukuma isiya ku [[[FLT:] ithumela ingxubusho [[FLT:]. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[10] ingxubusho ekhoyo ye-'awuni yetyala [[FLT] ne [[FFUT]] iquka [FFUT] ingxushusa ngokomthetho [FUT] [FT] [FT] [FT] [FT] [10] [igg:] [FFT] [incot: [icektrog] [ice, [10] [iiifut] [i.FT] [incog] [ice: [ifut] [icegog] [incog] [i,[10]

Ukwahluka Okubalulekileyo Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngoxa ihambo ethile isenokubangela ukuba kubekho iimfanelo zolwaphulo - mthetho (umz., uSimpson wakhululwa enkundleni yakwaphuli - mthetho kodwa wafunyanwa enetyala lokufa ngokuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni), ezi nkqubo zimbini zisebenza kwimigaqo eyahlukileyo ngokusisiseko.

  • Iipakethi: Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, amaqela ngala achazayo [[FLT:] (iqela lobuqu) vs. identint (iqela lobuqu). Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, amaqela asisigqeba [ iprotectioner (imo). [[FLT:]]
  • Ibhedi yobuMqondisi: Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka abonise imeko yabo uphakamiso lobungqina[ (ubonakala uyinyaniso kunangenjalo, okanye > 50%). Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba unetyala ungaphaya kothandabuza olusengqiqweni [[] (umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu, osondelelene nenyaniso).
  • 'eyinjongo: umthetho wabemi ujolise ityala [[FLT:] ixhoba kunye neengxaki. Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ujolise ku imposiso, inqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, kwaye ikhusela ibutho labantu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingeniso : iziphumo zangaphakathi ziquka ingeniso yemali okanye informations[[[FLT:]]. Iziphumo zesaphuli-mthetho ziquka [[[FLT:]] ulwahlulo lwemali, [[FLT:]], , okanye [[FLT:]] izinyuko [FLT].[FLT: 11]]
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenziwa kwe-Decision- : Kwimeko zoluntu, ugwebo okanye umqondiso wetyala[ ugqiba ityala. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, [[FLT:]] igweba [[FLT: 7] okanye igqiba ityala okanye ubumsulwa, kunye [[FLT:]] igweba ityala. [[FLT:]

IMithetho eCwangcisiweyo ekuQinisekeni

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlobo lomthetho, amanye amabinzana angokwesithethe asetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke kwinkundla yenkundla nakumaxwebhu asemthethweni.

  • Isigwebo: Isityholo esisemthethweni okanye isityholo solwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, esikhutshwe liqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMQONDISO: 0] Umthetho: Inkundla ehamba apho ummangalelwa afunda khona izityholo ngokusemthethweni kwaye icela ukungena kwisibongozo (ubuxoki, ungengonotyala, okanye i-nolo interiere).
  • [[FLT: 0] Icebo elipheleleyo: Isigaba sangaphambili sovavanyo apho omabini amaqela enikana ulwazi nobungqina obunxulumene nomzekelo. Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka iingxoxo [ (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ulwakhiwo [[[FLT:]] [okanye ubungqina phantsi kokufunga], kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu.
  • [[NTLA: 0] I-Plea Barganing: Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ingxoxo phakathi komtshutshisi nommangalelwa apho ummangalelwa avuma khona ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane okanye isigwebo esigqithisileyo. Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho luconjululwa ngokufaki-mthetho, hayi ngokuvavanywa.
  • Ityala: Ukufunyanwa okusesikweni kwento eyenziwe lijaji okanye ijaji kwimicimbi (umz., unetyala, kungekhona ityala, engenatyala, engabekekanga mfaneleko).
  • Isigqibo esisemthethweni senkundla, kuquka isigqibo kunye nesigwebo okanye isigwebo esibekwe.
  • [[FULT: 0] Appal: Isicelo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuphinda uhlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi. Ummangali uphikisa ngelithi imposiso esemthethweni yenzekile ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala elichaphazelekayo.
  • . I-Habeas Corpus: Lisenzo somthetho apho umntu anokufuna khona ukukhululeka ekuvalweni okungekho mthethweni. Lukhuselo olungundoqo kwisenzo sombuso esingekho mthethweni.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwandulela Kwimibandela Engokwasemthethweni

Ulwimi olusemthethweni aluyilwanga ukuba lungacacanga; luyilelwe ukuba lube luchanekileyo. Igama elinye linokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukileyo kakhulu kumongo womthetho othelekiswa nentetho yemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, "umnikelo" kumthetho wesivumelwano ufuna injongo ethile ecacileyo ukuba ibotshwe, lo gama "ukwamkelwa" kufuneka kuboniswe amagama achanileyo omnikelo. Ukusebenzisa igama "Yamkela" ngokungacebekanga kungadala izibophelelo zomthetho ezingacwangciswanga.

Ngelitha elingaphezulu (i-litallisants], okanye ukungakwazi ukuziphendulela ngokufanelekileyo ku [[[FLT:]] ubuchule bokwenza uqwalaselo lungatshabalalisa. Ukungawugqibi umsebenzi wexesha lokugcina kuba umntu engaliqondi igama [[[FLT: 0]]] elithelekisayo imida [, okanye ukungakwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kugwebo olufutshane [[FLT:]] [FLT:]], kunokubangela ukulahlekelwa yindalo. Ngokufanayo, kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, amagama afana [[FLT:]]] [FLT]]], , [FLT] , [FLT]] , okanye [FLT]

I U.S. iNkundla yemithetho eLawulweyo kunye neMvume yeJaji yeQumrhu [ inika ingcaciso exabiseke kakhulu, enegunya nabani na ofuna ukunyusa ukuqonda kwabo. Ezi nkxaso ziguqulela ulwimi oluntsonkothileyo lwenkundla kwinkcazelo efikelelekayo, echanekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuluqonda kakuhle ulwimi loMthetho

Amalizwe omthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala alawulwa zii-vocala, iinkqubo, kunye neenjongo. Umthetho wamakhaya unika isiseko sokucombulula iingxabano zabucala kunye nokulungisa iingozi, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezifana [[FLT: 0]] uluvo oluphezulu[, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [iiiindlela] ye-gconve [iiiiiiindlela] ye-'inqobo, ne-'i-'i-'FLT], ne [[FLT],[5].[5] [FLT], [FFLT], kunye nolu hlobo oluqhelekileyo lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, yinkqubo yesizwe ejonicelwenzelwe kuqeqesho kwaye ikhusela uluntu, olwakhelweyo olufana noluvolu `[FT]

Nangona umthamo wegama elisemthethweni usenokubonakala usoyikisa, umgudu owenziweyo wokuqonda la magama angundoqo unika iingenelo ezinkulu. Unika abantu amandla okukhusela amalungelo abo, ukuqinisekisa izilangazelelo zabo, nokusebenzisa inkqubo yokusesikweni kumgangatho ophezulu wokudlala. Ukuba usayina isivumelwano, ubandakanyeka kwimbambano, okanye ulandela nje ityala lenkundla eliphezulu, ukukwazi ukuguqula ulwimi olusemthethweni kuluhlobo olubalulekileyo lokuxhobisa ibutho labantu elilawulwa yimithetho. Ngokuzibeka phantsi kwezi ngcamango zibalulekileyo, uyasuka ekubeni ngumqwalaseli othe gqabayo ukuya kumntu ofundele umthetho.