Ukwazisa: Ukulingana Komtshato Ngazo Zonke Iintlobo Zomtshato

Ukunconywa kwamalungelo omtshato kubantu abangengomadoda namabini kuye kwaba ngumda ochazayo kumbutho wehlabathi jikelele wokulingana kwesini. Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi eye agunyazisa umtshato ofanayo, iimfuno ezingokwasemthethweni ezikhethekileyo zabantu abatshate nomntu ongengoyo 76bini zisoloko zingahoywa okanye zingachazwanga kakuhle. Imithetho yomtshato iye yakhiwa ngokwembali ekuqondeni okubini isini sesondo nesini, idala imiqobo ephawulekayo kwabo bangaphandle kweso siseko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa inkqubela-yo engokomthetho, inkqubela-yo eqhubekayo, ikhethe eliqhubekayo, kunye nemigudu yokungalawuleki kwemithetho ejolise ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo omtshato, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baziwabo ubufana.

Ukuqonda la malungelo asiyonto nje ifundiswayo; ineziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi zokwakhiwa kwentsapho, iinzuzo zomtshato, ilifa, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwentlalo. Njengoko uluntu lukhula, iinkqubo zomthetho ziya zitshintsha kancinci, kodwa isantya sotshintsho sitshintsha ngendlela egqithisileyo ngaphaya kwemithetho. Kubantu abangengoma - 76binal nabangaphandle, ukukwazi ukutshata ngokobufana, kuyinxalenye engundoqo yesidima somntu kunye nobumi obulinganayo.

Ukuvunywa Kwasemthethweni Komntu Oziintlanga

Isiseko samalungelo omtshato omntu osusela kwi-transgender kunye nomntu ongengoyo Íbinary kukuvunywa kwasemthethweni kweempawu zabo zesini. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokutshintsha umqondiso wesini esisemthethweni kumaxwebhu anjengezatifiketi zokuzalwa, amalayisensi okuqhuba imoto, kunye neepasss, abantu basenokunyanzeleka ukuba batshate bebom abangavumelani nobuntu-bufana babo. Ubungqina bendoda neyobufana bubandakanya inkqubo karhulumente evumela umntu ukuba ahlaziye igama lakhe kunye nesinxulumanisi sakhe. Noko ke, iimfuno zalekiso zale nkqubo ziyahluka ngokubanzile.

Iimfuno zonyango

Amazwe amaninzi aye afudukela kumzekelo wokoqobo , ovumela abantu ukuba batshintshe ubufanasini babo obusemthethweni ngokuqinisekisa nje ukuba bangoobani, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yotyando, unyango lweehomoni, okanye uvavanyo lwengqondo. I-Argentina yayinguvulindlela kulo mba, ukudlulisa umthetho we Gender Secredification ngo-2012, ovumela utshintsho olusekelwe kwi-ubuqu bodwa. Ngokufanayo, i-Malta’s Gender Incodity, Gender Memosticism and Slibtics Act ka 2015 ukunciphisa naziphi na iimfuno zonyango. Le mithetho ilandelayo iqinisekisa ukuba ukudlulisa kweGenergen kunye nabantu abangangeniyo i-1967bharitary ifumana amaxwebhu asemthethweni abonisa ukuba baziwabon, abavumela ukuba batshane ngokobunyani babo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amanye amagunya amaninzi afuna ungenelelo lwamayeza olufana nokwenza utyando lwesondo kwakhona, ukuvala inzala, okanye uqhawulo-mtshato phambi kokutshintsha kophawu lwesini luvumelekile. Umzekelo, iJapan, ifuna utyando kunye nokuvala inzala yomzimba ukuze iqwalaselwe ngokwasemthethweni, kwaye umntu kufuneka ahlale engatshatanga kwaye engenabantwana. Iimfuno ezinjalo aziyophuli khowudi yesiqu somzimba kuphela kodwa zikwabangela ukhetho olungenakwenzeka kubantu abasenokungafuni ukwenza utyando okanye abasele betshatile. Amalungelo omntu axhomekeke kumntu Watch abhale ingxelo ngendlela abachaphazele ngayo abantu abadlulayo ngokugqithisileyo, ebaqhubela ekungaqinisekisweni ngokwasemthethweni.

Impembelelo Emtshatweni

Xa isini esisemthethweni singafani nesomntu, imithetho yomtshato inokuba yindawo egqugqisile. Ngokomzekelo, indoda etshintshayo ngokusemthethweni ibhinqa layo isenokutshata nebhinqa, kwaye umtshato uya kugqalwa njengomanyano oluchaseneyo nolo nyaka. Kodwa ukuba kwaloo mntu uzelweyo uthe wakhetha isiqinisekiso samabhinqa, amanye amagunya asenokuwuphatha umtshato njengomanyano olufanayo, olunokuwuchaphazelela ukuba umtshato ofanayo awukho ngokusemthethweni. Ngokuchaseneyo nowe-6662 ongenawo umtshato osemthethweni ongenakufumana isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni.

Amalungelo Omtshato Abantu Abangengawo Amaqela Nebangahambiyo

Xa isaziwa ngokomthetho ukuba neentlobano zesini ngokwesini, imithetho yomtshato ivumela abantu abatshate ngokulingana nolo phawu. Noko ke, imeko intsokothe kakhulu kubantu [[FLT: 0] abangoobhinani, ababufana obungeyondoda okanye ububhinqa kuphela. Imithetho emininzi yomtshato isabhalwa ngokwezigaba ezibini. Umtshato uchazwa ngokusemthethweni njengomanyano phakathi komntu nebhinqa, okanye kwamanye amazwe ahambela phambili, phakathi kwabantu ababini. Abantu abangoonobudoda badla ngokuwela kummandla ongwevuvu.

Imithetho Yomtshato Yezibini Nemida Yayo

Kwimithetho engashukumiyo nangaphezulu kwesakhelo sesibini, umntu ongengombhinya-jinga-jini angakwazi ukutshata konke konke, okanye asenokunyanzeleka ukuba azilahlekise kwisiqinisekiso somtshato. Umzekelo, i-United Kingdom iyawuqonda umtshato phakathi kwendoda nebhinqa (oplateraisex) kunye naphakathi kwabantu ababini (i-“so siseko se-stexx”, kodwa ingcamango esemthethweni ye-“Umtshato” ayilingeni lula iqabane elingabhinqi. Umthetho wobuGender Stagistary Act uvumela ukuba kuvunyelwe iSatifiketi sokwambhino-Geneder kodwa inika kuphela amadoda nesifanyakazi. Ngoko abantu ababini abakhutshwayo ekugqaleni ngokwesini, benza amalungelo abo omtshato angenayo.

Amanye amatyala e-U.S., anjengeKhalifoniya neWashington, D.C., aye athabatha amanyathelo okuquka iziphawuli ezingezo ezesini ezingokwabelana ngesondo kwisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa kunye neelayisensi zokuqhuba imoto, kwaye ezi zisoloko zamkelwa kwilayisensi zomtshato. Noko ke, imithetho yomtshato yengingqi isasebenza kwinkqubo yenjongo ezimbini ezininzi. Izibonelelo ze-Domal Liberty Union [ ithenjiswe kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abangenisi bomtshato nabangengomagxampyutha abakha abakhanyiswa yilaselwa imvume yomtshato, kodwa ukusebenza kwemithetho yesizwe kubangela ukungaguquguquki okubalulekileyo.

Umtshato Olinganayo njengomzimba

Kumazwe amaninzi apho umtshato ongokwasemthethweni ufanayo, abantu abatshate nomntu omnye baye bakwazi ukutshata namaqabane abo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangowasini esisemthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ibhinqa elithambisayo litshata nendoda, umanyano lungaphathwa ngokusemthethweni njengomtshato ochaseneyo phrasex(ukuba ubufana bakhe bugqalwa njengebhinqa) okanye njengomtshato omnye (ukuba ubufana nomyeni wakhe akabhaqwanga). Isigqibo seObergefell v. Hodges eUnited States (205) sisemthethweni osemthethweni we-6666, nto leyo ewukhusela ngokuthe ngqo imitshato yabantu abaninzi abadlulisayo. Kodwa kwanaphantsi komthetho, abantu abangengoowe-66 bajongeneebuhlanga obunye, abachaziyo ngokokungathandabuzaniswayo.

Ilizwe lonke iLesbian, Gay, Bibibiatic, Trans Trans and Interssex Association (ILGA) ilandela umlinganiselo womtshato wehlabathi lonke kwaye inikela ingxelo yokuba ngo-2024, ubuncinane amazwe angama-36 avumela umtshato ofanayo, kodwa kuphela ambalwa kuphela athetha ngokucacileyo ngamalungelo angangeni 76bini kwimithetho yabo yomtshato. Lo msantsa ubonisa imfuneko yemithetho ehamba ngaphaya kwe-ibrox-sex / ephikisana ne-69x dichotomy kwaye endaweni yoko amkela imodeli epheleleyo.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Nocalucalulo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela yolwando, abantu abangengomashishini nabangenayo imigaqo - siseko bayaqhubeka bejamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olungokwasemthethweni nocalucalulo ngokuphathelele umtshato.

Uqhawulo - mtshato Olunyanzelwayo Nemithwalo Engafanelekanga

Amazwe amaninzi asafuna umntu oza kuqhawula umtshato neqabane lawo ngaphambi kokuba atshintshe ubufanasini bawo ngokusemthethweni. Lo mkhwa, owaziwa ngokuba uqhawulo-mtshato olunyanzelisiwe , ngukwaphulwa kwelungelo lokutshata nobomi bentsapho. Umzekelo, iJapan, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2019 yaxhasa imfuneko yokuba umntu angabi naqabane ukuze atshintshe ubufana babo obusemthethweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu owahlukileyo kumtshato owonwabisayo, ovunyiweyo, ovunyiweyo, kufuneka akhethe phakathi komtshato wakhe kunye nokuzichaza kwabo ngokusemthethweni.

Kwanalapho uqhawulo-mtshato lungachananga ngokunyanzelekileyo, inkqubo yokuziqonda ukuba bangowasini inokuba nzima kangangokuba idimaza abantu ukuba bafune ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni konke konke. Uluhlu lokulinda ixesha elide ukuze kwenziwe utyando, iindleko eziphezulu, kunye nokuxilongwa okungakhuthaziyo kuthintela abaninzi ekukhupheni amaxwebhu abo. Ngenxa yoko, basenokushiywa kwimeko esemthethweni engafanelani nomntu onguye, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umtshato wabo ube sengozini yokuvavanywa, ingakumbi ukuba bafudukele kwindawo engekho mthethweni.

Ucalucalulo Ekupheliseni Umtshato

Ucalucalulo nxamnye nabantu abangatshatanga nabangengomashishini lungavela kanye ngexesha abafaka ngalo isicelo selayisensi yomtshato. OoCreck bangala ukukhupha iphepha-mvume ukuba umqondiso womfaki-sicelo awuhambelani nembonakalo yabo okanye ukuba banikela umqondiso we-antiginariary. Kwamanye amazwe ase-U.S., oonobhala bezaziwa ukuba bafuna uxwebhu olongezelelekileyo, olufana nephetshana likagqirha, ngaphambi kokuba bakhuphe imvume kumntu odlulisela phambili. Le misebenzi ye-CD-paragminimentaliv ayivumelekanga phantsi kwemithetho emininzi elwa nomthetho elwa nomthetho we-Genesavestiscrinicration, kodwa iyaqhubeka isenziwa ngenxa yokungagunyaziswa okanye ukuqondwa kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ngo- 2015, iCandelo lamaLungelo abantu lixelwe amatyala apho izibini ezidlulisa umlinganiselo wemali zahlulwa khona imvume yomtshato okanye zaxelelwa ukuba azinakutshata ngenxa yokuba ubufana bazo obusemthethweni abuzange buvumelane neenketho ezimbini ezikhoyo. Ukususela ngoko, amazwe amaninzi aye akhupha ukhokelo oluqinisekisa ilungelo labantu abanokutshata, kodwa ukuvelisa kuhlala kungalingani. Abantu abangavumelaniyo bajongene nemiqobo emikhulu ngakumbi kuba akukho lungiselelo lasemthethweni lomntu ongomnye ongomnye kwisiqinisekiso somtshato, abashiyelwa kwilungu lomtshato elisemthethweni.

Imbono Nenkqubela Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ehlabathini lonke, amanye amazwe aye enza inkqubela ephawulekayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omtshato abantu abangengomabhangi nabangenayo itransformer. Le mizekelo ingumzekelo wokuguqula ngokusemthethweni yaye ibonisa ukuba imithetho equka umtshato inokwenzeka yaye iyingenelo.

IArgentina: Amalungelo (6) Asekelwe Kwindlela Echanekileyo

I-Argentina isoloko ikhankanywa njengenkokeli yomhlaba wonke kumalungelo oluntu. Ngo-2015, i-Gerder Inkcazelo yayo yomthetho ka-2012 ivumela abantu ukuba batshintshe igama nobufana babo kumaxwebhu asemthethweni kwinkqubo elula yolawulo, ngaphandle kokufuna naluphi na ungenelelo lwamayeza. Lo mthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubantu abangangeniyo kwi-371, abanokufumana isiphawuli sesini esibonakalisa ukuba ngawabo. Ngo-2015, i-Argentina ikwavumele ukhetho lwe-ID (usebenzisa i-X” isiphawuli). Ngokwesiphumo, ilayisensi zomtshato e-Argentina zinokukhutshwa ngaphandle kobufana. [FLT:] Urhulumente [FLT:] Arginitene urhulumente] ukhuthathiso lwezi ntlobo-intlobo-injini, kunye nenani elisemthethweni lobufana nobuntu-Exedia i-Genec.

Malta: Ukhuseleko olucinezelayo

UMelta ngomnye umncomo, oneGeneder Ichamentity, Gender Explorences and Sexual Charatics Act (2015) elwalela ucalulo kunye nemiyalelo esemthethweni esekelwe kwi-lithi ~nuditermmentation. IMalta ikwavumela iziphawuli ze-ongeyo-6abinarinary kumaxwebhu okuchaza. Impumelelo yemodeli ibonisa ukuba ucamelo lwezini ezingokwakwakwa-1865, ithetha ukuba nawuphi na umntu onokutshata nokuba ungowaphi na umfana nowabo. Oku kuqululekileyo kuye kwazenza iMalta enomgangatho ophezulu kwi-ILGAPreeu-Eubow eqhuba iminyaka emininzi. Impumelelo yemodelit ibonisa ukuba ukuthamba okungokwasemthethweni kunye namalungelo abantu kusebenza ngesandla.

EKhanada naseIndiya: Inkqubela Engokweejaji

IKhanada ayinamthetho mnye womtshato karhulumente; endaweni yoko, umtshato ulawulwa ngamaphondo, avumela umtshato ofanayo (umthetho osusela ngo-2005) kwaye aqaphele iinguqu zesini ngokwesini. Ngo-2017, iKhanada yazisa isiphawuli esingabhekiseli kwisigaba sesini sesini (“X”) ukwenzela iipassport kunye namanye amaxwebhu karhulumente, kwaye amaphondo amaninzi alandele imigaqo e. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Okanada e-Olibstatian engatshati izakutshata ngokokwaziwawo, nangona eminye imiba esebenzayo ishiyekileyo (umz, ukwenzela izatifiketi zomtshato ezikhutshwa ngamaphondo asasebenzisa iifomu ezimbini).

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya, kwityala eliphawulayo ISebe leMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko lesizwe elijongene noManyano e-Indiya (2014, yazi ukuba ngumntu wesithathu kwaye wayalela urhulumente ukuba anike imvume esemthethweni kubantu abatshate ngokutsha-ntliziyo kunye nabangengo--yo-176. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa inkundla kucotha. Inkundla iye yayeka ukubetha imithetho yomtshato enqamlezayo enqamlezayo ngokwee-63, ishiya amalungelo omtshato abantu abatshatene. Ngo-2023, iNkunkulu yeNkundla ithelela ukubhalisa umtshato ofanayo oqwalaselweyo ubufana. Iofisi yeZizwe eziphezulu zeZizwe Eziphezulu ze-Ovestina [FT] ibizwa kwi-Admigromestiki ye-Interm]

Iindlela Neemfundiso Zexesha Elizayo

Abameli bayaqhubeka benyanzela utshintsho olucacileyo olungokwemigaqo eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yomtshato iquka zonke ii-arhente zesini. Injongo ayikokuphelisa nje ucalucalulo olucacileyo kodwa kwanenkqubo yokuyila eqinisekisa ukuba amava abantu ahlukahlukeneyo.

Kufuneka Utshintsho Olusemthethweni

Utshintsho oluphambili luquka: (1) ukuvumela ukubhaliswa ngokwabo ngokwasemthethweni ngokwesini ngaphandle kwemfuneko zonyango okanye zomtshato; (2) ukuqaphela ukungaphathi-lwazi kunye nokungatshati kumaxwebhu asemthethweni, kuquka iziqinisekiso zomtshato; (3) ukuphinda ubhale imithetho yomtshato ukuchaza umtshato njengomanyano lwabantu ababini abangakhange bakhankanywe ngokwesini okanye ngokwesini; kunye (4) nokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwemibutho ekhusela iintloni. I-UN Rights Office yamalungelo abantu [ ikhuthaze izilumkiso ezigxininise ukuba kumele ukuhlonela ilungelo lokutshata ngabo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangobufana.

Indima Yemfundo Nolwazi

Utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni lodwa alwanelanga. Ukuqonda okusemgangathweni okungeyoyoyo 76binary ne-transgender, kuhlala kusikelwe umda, kukhokelela kwihlazo kunye nocalucalulo. Amaphulo emfundo ajoliswe kumagosa karhulumente, amagosa omtshato, kunye nabantu ngokubanzi ayimfuneko. Ngokomzekelo, abafundisi-mabhalane ukulungiselela izicelo zomtshato kubantu abaneziphawuli ezingezoza 76bina. Ukubonwa kwamagosa aseburhulumenteni kuqinisekisa ukuba amagqwetha nabagwebi basingatha amatyala omtshato anxulumene nobuchule kunye nobuchule.

Imibutho yoluntu enjenge yeNtlanganiso yehlabathi lonke ye-LGBTQ+ iKomiti yoMthetho isebenzela ukuqeqesha amagqwetha nokuxhasa umthetho wemodeli. Ukongeza, ukumela izibini ezingeyo-i-ibhusayithi kunye ne-opamprante zingenza iintsapho ezahlukahlukeneyo zikwazi ukuqhelanisa ikhethe kwaye zinciphise ikhethe.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kuhlala Usemdla

Amalungelo abantu abangathathi-nxaxheba nabangathathi-nxaxheba kwimithetho yomtshato ayinxalenye engundoqo yomzabalazo othe kratya wokulingana kwendoda nesidima somntu. Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ephawulekayo . Ingakumbi kumazwe aye amkela imizekelo yokuzimisela ngokwawo kunye nemithetho engokwabelana ngesondo kunye neyobufanasini.

Ubuchule, utshintsho olusemthethweni, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke kufuneka ziqhubeke zisenzeka. Ngokufunda kwimpumelelo ye-Argentina, Malta, kunye nezinye iingingqi zoovulindlela, kumazwe asemhlabeni wonke angenza imithetho yomtshato ekwazi ngokwenene ukuzazi kakuhle zonke iimpawu zomntu ngamnye. Inginginya entle nengaqukiyo yebutho labantu ayinakushiya nabani na emva "o-atransgen, non jábinary, okanye nayiphi na enye into ebonakalisa ukuba ngumntu wesini. Ilungelo lokutshata lifanele lifikelele kwelo lungelo lonke, kwaye umthetho umele ufikelele kwelo themba.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda nokuxhasa la malungelo akubhekiseli nje kwimibhalo esemthethweni; kubhekiselele ekuhlonelweni kwamava aphilayo ezigidi zabantu. Njengoko abantu abaninzi bevela baze babelane ngamabali abo, imfuneko yokuziphatha efuna iinguqulelo iya ikhula. Ukulingana komtshato ngamakhwenkwe onke akulothemba elikude, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukufikelela, kufuna kuphela ukuba idityaniswe ukuze ibe yeyokwenene.