Ukwazisa: ILibuster njengesixhobo Esiyingozi

I-filbuster asiyonto nje engaqhelekanga; sisixhobo sowiso-mthetho esichaze iimpawu zeNdlu yeQela le-United States malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini. Inceda i-sentenent okanye iqela elincinane ukuba limise okanye lilibazise ityala ngokubeka impikiswano ngokungenasiphelo. Eli gunya lokuthintela ukuphazamisa ubuchule beBhunga, ukunyanzelisa iimfuno ze-agrafe ephezulu kumthetho omkhulu. Ukuqonda iNdlukhwe ekhoyo kuyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye ozama ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iNdlukwano ihambe kancinci, isizathu sokuba imithetho yesiseko solawulo isoloko ifuna ulwano lwe-bipartarian, nesizathu sokuba i-grid inguqulo ingumqondiso ingumqondiso eqhubekayo yolawulo lwaseMelika. Isixhobo sinconywa njengogcino lwamalungelo abantu abambalwa nanjengomthombo wokufakelwa phantsi kwemiqatha. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olunzulu lwembali yayo, i-akhamparensities, kunye nempembelelo yexesha elizayo.

Imvelaphi Nendaleko Yembali

Owona Mntu Ubalaseleyo: Akukho Mthetho Wokusetyenziswa

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States unika igumbi ngalinye leBhunga amandla okumisela imithetho yalo. KwiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yamandulo, kwakungekho ndlela yokuqalisa ingxoxo. Abaququzeleli babenokuthetha ixesha elide xa befuna ukumelana nayo nayiphi na into. Umzekelo wokuqala obhaliweyo wengxoxo ejongiweyo ejolise ekuthinteleni wenzekile ngo1837, xa uJohn C. Calhoun waseMzantsi Carolina wathetha kangangeeveki malunga nomthetho onokuthi ubeke isithintelo sobukhoboka kwi-posi. Usukelo lwamdlalo lwabe lungakokuko ukunyanzelisa kodwa ukuvingca. Eli cebo laliyinto entsha kwaye lasebenzisa igama lesiSpanish [[FLT.[FLT] [FLD:1] [ig.] [i-pi1] [inani] [inani], libonakalisa ukurhwampuza kwexesha elinqabileyo, kodwa lahlala amashumi eminyaka.

Ukuvela KwesiXhosa Ekupheleni Kwenkulungwane Ye - 19

Lo mkhwa waphumelela emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Njengoko iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yaba neecawa ezithe kratya, amaqela amancinane asetyenziswa ukubulala amatyala aphikisanayo. Amatyala aqala ngokuphawulekayo aquka imigudu eyenziwa ngaMazantsi e-Democrat ukuvala umthetho wamalungelo abantu kuma-1870. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, i-filibster yaba sisixhobo esithe ngqo sokuvala. Ngo-11717, iNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yamkela uMthetho 22, ukuvumela ii-364, ukuvota isibini sesithathu sobuzwinanti yokubhetha nokuphelisa impikiswano. Oku kwaba kukuphendula ngqo kukaMongameli Woodrow Wilson ngokucard noMphathi wakhe oxhobileyo kwisivumelwano senqanawa yokulwa kwenqanawa. Kodwa, i-Rokillet yamiswa ku-64, ku-64 kwe-69, uvotippertive.

Amalungelo Aphezulu

Ukusetyenziswa okubalaseleyo kwe-filbuster kwabangelwa yimithetho yokuvota karhulumente ngexesha lamalungelo abantu. Ngo-1957, iSenator Strom Thurmond yaseMzantsi Carolina yathetha iiyure ezingama-24 nemizuzu eli-18 — ngokuchasene noMthetho wamaLungelo kaNoval ka-1957. Intetho yakhe yayiquka ukuvota ubhaliso lwenkundla, amatyala enkundla, kwanomthetho weSindululo seNtlalo. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili yenzekileyo yenzekile ngo194949, xa umnqoqo-ongo waMazantsi e-Somnnerators walwa noluvolo lweentsuku ezingama-75 lwamaLungelo lwamakhaya. Intetho yakhe yadlula kuphela emva kokuvota kwemali yehlwisana kwango 71-29, kwanomthetho wokuqala wasinda umthetho we-Pixpostbuster. Ezi ziganeko zaleksipala zandalsa i-odmist njengoko isisixhobo sokulungisa i-bu lwabiwo sezizwe.

Ubuchule Bepilibuster Yanamhlanje

Ibhanti: Ibhanti Lokuphepha Kuphela

Phantsi kwemithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zaNgoku, isalathisi sifuna intlupheko yesithathu ye-ftith ephezulu (60 kwi-100 ye-senators) ukuphelisa ingxoxo kwimicimbi emininzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba amaqumrhu angama-41 adityanisiwe, angavala naliphi na icala ngaphandle kokuba iinkokeli ziqokelele amavota ama-60. Inkqubo isebenza ngolu hlobo: i-sententer ezimisele ukuphatha i-bastop, ngokufuthi ngokungacwangciswanga ngokungavumi ngokuvumelana. Inkokeli enkulu ngoko ifakela inqwelo-moya, emele ivuke ngomhla omnye womthetho ngaphambi kokuba kuvele. Ukuba i-Rhubre iyacelwa, i-sentente ingathetha iyure enye kwingxelo yemali, ngoko iyenzeka ngokuvota kokugqibela. Ngaphandle kokuvota okungena mvume.

Iindidi zeFilibuster

  • Uthetha ngejini-scheme: Ilungu lengingqi libamba umgangatho, lithetha ngokusoloko lilibazisa ukuvota. Oku kufuna ukunyameka, ukulungiselela, nokungavumi ukunikezela ngasizathu sini na. Indlu yeNtlanganiso ayinakuqhuba elinye ishishini xa isiphathi sibamba umgangatho, le nto isenza eli cebo lokukhetha eliphezulu.
  • Silibuster (ekhoyo): Ukususela kwii 1970, iNtsimbi yeNtsimbi isebenze phantsi kwe-“traw" indlela evumela ukuba amatyala amaninzi aqwalaselwe ngokuhambelana. I-I-Iinjini ingasuka nje yenze into elula, kwaye ngaphandle kwama-60 amavoti okucela ihribilisi, ingcaciso iyaphinda. Akukho ntetho ifunekayo. I-Dencorestbuster iba ngumgaqo kuba ilula kwaye ayithanga. Abagxeki baphikisa i-i-iplubster ukusuka kumgama wokuthetha kwivethingi.
  • Iposi- ye-Filibuster: nasemva kokuba kuceliwe ihlwili, zonke iziphene kufuneka zibene, kwaye ixesha lengxoxo lilinganiselwe. Noko ke, abachasi bangasebenzisa intshukumo ye-procedtural ukulibazisa/ukubeka umzekelo, ukunyanzela unxulumano lomqulu kwimiba engangqinelaniyo. Oku “kuzalisela umthi odityanisiweyo” ubuchule bungathatha iintsuku.

Ezikhethekileyo: Apho Ipilibuster Ingasebenzi

Asiloshishini leNtlanganiso eliphantsi komda wama-60 eehrid.

  • Uxolelwaniso oluqhelekileyo: Umthetho woHlahlo loHlahlo ka 1974 wayila inkqubo ekhethekileyo yomthetho ochaphazela ingeniso, imali, okanye umda wamatyala. Amatyala okubuyisana akanakubuyiselwa kwi-monicbuster; afuna kuphela uninzi olulula (ivoti kunye noMongameli) ukudlula. Oku kuye kwaba sisixhobo esingundoqo sotshintsho lwenkqubo kwirhafu, kwintlalo-ntle, kodwa kuthintelwa ngumthetho we-Byrd, obeka imiqathango enqamlezayo.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokwaphula umthetho nesoluvo: Ngo-2013, amaDemocrates asebenzisa “ukhetho lwenyukliya” ukuphelisa i-monicbuster kwisebe elilawulayo elininzi kunye nabagwebi abasezantsi, bafuna kuphela uninzi olulula lwezixhobo zokulwa. Ngo-2017, amaRiphabliki akwandiswa oku kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngoku onke amacandelo arhoxisiwe kwimfuno ye-60-vote, nangona umthetho uhlala uphantsi kwayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Igunya loKhuthazo loMphathiso: Ityala elithile lorhwebo liqwalaselwa phantsi kwemithetho ekhawulezileyo elinganisela ingxoxo kwaye enqanda ukubuyiselwa, ukunqanda ii-filibulis.
  • Amagunya emfazwe izigqibo: UMthetho waMagunya emfazwe uvumela ulwando olulula kunye nevoti enkulu ukuphelisa ingxoxo kwizigqibo eziyalela ukurhoxa kwemikhosi.

Impembelelo yomthetho noLawulo

Iqhina lokutyhalela igrid njengempawu, Asiyosiphene

Imfuneko yama-60 ee-odola iyenze iCanten yaba ligumbi lomthetho omkhulu. Ukususela ngo1970, inani leminxeba yokuhamba kwamahlwili egcinweyo liye lanyuka kakhulu: ukusuka malunga nama-40 kuwee 1960 ukuya kutsho kuma-200 kwiminyaka yonyaka ka2020. Le proceduralculturation ibonisa ukuhla kwemimandla ebanzi. Ngokunjalo iNdlu yeNdlu ye-Roffiaster yenza ukuba iqatse inani elincinane labasebenzi abangama-41 ukuvala izikwelo ezixhasiweyo, kwanaxa uluvo lukawonke lukholelwa ngamandla. Umzekelo, uVimba-Dam (ooongabakhuseli abangabekwanga njengabantwana) luye lwasilela phambili naphantsi kwenkxaso enkulu. Ngokunjalo, iindleko zokhuseleko lompu, utshintsho lwemozulu, nokuvota, ukurhoxabela amalungelo okuye kwaziswe ngumthetho we-fayibhisi.

Ngaba Ukhusela Amalungelo Ancinane Okanye Ukufundisa Abantu Ngobuchule?

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi i-filbuster inyanzela i-biparteran ukuba ivumelane nemithetho etshintshatshintshayo kwaye ikhusela ulawulo lwabaninzi. Kwixesha eliphakathi kwemimandla ehlukeneyo, ifuna amavoti angama-60 aqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inenkxaso ebanzi kwaye inokuba mide. Ngokwembali, iye yakhusela iimbono ezincinci ``kuquka ezo mazwe amancinane ngokuchasene nemibutho emikhulu. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba umthetho wale mihla usetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ukunika ngokunempumelelo i-veto ephandle kwemiba yesizwe. I-Friebuster, ngokukhethekile, inceda izithinteli ezingenatyala: ii-sentathene ziyakwazi ukuvala amatyala ngaphandle kokuhlala phantsi kwaye zichaza ukuchasana kwazo kuluntu.

Uhlolisiso lwemeko yeeBhili zophawu lweLindal luchaphazeleke yiFilibuster

  • Umthetho wamaLungelo ka1964: Owona mde kunawo onke amalungelo abemi kwimbali, iintsuku ezingama-75 ezihlalayo. ICloture ekugqibeleni yadlula ngenkxaso evela kwinkokeli yeRiphabliki uEverett Dirksen, ebonisa indima ye-monicbuster njengomqobo onokuyoyiswa ngokuvumelana okubanzi.
  • Umthetho weAfford Care Act (2010): IAA yadlula ngoxolelwaniso kuba ababhali bayo babesazi ukuba ayinakusinda kwi-ntribuster. Nangona kunjalo, yathatha i-active ye-racdature kwi-pager esisiseko (60-39).
  • Ukulawula emva kwe Sandy Hook (2013): Umthetho we-bipartisan wokukhangela isiqalo awuphumelelanga ukufikelela kuma-60 ovota phezu kwayo nje i 90% yenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Oku kwabalaselisa indlela i-monicbuster enika ngayo amaqela nomdla amandla okuvala amanyathelo aqhelekileyo.
  • IVoting Rights Agreement Act (2021): iNkamla yeQela iDemocrates ngokuphindaphindiweyo ayizange yaphule i-nfiblister kumthetho wamalungelo okuvota, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubizeni umcebisi ochaseneyo okanye ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo i-monicbuster.

Iziphumo nezicwangciso: Uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo

Iimpikiswano Ezithandwa Yifilibuster

  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Bipartisanship: Imikhosi yomnyango engama-60 efuna uninzi lweqela lokuxoxa nabambalwa. Imithetho emininzi yenkulungwane yama-20 igqithe ngeminqophiso ebanzi ye-bipartisn.] Ukhuseleko lwe-Medicare, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965] ngenxa yokuba yayifuna inkxaso ephezulu.
  • Ikhusela uBuncinci bamalungelo: Kuhlanga olusukrwe mhlaba, i-filbuster ithintela uninzi olunciphileyo ekumiseleni iinguqu ezikhawulezileyo ezinokususela amacandelo amakhulu abantu. Isebenza njengovavanyo “kwezininzi."
  • Imithetho egqwethekileyo: Ngokufuna ukuvumelana okuqinileyo, i-filbuster ibambe isantya sokutshintsha, inciphisa umngcipheko obangela ukutshintsha okugqithisileyo kwenkqubo.
  • [[NTL:0] Isigqibo sokwenza indalo: Xa abaququzeleli kufuneka boyise i-filbuster, banyanzeleka ukuba baxambulise, basuse, bacoce umthetho. Le nkqubo ingakhokelela kungcono, kubuchule obungakumbi bokwenza imithetho.

Iimpikiswano Ezinxamnye Nefilibuster

  • I-Promotes Gridlock:[[FT:1] I-monicbuster ethe cwaka ivumela i-nnuelbuster ukuba ivumele iqaqobana lithintele isenzo ngaphandle komgudu obonakalayo okanye ingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Oku kukhokelela ekungathabathi nxaxheba kwiingxaki ezingxamisekileyo zesizwe ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, utshintsho lokufuduka, kunye nokungalingani kwengeniso.
  • Iincentives: Kunokuba ikhuthaze ukulalanisa, i-filbuster ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba aphephe ulawulo kunye nokubeka ityala omnye komnye. Abaququzeleli bangama njengabakhuseli bemigaqo ngeli lixa bethintela nawuphi na umlomo ekudluleni.
  • IPhantsi kweMiphatho yeDemocratic: Kulawulo-mpukane lwabameli, ulawulo oluninzi lungumphakathi ongundoqo. I-Pareciobuster ivumela ii-senator eziyi- 41 (ukuze ifikelele malunga nama-21, amaxesha amaninzi ancinci amanani abantu) ukubeka kwi-veto ukuthanda kwezinye izilinganisi ezingama-79 kunye noninzi lwabavoti baseMelika.
  • Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo kuMalungelo oluntu: ngokwembali, i-filbuster yasetyenziswa ngokunamandla ukuthintela umthetho wobuhlanga. Abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi ukhuseleko lwayo lobuhlanga kwiimbono ezincinane luye lwasetyenziswa ukuphatha okungekho sikweni okukwisixokelelwano esiphezulu.

Iimbambano Zakutshanje Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Indlela Yenyukliya Nelifa Layo

The “nuclear option” is a procedural maneuver that allows the Senate to change its rules with a simple majority vote, overriding the two-thirds requirement for rule changes. It was used in 2013 to eliminate the filibuster for most presidential appointments (except Supreme Court) and extended in 2017 to cover Supreme Court nominations. Each party used it when frustrated by obstruction. Thisimizekelo iye yakhuthaza abaguquli abathi umthetho ufanele ubekwe phantsi komqobo olula. Abachasi balumkisa ukuba ukuphelisa i-wignore debust be-agnore ingatshabalalisa iimpawu ezahlukileyo zeNdlu yeQela, ikhokelele ekujijekeni kwemigaqo-nkqubo ngokukhawuleza, nokuphazamisa.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

  • [[NTL:0] Zibophelele iFilibuster yokuthetha: Ifuna abaququzeleli ukubamba umgangatho kwaye bathethe ngokuqhubekayo ukulibazisa uxwebhu. Oku kungenza isithintelo sibe nexabiso eliphezulu kwaye sibonakale, sinciphise ukusebenza kwaso. Uninzi lungalindela ngaphandle kwe-filibster okanye lunyanzelise ivoti.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunciphisa inani elifunekayo ukubiza ihlwili ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kuma-55 okanye 51 kumthetho omkhulu. Oku kusenokufuna ibhodi yenqanawa kodwa kwenza isithinteli sibe nzima.
  • Yenza iCarve- Puts: Ukukhulula iindawo ezithile zenkqubo ezithile, ukhuseleko lonyulo, uvavanyo lwemipu, ukuqhomfa, amalungelo okuqhomfa (ukusuka kwi-filbuster. Le ndlela yeceba isetyenzisiwe kwityala loxolelwaniso kodwa inokuthi yandiswe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yexesha elidityanisiweyo: Ingxoxo ezenzekelayo yemali emva kwenani leentsuku ezimiselweyo, ivumela uninzi olulula ukuba luqhubeke. Indlu ephezulu yaseKhanada isebenzisa indlela efanayo.

Izinto Zezobupolitika Zakha Zazaliseka Ngowama - 2025 Nangaphaya Kwawo

Ikamva le-filbuster lixhomekeke kwilixa elilawula iBhunga nokuba ngaba na omnye umbutho ubona inzuzo elungele ukulondolozwa. Ngonyaka wama-2025, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yahlulwe kancinci, neqela ngalinye linezihlalo ezingama-50 (lisebenzisa unyulo olukhethekileyo). Alikho iqela elinezihlalo ezingama-60, ngoko ke i-Pricionbuster ngoku ikhusela inani elincinane kwizinto ezijoliswe kuzo. Noko ke, ukuba urhulumente omanyeneyo (indlu emhlophe kunye nama-60-sembutho) uya kuvela, uxinzelelo lokuphelisa okanye ukuhlaziya i-Refiebuster iya kukhula. UDemocrats udla ngokungakumbi ukruswano lwe-ifiebacster kuba ibeke izinto eziphambili eziphambili, nangona iRiphabliki zezobuthe ngokobuzwe ngokubanziswayo. Kodwa omabini aya kubonakalisa ukuba adeklel-ademocrac.

Isiphelo: Ingxaki Engaconjululwanga

I-filbuster ayingomthetho wexesha elizayo; luphawu lwesakhiwo oluchaza indima yeNdlu yeQela eMelika yedemokrasi. Ingakhusela iimbono ezincinci kwaye ikhuthaze ukulalanisa, kodwa ingenza urhulumente angakwazi ukumelana nembono kawonke-wonke, i-fintrench isimo sokuma kwayo kwikamva layo asingomthetho nje kuphela; imalunga nokulungelelaniswa okusisiseko phakathi kolawulo oluninzi nokhuseleko oluncinci, phakathi kozinzo nezenzo, phakathi kozinzo nolwamdlalo. Njengoko ukuma kwe-Dicinezeko kukhula, i-finbuster iya kukhula kuphela, isenza ukuba kungabikho mthetho omnye obalulekileyo olawula umthetho wangoku. Ukuba uyahlala uhleli, uyalungiswa, okanye uyasuswa, imbali yayo ihlala ibalulekile kuye nabani nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukulawula ulawulo lwe-Melika. I-Genebansster ayithathiwe; igwetye elithe ligqibe ngeli, igosangene, i-demo ye-demo yolawulo lwe-democrentiyo.